📊 CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTIVITY — HOW CAN IT BE MEASURED?

Construction productivity compares the amount of work completed with the resources used to complete it.

It helps project teams evaluate performance, plan resources, and identify inefficiencies.

🔹 Basic Formula

Productivity = Output ÷ Input

🏗️ Example
A team installs 120 m² of blockwork in an 8-hour working day.
Output = 120 m²
Working time = 8 hours
Labour productivity for the team = 120 ÷ 8
Result = 15 m² per team-hour
This is an illustrative calculation, not a universal productivity benchmark.

🔹 Factors That Affect Productivity

👷 Worker experience.
📦 Material availability.
🚜 Equipment performance.
🏗️ Site access and working conditions.
📐 Design changes and rework.
🌦️ Weather and other site constraints.

📌 Compare productivity only when work conditions, measurement methods, and resource definitions are sufficiently consistent.

👉ለ ኳንቲቲ ሰርቨይንግ እጅግ ጠቃሚ በተለይ Rate Analysis ስትሰሩ የሚያግዛቹ ስታንዳርዶች የያዘ መፅሃፍ ይፈልጋሉ?

🔆ስለ labour እና equipment UF(Utilization Factor) ከዚህ በተጨማሪ የ labour,Equipment እና machinery composition standard ወይ norms ጨምሮ Material consumption rate standard ያካተተ መፅሀፍ ከፈለጉ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱ👇

https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6a7ab12995479_etconp

🏗️🔥 ሲቪል ኢንጂነር ከሆኑ፣ EXCELን በሙያዎ ውስጥ በብቃት ይጠቀሙ!

📊EXCEL FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS

🇪🇹የግንባታ ስራዎችን በእጅ በማስላት ብዙ ጊዜ እያጠፉ ነው? የBOQ ዝግጅት፣ Cost Estimation እና Quantity Takeoff ስራዎችን በቀላሉና በሙያዊ መንገድ ማከናወን ይፈልጋሉ?

💡 አሁን Excelን እንደ ፕሮፌሽናል ኢንጂነር መጠቀም ይማሩ!

📘 በዚህ የተግባር መመሪያ ውስጥ፦

✅ Quantity Takeoff — የግንባታ መጠን ስሌት
✅ BOQ Preparation — የስራ ዝርዝር ዝግጅት
✅ Cost Estimation — የግንባታ ወጪ ግምት
✅ Unit Rate Analysis — የአንድ ክፍል ዋጋ ትንተና
✅ Reinforcement & BBS — የብረት ስሌት
✅ Earthwork & Roadwork — የመሬትና የመንገድ ስራ ስሌቶች
✅ Project Progress & S-Curve — የፕሮጀክት እድገት ክትትል
✅ Cash Flow & Cost Control — የገንዘብ ፍሰትና የወጪ ቁጥጥር
✅ Construction Dashboards — ዘመናዊ የፕሮጀክት ሪፖርቶች
✅ ተግባራዊ Excel Templates እና Step-by-Step Formulas

🇪🇹 ለኢትዮጵያ የግንባታ ዘርፍ ባለሙያዎች በተግባር እንዲጠቀሙበት የተዘጋጀ!

🚀 የሙያ ክህሎትዎን ያሳድጉ። ጊዜዎን ይቆጥቡ። ስራዎን በተሻለ ሁኔታ ያከናውኑ!

📩 ፋይሉ እና ሲስተሙን ከፈለጉ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇


https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6addfbff6cc54_etconp

👉Chapter 4A👇

https://youtu.be/R9V7oj_Pa8g?si=UsKM8li-FIB809aF

🏗️ TYPES OF MORTAR MIX – WEAK MIX vs IDEAL MIX

Mortar plays an important role in brick masonry construction. It binds bricks together, distributes loads, fills joints and helps provide stability to the wall.

Understanding the correct cement-to-sand ratio and proper masonry workmanship is essential for durable and strong brickwork.

1️⃣ Weak Mortar Mix (1:8)

- 1 part cement
- 8 parts sand
- Lower cement content compared with richer mixes.
- May result in inadequate bond and durability if used where a stronger mortar is required.
- Not suitable for every type of masonry application.

