. ⚜ Grammar Lesson ⚜

🔊 Articles 🔊


🔴 What Are Articles?

Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. Consider the following examples:

💭 After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good.

🔸 By using the article the, we’ve shown that it was one specific day that was long and one specific cup of tea that tasted good.

💭 After a long day, a cup of tea tastes particularly good.

🔹 By using the article a, we’ve created a general statement, implying that any cup of tea would taste good after any long day.
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English has two types of articles: definite and indefinite.

🔴 The Definite Article

🔸 The definite article is the word the. It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing. For example, your friend might ask, “Are you going to the party this weekend?” The definite article tells you that your friend is referring to a specific party that both of you know about.

🔔 Example 🔔

💭 Please give me the hammer.

💭 Please give me the red hammer; the blue one is too small.

💭 Please give me the nail.

💭 Please give me the hammer and the nail.
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. ⚜ Grammar Lesson ⚜

🔊 Articles 🔊

🔴 The Indefinite Article

🔸 Uncountable nouns are nouns that are either difficult or impossible to count. Uncountable nouns include intangible things (e.g., information, air), liquids (e.g., milk, wine), and things that are too large or numerous to count (e.g., equipment, sand, wood). Because these things can’t be counted.

🔸 The indefinite article is only for singular nouns. Uncountable nouns can be modified by words like some, however.

🔔 Example 🔔

❌ Please give me a water.

🔺Water is an uncountable noun and should not be used with the indefinite article.

✅ Please give me some water.
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🔸 However, if you describe the water in terms of countable units (like bottles), you can use the indefinite article.

🔔 Example 🔔

✅ Please give me a bottle of water.

❌ Please give me an ice.

✅ Please give me some ice.

🔺Note that depending on the context, some nouns can be countable or uncountable (e.g., hair, noise, time):

💭 We need a light in this room.

💭 We need some light in this room.
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. ⚜ Grammar Lesson ⚜

🔊 Preposition of Time 🔊

🔴 What is a preposition of time ?

It allows you to discuss a specific time period such as a date on the calendar, one of the days of the week, or the actual time something takes place.

🔺 Note: Prepositions of time are the same words as prepositions of place, however they are used in a different way.
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🔔 Examples 🔔

📙 At : This preposition of time is used to discuss clock times, holidays and festivals, and other very specific time frames including exceptions, such as “at night.”

📗 In : This preposition of time is used to discuss months, seasons, years, centuries, general times of day, and longer periods of time such as “in the past.”

📕 On : This preposition of time is used to discuss certain days of the week or portions of days of the week, specific dates, and special days such as “on New Year’s Day.”
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. ⚜ Grammar Lesson ⚜

🔊 Collocations 🔊

🔴 What are collocations ?

Definition: To put it simply, collocations are words that go together or form fixed relationships. For example, a correct collocation would be heavy rain, not thick rain or strong rain or even big rain!

If you use the right collocations, your English would sound much more natural and a lot better! If you want natives to understand you better, then study collocations carefully.
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⚠️ The Differences between Who & Whom:

🔰 According to the rules of formal grammar, who should be used in the subject position in a sentence, while whom should be used in the object position, and also after a preposition.

🔔 Examples 🔔

🔘 Who made this decision? [here, who is the subject of the sentence]

🔘 Whom do you think we should support? [here, whom is the object of support]
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. ⚜ Grammar Lesson ⚜

🔊 Except vs Except for 🔊

We use except(for) to introduce the only thing(s)or person/ people that a statement does not include:

🔔 Examples 🔔

🔅The price of the holiday includes all meals except(for) lunch.

🔅Everyone seemed to have been invited except for Mrs wood Ford and me.

🔅I had no money to give him except (for)the few coins in my picket.

🔻 Note: we use except,not except for, with to-infinitives,and that-clauses:
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🔔 Examples 🔔

🔅I really need to go into the city center except to do some shopping.

📝 We usually use except before prepositions,bare infinitives,and that-clauses including those where the word that is left out. However,informally except for is something also used,although this is grammatically incorrect:

🔔 Examples 🔔

🔅There is likely to be rain everywhere today except in wale.

🔅There is nothing more the doctor can do except keep an eye on him.

🔅They look just like the real thing,except (that) they are made of plastic.
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. 🔉 Grammar Lesson 🔉

⚜ SHALL ⚜

'Shall' is not very frequently used in modern English; However, you still see people using 'Shall' here and there. In modern English, it is used to make an offer, to make sure something must definitely happen, or to ask for advice.

🔔 Example 🔔

➖When shall we meet?
➕Shall we dance?
➖Shall I read the book?
➕You shall not pass!
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🔴 Older Usage 🔴

In older grammar, the correct way to use 'shall' was with first person pronouns (I and We), whereas 'will' was used with second and third person pronouns (you; he, she, it, they).

