Q4. With reference to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, consider the following statements:
1. It serves as an international framework convention promoting cooperative research and scientific observation of the ozone layer.
2. The Vienna Convention itself does not establish legally binding national phase-out targets for ozone-depleting substances.
3. The protocol created under the Convention requires member states to impose immediate trade embargoes on ordinary agricultural commodities.

Q5. Consider the following statements regarding geostrophic winds and planetary atmospheric dynamics:
1. Geostrophic wind represents a theoretical wind that blows parallel to straight isobars in the upper atmosphere.
2. It occurs when the horizontal pressure gradient force is balanced equally by the apparent Coriolis deflection force.
3. In the boundary friction layer near the Earth's surface, winds blow precisely parallel to isobars without crossing them.

𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐌𝐒 𝐏𝐘𝐐 | 𝟐𝟐𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔
📚 𝐏𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐏𝐘𝐐𝐬. 𝐔𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐫.
🎯𝐓𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐬: 𝐔𝐏𝐒𝐂 | 𝐖𝐁𝐂𝐒 | 𝐎𝐏𝐒𝐂 | 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐏𝐂𝐒
👇🏾 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝐀 / 𝐁 / 𝐂 / 𝐃

🏆 𝐀 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐝 𝐌𝐢𝐥𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐀𝐏𝐓𝐈 𝐏𝐋𝐔𝐒 !

Honoured with the “𝐄𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐂𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐥 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐄𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 & 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐁𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠” Award by the 𝐇𝐨𝐧’𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐆𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐨𝐫.

A recognition of our commitment to excellence, integrity, and shaping the future of India. 🇮🇳

𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐏𝐑𝐄𝐋𝐈𝐌𝐒 𝐏𝐘𝐐 | 𝟐𝟑𝐫𝐝 𝐒𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔
🎯𝐓𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐬: 𝐔𝐏𝐒𝐂 | 𝐖𝐁𝐂𝐒 | 𝐎𝐏𝐒𝐂 | 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐏𝐂𝐒
👇🏾 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝐀 / 𝐁 / 𝐂 / 𝐃

🧠 𝐃𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐘 𝐌𝐈𝐍𝐈 𝐐𝐔𝐈𝐙 | 𝟐𝟑𝐫𝐝 𝐒𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟔 | 𝐄𝐧𝐯𝐢𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 & 𝐄𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲 🌿
📚 𝐓𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐜: 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐀𝐢𝐫 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐌𝐚𝐧𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 (𝐂𝐀𝐐𝐌) | 𝐀𝐢𝐫 𝐏𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐥
🎯𝐓𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐭 𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐬: 𝐔𝐏𝐒𝐂 | 𝐖𝐁𝐂𝐒 | 𝐎𝐏𝐒𝐂 | 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐏𝐂𝐒
👇🏾 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐲𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫: 𝐚 / 𝐛 / 𝐜 / 𝐝

📰 THE HINDU EDITORIAL ANALYSIS | 23 SEPTEMBER 2026

💧 WATER WEALTH
Punjab’s Groundwater Crisis

💡 KEY INSIGHT
Groundwater depletion is raising irrigation costs and disproportionately affecting small farmers.

🔑 KEY TAKEAWAYS

→ Groundwater extraction: 152%
→ 72% assessment blocks in the red zone
→ Rice-wheat farming drives groundwater demand
→ Subsidies and assured procurement sustain water-intensive crops
→ Falling water tables increase farmers’ costs

🚀 WAY FORWARD

→ Promote crop diversification
→ Reform groundwater & electricity incentives
→ Strengthen collective irrigation
→ Improve market support for alternative crops
→ Protect small and tenant farmers

🎯 UPSC | WBCS | OPSC
GS-II: Governance | Welfare
GS-III: Agriculture | Environment | Water Security

✍️ MAINS QUESTION
How can Punjab balance farm incomes with sustainable groundwater management?

📌 IN ONE LINE:
“Water Security + Farm Incomes + Equity.”