๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐ญ๐ก ๐๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐๐ฆ๐๐๐ซ ๐๐๐๐
๐ ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ฌ. ๐๐ง๐๐๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ฑ๐๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ.
๐ฏ๐๐๐ซ๐ ๐๐ญ ๐๐ฑ๐๐ฆ๐ฌ: ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐ญ๐๐ญ๐ ๐๐๐
๐๐พ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐ฒ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐ฐ๐๐ซ: ๐ / ๐ / ๐ / ๐
๐ ๐๐ซ๐๐๐ญ๐ข๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ฌ. ๐๐ง๐๐๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐๐ฑ๐๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐๐ซ.
๐ฏ๐๐๐ซ๐ ๐๐ญ ๐๐ฑ๐๐ฆ๐ฌ: ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐ญ๐๐ญ๐ ๐๐๐
๐๐พ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ ๐ฒ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐ฐ๐๐ซ: ๐ / ๐ / ๐ / ๐
๐ฐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ | ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐บ๐ธ๐จ๐ณ
As the U.S. and China recalibrate ties, the implications extend across the Indo-Pacific.
๐ก ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
Recent XiโTrump engagement points towards a more managed and predictable form of strategic competition, though concrete outcomes remain limited.
๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
โ U.S.โChina ties are moving towards managed competition.
โ Trade, technology and strategic interests remain key areas of friction.
โ The evolving dynamic has significant implications for India and the Indo-Pacific.
๐ฏ ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐๐
GS-II: International Relations | IndiaโU.S. | IndiaโChina | Foreign Policy | Indo-Pacific
GS-III: Economy | Technology | Critical Minerals | Security
โ๏ธ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
โChanging U.S.โChina relations are creating a new strategic equilibrium in the Indo-Pacific.โ Discuss its implications for Indiaโs strategic interests and foreign policy.
As the U.S. and China recalibrate ties, the implications extend across the Indo-Pacific.
๐ก ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
Recent XiโTrump engagement points towards a more managed and predictable form of strategic competition, though concrete outcomes remain limited.
๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
โ U.S.โChina ties are moving towards managed competition.
โ Trade, technology and strategic interests remain key areas of friction.
โ The evolving dynamic has significant implications for India and the Indo-Pacific.
๐ฏ ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐๐
GS-II: International Relations | IndiaโU.S. | IndiaโChina | Foreign Policy | Indo-Pacific
GS-III: Economy | Technology | Critical Minerals | Security
โ๏ธ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
โChanging U.S.โChina relations are creating a new strategic equilibrium in the Indo-Pacific.โ Discuss its implications for Indiaโs strategic interests and foreign policy.
๐ง ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐ญ๐ก ๐๐๐ฉ๐ญ๐๐ฆ๐๐๐ซ ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐ง๐ฏ๐ข๐ซ๐จ๐ง๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ & ๐๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ ๐ฟ
๐ ๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ข๐: ๐๐๐ฆ๐ฌ๐๐ซ ๐๐จ๐ง๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง & ๐๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฎ๐ฑ ๐๐๐๐จ๐ซ๐ | ๐๐๐ญ๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐ฌ
๐ฏ ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐๐
๐ ๐๐จ๐ฉ๐ข๐: ๐๐๐ฆ๐ฌ๐๐ซ ๐๐จ๐ง๐ฏ๐๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง & ๐๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐๐ฎ๐ฑ ๐๐๐๐จ๐ซ๐ | ๐๐๐ญ๐ฅ๐๐ง๐๐ฌ
๐ฏ ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐๐ | ๐๐๐๐
โค1
Q1. With reference to Project NEXUS coordinated by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Innovation Hub, consider the following statements:
1. It is a multilateral international initiative designed to connect domestic instant payment systems across borders.
2. The Reserve Bank of India has partnered with ASEAN central banks to link India's Unified Payments Interface with regional fast payment networks.
3. The project operates by eliminating the necessity of clearing and settlement agencies through unregulated cryptocurrency protocols.
1. It is a multilateral international initiative designed to connect domestic instant payment systems across borders.
2. The Reserve Bank of India has partnered with ASEAN central banks to link India's Unified Payments Interface with regional fast payment networks.
3. The project operates by eliminating the necessity of clearing and settlement agencies through unregulated cryptocurrency protocols.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Anonymous Quiz
32%
(a) 1 and 2 only
14%
(b) 2 and 3 only
18%
(c) 1 and 3 only
36%
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Q2. With reference to the BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment) Policy approved by the Union Cabinet, consider the following statements:
1. The policy focuses on fostering high-performance biomanufacturing to drive India's transition toward a green, bio-based economy.
2. It establishes Bio-enablers and Bio-foundries to bridge the gap between laboratory research and commercial-scale manufacturing.
