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🍁 Mains: Enrichment, PYQs & AW
🍁 Prelims: BootCamp, CA & TriNetra
🍁 1-1 Mentor (to Handhold)

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◽️ GS3 Data Diagrams Booklet is now live!

We've tried to make diagrams simpler, relevant and directly usable in your Mains answers. It includes:

✅ Every GS3 syllabus heading
✅ Latest Budget & Economic Survey data
✅ Internal Security maps
✅ Topic-wise, ready-to-use diagrams
✅ Ideas sourced from topper copies + original innovations

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To access download app CIVIL SERVICES COMPASS
📱App link Android (click here)
📱App link IOS: (click here)

🩷 Doubts: @UPSCand_Beyond

*🛡️The Types of Mountain*

💎 *Based on Mode of Origin* 

♟️ *Volcanic Mountains* Formed by the eruption of magma from the Earth's crust, creating peaks like those in Hawaii and Fiji. 
♟️ *Fold Mountains* Created by the collision and folding of tectonic plates, such as the Himalayas and the Andes. 
♟️ *Block Mountains* Formed by faulting and the movement of large blocks of the Earth's crust, leading to raised or dropped sections, like the Sierra Nevada. 
♟️ *Dome Mountains* Created by magma pushing the Earth's crust upward, forming a dome-like structure, often exposed after erosion like Black Hills (US). 
♟️ *Plateau Mountains* These mountains resemble dome mountains but are formed by colliding tectonic plates pushing up the land, shaped by weathering and erosion. 

💎 *Based on Period of Origin* 

♟️ *Precambrian Mountains* Precambrian mountains are ancient ranges formed during the Precambrian era (4.6 billion to 541 million years ago).   
They have experienced extensive erosion and metamorphism over billions of years, leaving behind residual formations (e.g., Aravallis in India). 
♟️ *Caledonian Mountains* Formed around 430 million years ago (e.g., Appalachians).
♟️ *Hercynian Mountains* These mountains originated from the Carboniferous to Permian Period (approximately 340 million years and 225 million years) (e.g., Ural Mountains).
♟️ *Alpine Mountains* The youngest mountain systems formed during the Tertiary period(66 million years ago) (e.g., Himalayas, Alps).

🔆 ‘Divyastra’ Missile

📍 Context
✅ India successfully conducted the 2nd flight-trial of the ‘Divyastra’ Missile from Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Island, Odisha.

📍 About ‘Divyastra’ Missile
✅ It is an advanced Agni missile equipped with MIRV (Multiple Independently Targeted Re-entry Vehicle) technology.
✅ Enhances India’s strategic deterrence and missile capability.

📍 What is MIRV Technology?
✅ MIRV allows a single missile to carry multiple nuclear warheads, each capable of hitting different targets independently.
✅ Developed originally in the 1960s.

📍 Advantages of MIRV System
✅ Ability to strike multiple targets simultaneously.
✅ Improves missile penetration against enemy missile defence systems.
✅ Increases strategic deterrence capability with fewer missiles.

📍 Countries with MIRV Technology
✅ United States (first country to develop MIRV)
✅ Russia
✅ United Kingdom
✅ France
✅ China
✅ India

📍 Strategic Significance for India
✅ Strengthens India’s credible minimum deterrence doctrine.
✅ Boosts indigenous defence and strategic missile capabilities.
✅ Enhances India’s position among major nuclear powers.

*🛡️World Pandemic Treaty*

♟️Members of the World Health Organization (WHO) have finalized a proposal for the World Pandemic Treaty.
♟️The proposal was finalised by the Intergovernmental Negotiating Body (INB), It would be presented in May at the 78th World Health Assembly for consideration.

💎Objective of the Treaty

♟️To ensure coordinated global response to pandemics while strengthening national and global:
♟️Prevention strategies
♟️Preparedness capacities
♟️Resilience of health systems
♟️Equitable access to pandemic-related resources

💎Need for the Treaty

♟️Fragmented Global Response
The treaty would promote international cooperation and harmonised policy responses during public health emergencies.