🔔 Example 🔔

➖I shall bring the kids.
➕We shall be in Japan.
➖You will go there.
➕They will have a good time.
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🔺 Request 🔺

If you are to make a request, 'will' is used.

🔔 Example 🔔

🔵 Correct 🔵
➖Will you stop using the pen?
➕Buy me some sugar, will you?

🔴 Wrong 🔴
✖️Shall you stop yelling?
✖️Bring me tea, shall you?
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❌ Negative Forms ❌

Will ➰ Will Not ➰ Won't

Shall ➰ Shall Not ➰ Shan't
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⚜ Grammar Lesson ⚜

🔉 Conditional sentences 🔉

Conditional Type 0⃣
☑️ Keyword: Factual

Conditional type zero is used to talk about general truths, scientific facts or things which always happen under certain conditions.

♦️ FORM ♦️

🔺If ➕ Simple Present ➕ , ➕ Simple Present

🔺Simple Present ➕ If ➕ Simple Present

🔔 Example 🔔

💭 If I boil the water, bubbles appear.
💭 Phosphorus burns if you expose it to air.

🎈 Note: You can use "when" instead of "if".
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. ⚜ Grammar Lesson ⚜

🔊 Conditional sentences 🔊

Conditional Type 1⃣
☑️Keyword: Real

Often called the "real" conditional because it is used for real or possible situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met. It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled. We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.

♦️ FORM ♦️

🔺If ➕ Simple Present ➕ , ➕ Simple Future

🔺Simple Future ➕ If ➕ Simple Present

🔔 Example 🔔

💭 If I have enough time, I'll read the magazine.
💭 I'll tell her if I see her.
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🗣 Prepositions of Time in English!

The list if prepositions of time with AT, ON, IN
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. ⚜ Grammar Lesson ⚜

🔊 Conditional Sentences 🔊

Conditional Type 2⃣
☑️Keyword: Unreal

Often called the "unreal" conditional because it is used for unreal impossible or improbable situations.

🔸 This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation. It is very unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled. Generally, Conditional Sentences Type 2 refer to an action in the present that could happen if the present situation were different.

🔴 In conditional type 2, we usually use "were" instead of "was" even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it. "were" here is a subjunctive form.

👉 NOTE "was" is also a possible form.

♦️ FORM ♦️

🔺If ➕ Simple Past ➕ , ➕ Would ➕ Base Verb

🔺Would ➕ Base Verb ➕ If ➕ Simple Past

🔔 Example 🔔

💭 If I were a millionaire, I would buy a mansion.
💭 I would bring her back to life if I knew necromancy.
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. ⚜ Grammar Lesson ⚜

🔊 Conditional Sentences 🔊

Conditional Type 3⃣
☑️Keyword: Impossible

Conditional Sentences Type 3 refer to situations in the past. They express hypothetical results to past given situations. These situations can never be real, because they refer to things in the past that cannot be changed.

♦️ FORM ♦️

🔺If ➕ Past Perfect ➕ , ➕ Would ➕ Have ➕ Past Participle

🔺Would ➕ Have ➕ Past Participle ➕ If ➕ Past Perfect

🔔 Example 🔔

💭 If he had been careful, he wouldn't have had that terrible accident.
💭 She wouldn't have gone to her brother's house if he had been honest with her.
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            🔉 Grammar Lesson 🔈

                  ⚜ USED TO ⚜

Used to shows:

🔹 A particular thing that always happened or was true in the past, but it no longer happens or is no longer true now.

🔔 Example 🔔

➕ Mira used to drink coffee everyday.
➖Linda used to read a book.
➕Why don't you call me like you used to?
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🔅Used to, Be used to, Get Used to🔅

🔺USED TO🔺

'Used to' shows that something always happened or was true in the past.

✔️ I used to read a book everyday.

Meaning: I read a book everyday on a regular basis, but now I don't anymore.
@AmEnglish
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🔺Be used to🔺

'Be used to' is used to show that something is quite normal and not unusual.

🔇Tip: Be used to + gerund

✔️ I'm used to living alone.

Meaning: I've been living alone for a while now, and it is nothing unusual for me. I've gotten familiar with living alone.
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🔺Get used to🔺

'Get used to' shows that something is in the process of becoming normal.

🔇Tip: Get used to + gerund

✔️ He'll get used to her death.

Meaning: Her death has not become normal for him yet, but it will.
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            🔉 Grammar Lesson 🔈

⚜ Should have + past participle ⚜

🔘 ️Use should + have + past participle to say that somebody didn't do the right thing. You can use ought to have as alternative to should have.

🔔 Examples 🔔

1) ️It's my fault. I should have told you earlier that she was coming.

2) ️We're going the wrong way. We shouldn't have turned left at the traffic light.