3. The implementation of the policy is placed under the statutory oversight of the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India.
1. The policy focuses on fostering high-performance biomanufacturing to drive India's transition toward a green, bio-based economy.
2. It establishes Bio-enablers and Bio-foundries to bridge the gap between laboratory research and commercial-scale manufacturing.
3. The implementation of the policy is placed under the statutory oversight of the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Anonymous Quiz
14%
(a) 1 and 3 only
62%
(b) 1 and 2 only
17%
(c) 2 and 3 only
7%
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Q3. With reference to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and the Montreux Record, consider the following statements:
1. The Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites on the Ramsar List where ecological character changes have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur.
2. Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan and Loktak Lake in Manipur are currently the two Indian wetlands listed in the Montreux Record.
3. Chilika Lake in Odisha was permanently de-listed from the Ramsar Convention following ecological restoration by state authorities.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
1. The Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites on the Ramsar List where ecological character changes have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur.
2. Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan and Loktak Lake in Manipur are currently the two Indian wetlands listed in the Montreux Record.
3. Chilika Lake in Odisha was permanently de-listed from the Ramsar Convention following ecological restoration by state authorities.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Anonymous Quiz
11%
(a) 1 and 3 only
4%
(b) 2 and 3 only
68%
(c) 1 and 2 only
18%
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Q4. Consider the following statements regarding the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and its meteorological teleconnections:
1. A positive IOD event is characterized by cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean and warmer waters in the eastern basin.
2. A positive IOD often aids the southwest monsoon rainfall over the Indian subcontinent by promoting convective atmospheric instability.
3. A negative IOD event can exacerbate monsoon deficits over India, especially when coinciding with a Pacific El Niรฑo phenomenon.
1. A positive IOD event is characterized by cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean and warmer waters in the eastern basin.
2. A positive IOD often aids the southwest monsoon rainfall over the Indian subcontinent by promoting convective atmospheric instability.
3. A negative IOD event can exacerbate monsoon deficits over India, especially when coinciding with a Pacific El Niรฑo phenomenon.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Anonymous Quiz
25%
(a) 1 and 2 only
39%
(b) 2 and 3 only
18%
(c) 1 and 3 only
18%
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Q5. With reference to the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool and advanced precision gene editing technologies, consider the following statements:
1. The Cas9 endonuclease utilizes a synthetic guide RNA sequence to locate and introduce targeted double-strand breaks in DNA.
2. The Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) sequence is an essential nucleotide motif required for the Cas9 protein to bind and cleave the target DNA.
3. Base editing technologies induce random double-strand breaks across chromosomes to replace entire damaged genes without guide RNA.
1. The Cas9 endonuclease utilizes a synthetic guide RNA sequence to locate and introduce targeted double-strand breaks in DNA.
2. The Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) sequence is an essential nucleotide motif required for the Cas9 protein to bind and cleave the target DNA.
3. Base editing technologies induce random double-strand breaks across chromosomes to replace entire damaged genes without guide RNA.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Anonymous Quiz
16%
(a) 1 and 3 only
16%
(b) 2 and 3 only
32%
(c) 1 and 2 only
35%
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Mega Quiz Correct Answer with Explanation
Q1. With reference to Project NEXUS coordinated by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Innovation Hub, consider the following statements:
1. It is a multilateral international initiative designed to connect domestic instant payment systems across borders.
2. The Reserve Bank of India has partnered with ASEAN central banks to link India's Unified Payments Interface with regional fast payment networks.
3. The project operates by eliminating the necessity of clearing and settlement agencies through unregulated cryptocurrency protocols.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is Correct: Project NEXUS is an initiative conceived by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Innovation Hub to standardize and interlink domestic fast payment systems (FPS) worldwide, establishing a scalable multilateral network for instantaneous cross-border retail payments.
Statement 2 is Correct: The Reserve Bank of India joined Project NEXUS in partnership with central banks of the ASEAN region (including Bank Negara Malaysia, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, Monetary Authority of Singapore, and Bank of Thailand) to link India's Unified Payments Interface (UPI) with regional payment platforms, dramatically reducing the speed and cost of remittances.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: Project NEXUS does not deploy unregulated cryptocurrencies or decentralized tokens; instead, it establishes standardized ISO 20022 messaging gateways, secure API architectures, and centralized settlement rails governed by participating sovereign central banks.
Q2. With reference to the BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment) Policy approved by the Union Cabinet, consider the following statements:
1. The policy focuses on fostering high-performance biomanufacturing to drive India's transition toward a green, bio-based economy.
2. It establishes Bio-enablers and Bio-foundries to bridge the gap between laboratory research and commercial-scale manufacturing.