♟️R&D and Technology Gaps
♟️Disruption in Global Supply Chains
♟️Lack of Timely Information Sharing
♟️Unequal Access to Health Product

♟️International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005): Legally binding international instrument coordinated by WHO.

🔆 India’s Strategic Autonomy: Achievements and Limitations

📍 Why in Focus?
✅ Debate on India’s strategic autonomy has intensified amid the Russia-Ukraine war, India’s ties with the U.S., Russia, China, and BRICS, and evolving global geopolitics.

📍 Key Highlights:
✅ Former Foreign Secretary Shyam Saran defined strategic autonomy as India’s ability to take relatively autonomous decisions on matters of vital national interest.

✅ India has resisted external pressure on several issues, including:
• Continuing oil imports from Russia
• Maintaining ties with Iran
• Opposing pressure on BRICS-related positions
• Rejecting Chinese territorial claims on Arunachal Pradesh

✅ India has simultaneously deepened engagement with the U.S., Quad, EU, Japan, and Australia, reflecting its policy of multi-alignment.

✅ India has avoided formally condemning Russia over the Ukraine invasion while balancing relations with Western powers and preserving strategic interests.

✅ The article argues that India’s strategic autonomy is neither absolute nor perfect, as economic dependence, security concerns, and geopolitical pressures continue to shape foreign policy choices.

📍 Challenges / Issues / Implications:
✅ Balancing ties between rival global powers without compromising national interests.

✅ Risk of reduced global influence if India avoids taking principled positions on major international issues.

✅ Dependence on external partners for energy, defence, and technology may constrain policy flexibility.

✅ Mains Question:
“Strategic autonomy in the 21st century is increasingly shaped by interdependence rather than isolation.” Discuss in the context of India’s foreign policy. (250 words).

THE IDEA OF NATIONAL INCOME

As income of a single person can be measured, it can be measured for a nation and the whole world, although the method of calculation may be a little bit complex in the latter’s case. In due course, four ideas/ways to calculate the income of a nation13 developed, which are the subject matter of the national income accounting’.

● Important Points :-

💡There are four ways to calculate the ‘income’ of an economy, although diferent from each other in some ways, are the concepts of GDP, NDP, GNP and NNP.

💡 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the value of the all final goods and services produced within the boundary of a nation during one year period.

💡Net Domestic Product (NDP) is the GDP calculated after adjusting the weight of the value of 'depreciation’.

*🛡️IMPORTANT COMMITEES in the Indian Economic system*

♟️1st. Urjit Patel Committee:-- To examine the current monetary policy framework

♟️2th. Vaghul Committee:-- For Money Market In India

♟️3th. Rattan P Watal Committee:-- To boost digital payment system in India

♟️4th. Raghuram Rajan Committee:-- For Financial Sector Reforms

♟️5th. Raja Chelliah Committee:-- For Tax Reforms

♟️6th. Rakesh Mohan Committee:- Small Savings

♟️7th. Naresh Chandra committee:-- For 14 member task force on security issues

♟️8th. P J Nayak Committee:-- Governance of Boards of Bank in India

♟️9th. Parthasarathi Shome:--- For Tax Administration Reform Commission

*🛡️Presidential Reference*

♟️The President of India recently referred 14 questions to the Supreme Court under Article 143.

*💎There are two components of Article 143*

♟️Article 143(1) allows the President to refer any question of law or fact of public importance to the Supreme Court for its advisory opinion.
♟️Article 143(2) pertains to disputes involving pre-Constitutional treaties and agreements, permitting the President to refer such matters for legal clarification.
♟️Nature of Opinion: The Supreme Court’s opinion is not binding on the President. It does not carry precedential value but holds strong persuasive authority and is usually followed by the executive and judiciary.
♟️Historical origin: The provision originates from the Government of India Act, 1935, which empowered the Governor-General to refer legal matters to the Federal Court.
♟️The President refers to the advice of the Union Council of Ministers. As per Article 145, a minimum 5-judge Bench of the Supreme Court must hear the matter.