3) He ought to have told you earlier. However, should have is more common, especially in speaking.
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. ⚜ Grammar Lesson ⚜

🔊 Preposition of Time 🔊

🔴 What is a preposition of time ?

It allows you to discuss a specific time period such as a date on the calendar, one of the days of the week, or the actual time something takes place.

🔺 Note: Prepositions of time are the same words as prepositions of place, however they are used in a different way.
🆔 @AmEnglish

🔔 Examples 🔔

📙 At : This preposition of time is used to discuss clock times, holidays and festivals, and other very specific time frames including exceptions, such as “at night.”

📗 In : This preposition of time is used to discuss months, seasons, years, centuries, general times of day, and longer periods of time such as “in the past.”

📕 On : This preposition of time is used to discuss certain days of the week or portions of days of the week, specific dates, and special days such as “on New Year’s Day.”
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.                ⚜ Grammar Lesson ⚜

                     🔊 Prepositions 🔊
    
A preposition is a word governing, and usually coming in front of, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element.

🔔 Example 🔔

💭 She left before breakfast.

💭 What did you come for ?

📔 Rules

🔺 A preposition is followed by a "noun".

Subject ➕ verb ➕ preposition ➕ "noun"

🔔 Example 🔔

💭 The book is on the table.
💭 He lives in Ethiopia.

🔺 A preposition cannot be followed by a verb.

👉 If we want to follow a preposition by a verb, we must use the "ing" form which is really a gerund or verb in noun form.

🔔 Example 🔔

💭 She isn't used to working.
💭 I ate before coming.
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. ⚜ Grammar Lesson ⚜

🔊 Must vs Have to 🔊


☑️ The Differences between "must" and "have to" :

🔴 Must: It expresses an obligation. The source of this obligation is internal (coming from oneself).

🔘 I must climb Mount Everest.

👆🏼 In this example “must” expresses the obligation to climb Mount Everest that comes from an internal source (no one external to me is forcing me to do it).
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🔴 Have to: It expresses an obligation. The source of this obligation is external (coming from your boss, the law, an authority).

🔘 My mother says that I have to make my bed.

👆🏼In this example “have to” expresses an obligation coming from an external source (my mother).
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🔊 Grammar Lesson 🔊

⚜ Fewer Vs. Less ⚜

Fewer and Less are both used for comparison; However, they're used differently.

🔆 FEWER 🔆

Fewer is used with countable nouns (such as friends, books, shelves)

🔔 Example 🔔

➕ There are fewer books on the shelf now.
➖Eat fewer candies please.
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🔆 LESS 🔆

Less, on the other hand, is used with uncountable nouns (Like bread, money, water)

🔔 Example 🔔

➕ I have less money than you.
➖You should spend less time playing around.

🔴 EXCEPTIONS 🔴

Less is used with uncountable and Fewer is used with countable nouns; However, less could also be used with countable nouns ONLY WHEN the noun refers to some sort of a distance, amount or time.

🔔 Example 🔔

➕Less than two weeks
➖Less than two miles
➕Less than three grams.
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. ⚜ Grammar Lesson ⚜

🔊 Articles 🔊


🔴 What Are Articles?

Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. Consider the following examples:

💭 After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good.

🔸 By using the article the, we’ve shown that it was one specific day that was long and one specific cup of tea that tasted good.

💭 After a long day, a cup of tea tastes particularly good.

🔹 By using the article a, we’ve created a general statement, implying that any cup of tea would taste good after any long day.
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English has two types of articles: definite and indefinite.

🔴 The Definite Article

🔸 The definite article is the word the. It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing. For example, your friend might ask, “Are you going to the party this weekend?” The definite article tells you that your friend is referring to a specific party that both of you know about.

🔔 Example 🔔

💭 Please give me the hammer.

💭 Please give me the red hammer; the blue one is too small.

💭 Please give me the nail.

💭 Please give me the hammer and the nail.
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.                ⚜ Grammar Lesson ⚜

                         🔊 Articles 🔊

🔴 The Indefinite Article

🔸 Uncountable nouns are nouns that are either difficult or impossible to count. Uncountable nouns include intangible things (e.g., information, air), liquids (e.g., milk, wine), and things that are too large or numerous to count (e.g., equipment, sand, wood). Because these things can’t be counted.

🔸 The indefinite article is only for singular nouns. Uncountable nouns can be modified by words like some, however.

🔔 Example 🔔

❌ Please give me a water.

🔺Water is an uncountable noun and should not be used with the indefinite article.

✅  Please give me some water.
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🔸 However, if you describe the water in terms of countable units (like bottles), you can use the indefinite article.

🔔 Example 🔔

✅ Please give me a bottle of water.

❌ Please give me an ice.

✅ Please give me some ice.

🔺Note that depending on the context, some nouns can be countable or uncountable (e.g., hair, noise, time):

💭 We need a light in this room.

💭 We need some light in this room.
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