3. The implementation of the policy is placed under the statutory oversight of the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (b)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is Correct: The BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment) Policy aims to promote high-performance biomanufacturing across strategic sectors, including bio-based chemicals, smart proteins, precision biotherapeutics, carbon capture, and climate-resilient agriculture to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation.
Statement 2 is Correct: The policy sets up dedicated Bio-manufacturing hubs, Bio-foundries, and Bio-enablers to provide common pilot-scale testing facilities, validation infrastructure, and regulatory pathways to translate lab-scale biological innovations into commercial production.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: The BioE3 Policy is spearheaded and implemented by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology (not the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India).
Q3. With reference to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and the Montreux Record, consider the following statements:
1. The Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites on the Ramsar List where ecological character changes have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur.
2. Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan and Loktak Lake in Manipur are currently the two Indian wetlands listed in the Montreux Record.
3. Chilika Lake in Odisha was permanently de-listed from the Ramsar Convention following ecological restoration by state authorities.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Q1. With reference to Project NEXUS coordinated by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Innovation Hub, consider the following statements:
1. It is a multilateral international initiative designed to connect domestic instant payment systems across borders.
2. The Reserve Bank of India has partnered with ASEAN central banks to link India's Unified Payments Interface with regional fast payment networks.
3. The project operates by eliminating the necessity of clearing and settlement agencies through unregulated cryptocurrency protocols.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (a)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is Correct: Project NEXUS is an initiative conceived by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) Innovation Hub to standardize and interlink domestic fast payment systems (FPS) worldwide, establishing a scalable multilateral network for instantaneous cross-border retail payments.
Statement 2 is Correct: The Reserve Bank of India joined Project NEXUS in partnership with central banks of the ASEAN region (including Bank Negara Malaysia, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, Monetary Authority of Singapore, and Bank of Thailand) to link India's Unified Payments Interface (UPI) with regional payment platforms, dramatically reducing the speed and cost of remittances.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: Project NEXUS does not deploy unregulated cryptocurrencies or decentralized tokens; instead, it establishes standardized ISO 20022 messaging gateways, secure API architectures, and centralized settlement rails governed by participating sovereign central banks.
Q2. With reference to the BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment) Policy approved by the Union Cabinet, consider the following statements:
1. The policy focuses on fostering high-performance biomanufacturing to drive India's transition toward a green, bio-based economy.
2. It establishes Bio-enablers and Bio-foundries to bridge the gap between laboratory research and commercial-scale manufacturing.
3. The implementation of the policy is placed under the statutory oversight of the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (b)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is Correct: The BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment) Policy aims to promote high-performance biomanufacturing across strategic sectors, including bio-based chemicals, smart proteins, precision biotherapeutics, carbon capture, and climate-resilient agriculture to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation.
Statement 2 is Correct: The policy sets up dedicated Bio-manufacturing hubs, Bio-foundries, and Bio-enablers to provide common pilot-scale testing facilities, validation infrastructure, and regulatory pathways to translate lab-scale biological innovations into commercial production.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: The BioE3 Policy is spearheaded and implemented by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology (not the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India).
Q3. With reference to the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and the Montreux Record, consider the following statements:
1. The Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites on the Ramsar List where ecological character changes have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur.
2. Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan and Loktak Lake in Manipur are currently the two Indian wetlands listed in the Montreux Record.
3. Chilika Lake in Odisha was permanently de-listed from the Ramsar Convention following ecological restoration by state authorities.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is Correct: The Montreux Record, established under the Ramsar Convention, is a register of wetland sites of international importance where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of technological developments, pollution, or other human interference.
Statement 2 is Correct: Currently, two wetlands of India are maintained on the Montreux Record: Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan (due to water shortages and invasive species) and Loktak Lake in Manipur (due to deforestation in the catchment and the impact of the Ithai barrage on phumdis).
Statement 3 is Incorrect: Chilika Lake was placed on the Montreux Record in 1993 due to siltation and choking of its mouth, but after successful restoration by the Chilika Development Authority, it was removed from the Montreux Record in 2002; it remains an active Ramsar Site and was never de-listed from the Ramsar Convention.
Q4. Consider the following statements regarding the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and its meteorological teleconnections:
1. A positive IOD event is characterized by cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean and warmer waters in the eastern basin.
2. A positive IOD often aids the southwest monsoon rainfall over the Indian subcontinent by promoting convective atmospheric instability.
3. A negative IOD event can exacerbate monsoon deficits over India, especially when coinciding with a Pacific El Niรฑo phenomenon.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (b)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is Incorrect: A positive IOD is characterized by warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures in the western tropical Indian Ocean (near the African coast) and cooler-than-average waters in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean (near Indonesia and Australia).
Statement 2 is Correct: During a positive IOD phase, the warmer western Indian Ocean enhances atmospheric convection, moisture convergence, and cyclogenesis, which typically augments southwest monsoon rainfall over the Indian landmass and can offset the drying impacts of El Niรฑo.
Statement 3 is Correct: A negative IOD event (warmer waters in the eastern basin and cooler waters in the western basin) diverts moisture away from the subcontinent toward Indonesia, which suppresses monsoon rainfall and intensifies seasonal drought conditions if an El Niรฑo is simultaneously active.
Q5. With reference to the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool and advanced precision gene editing technologies, consider the following statements:
1. The Cas9 endonuclease utilizes a synthetic guide RNA sequence to locate and introduce targeted double-strand breaks in DNA.
2. The Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) sequence is an essential nucleotide motif required for the Cas9 protein to bind and cleave the target DNA.
3. Base editing technologies induce random double-strand breaks across chromosomes to replace entire damaged genes without guide RNA.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is Correct: The CRISPR-Cas9 system employs a engineered single guide RNA (sgRNA) that directs the Cas9 endonuclease to a complementary genomic DNA sequence, where it induces a precise double-strand break (DSB) to enable gene disruption or insertion.
Statement 2 is Correct: Cas9 requires a short, specific Protospacer Adjacent Motif (typically 5'-NGG-3' for Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9) immediately downstream of the target DNA sequence to destabilize the adjacent DNA duplex, recognize the target, and initiate cleavage.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: Base editing (and prime editing) technologies utilize a catalytically impaired Cas nuclease fused to a deaminase enzyme to chemically convert one target base into another (e.g., C to T or A to G) without generating double-strand breaks and with high fidelity, guided by
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is Correct: The Montreux Record, established under the Ramsar Convention, is a register of wetland sites of international importance where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur as a result of technological developments, pollution, or other human interference.
Statement 2 is Correct: Currently, two wetlands of India are maintained on the Montreux Record: Keoladeo National Park in Rajasthan (due to water shortages and invasive species) and Loktak Lake in Manipur (due to deforestation in the catchment and the impact of the Ithai barrage on phumdis).
Statement 3 is Incorrect: Chilika Lake was placed on the Montreux Record in 1993 due to siltation and choking of its mouth, but after successful restoration by the Chilika Development Authority, it was removed from the Montreux Record in 2002; it remains an active Ramsar Site and was never de-listed from the Ramsar Convention.
Q4. Consider the following statements regarding the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and its meteorological teleconnections:
1. A positive IOD event is characterized by cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean and warmer waters in the eastern basin.
2. A positive IOD often aids the southwest monsoon rainfall over the Indian subcontinent by promoting convective atmospheric instability.
3. A negative IOD event can exacerbate monsoon deficits over India, especially when coinciding with a Pacific El Niรฑo phenomenon.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (b)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is Incorrect: A positive IOD is characterized by warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures in the western tropical Indian Ocean (near the African coast) and cooler-than-average waters in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean (near Indonesia and Australia).
Statement 2 is Correct: During a positive IOD phase, the warmer western Indian Ocean enhances atmospheric convection, moisture convergence, and cyclogenesis, which typically augments southwest monsoon rainfall over the Indian landmass and can offset the drying impacts of El Niรฑo.
Statement 3 is Correct: A negative IOD event (warmer waters in the eastern basin and cooler waters in the western basin) diverts moisture away from the subcontinent toward Indonesia, which suppresses monsoon rainfall and intensifies seasonal drought conditions if an El Niรฑo is simultaneously active.
Q5. With reference to the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool and advanced precision gene editing technologies, consider the following statements:
1. The Cas9 endonuclease utilizes a synthetic guide RNA sequence to locate and introduce targeted double-strand breaks in DNA.
2. The Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) sequence is an essential nucleotide motif required for the Cas9 protein to bind and cleave the target DNA.
3. Base editing technologies induce random double-strand breaks across chromosomes to replace entire damaged genes without guide RNA.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3
Answer: (c)
Explanation:
Statement 1 is Correct: The CRISPR-Cas9 system employs a engineered single guide RNA (sgRNA) that directs the Cas9 endonuclease to a complementary genomic DNA sequence, where it induces a precise double-strand break (DSB) to enable gene disruption or insertion.
Statement 2 is Correct: Cas9 requires a short, specific Protospacer Adjacent Motif (typically 5'-NGG-3' for Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9) immediately downstream of the target DNA sequence to destabilize the adjacent DNA duplex, recognize the target, and initiate cleavage.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: Base editing (and prime editing) technologies utilize a catalytically impaired Cas nuclease fused to a deaminase enzyme to chemically convert one target base into another (e.g., C to T or A to G) without generating double-strand breaks and with high fidelity, guided by