2️⃣ Commonly Used Mortar Mix (1:4)

- 1 part cement
- 4 parts sand
- Richer cement content than a 1:8 mix.
- Commonly used where stronger mortar is specified.
- Requires proper mixing, water control and curing.

3Characteristics of Good Brick Masonry

✅ Uniform mortar joints.
✅ Proper brick bonding and staggered vertical joints.
✅ Full mortar coverage between bricks.
✅ Consistent joint thickness.
✅ Properly aligned and level brickwork.
✅ Good-quality sand and fresh cement.
✅ Adequate curing and workmanship.

4️⃣ Important Construction Tips

- Use clean, well-graded sand.
- Measure cement and sand accurately by volume.
- Add water gradually to achieve workable consistency.
- Avoid adding excessive water.
- Do not use mortar after it has started setting.
- Follow the project specifications and applicable building standards.

⚠️IMPORTANT ENGINEERING NOTE

A 1:4 mortar mix is not universally the correct mix for all brickwork, and 1:8 is not automatically incorrect. The appropriate mortar proportion depends on the type of masonry, structural requirements, exposure conditions and applicable specifications.

Also, strong brick masonry depends on both mortar quality and proper bonding and workmanship.

💡Remember: Good mortar + proper bonding + skilled workmanship = Durable brick masonry.

📌 Save this post for your next construction project and share it with fellow civil engineers and site professionals.

@etconp

🏔️🏗️የቲቤት ግዙፍ የመኖሪያ ቤት ልማት ፕሮጀክት (Tibet Housing Project)

🌟ዕድገት ወይስ የማህበረሰብ ተፅዕኖ?

🏛​የቻይና መንግስት በቲቤት የራስ ገዝ አስተዳደር ያካሄደው ግዙፍ የመኖሪያ ቤት ልማት ፕሮጀክት፣ ከ2 ሚሊዮን በላይ ለሚሆኑ የቲቤት አርሶ አደሮችና አርብቶ አደሮች  አዳዲስና ዘመናዊ መኖሪያ ቤቶችን እንደገነባና የህይወት ዘይቤያቸውን እንዳሻሻለ ገልጿል።

⏺​በዓለም አቀፍ ደረጃ ትኩረትን የሳበው የዚህ ፕሮጀክት ዋና ዋና ነጥቦች እና የሁለቱ ወገኖች እይታዎች እንደሚከተለው ቀርበዋል፦

​📌 የቻይና መንግስት እና የፕሮጀክቱ ዋና ዋና መረጃዎች፦

• ​የተካሄደበት ጊዜ፦ «ኮምፎርተብል ሃውሲንግ» (Comfortable Housing) የተሰኘው ይህ ፕሮጀክት ከ2006 እስከ 2013 እ.ኤ.አ ድረስ ተከናውኗል።

•  ​የነዋሪዎች ቁጥርና በጀት፦ የክልሉ አስተዳደር እንዳወጣው መረጃ፣ 2.3 ሚሊዮን አርሶ አደሮችና እረኞች ወደ አዲሶቹ ቤቶች የገቡ ሲሆን፣ ለፕሮጀክቱ 27.35 ቢሊዮን ዩዋን (RMB) ወጪ ተደርጓል።

• ​የመሰረተ ልማት ማሻሻያ፦ አዲሶቹ ቤቶች ከአደጋ የተጠበቁ (Safe Structures) ከመሆናቸውም በላይ የሞቅታ/የማሞቂያ (Heating)፣ የቧንቧ ንጹህ ውሃ እና የኤሌክትሪክ መብራት አቅርቦት የተሟላላቸው ናቸው።

• ​የመንግስት እይታ፦ ፕሮጀክቱ በነዋሪዎቹ ፍቃደኝነት ላይ የተመሰረተ እንደሆነና ማህበረሰቡ በአዲሶቹ ቤቶች ደስተኛ መሆኑን ይገልጻል።

​📌 የሰብአዊ መብት ተሟጋቾች እና ሌላኛው እይታ፦

• ​የገንዘብና የምርጫ ተፅዕኖ፦ እንደ «Human Rights Watch» ያሉ ተቋማት ሪፖርት እንደሚሉት፣ ብዙዎቹ ቤተሰቦች ለግንባታው የተወሰነ ወጪ በራሳቸው እንዲሸፍኑ በመደረጋቸው እና አማራጭ ባለማግኘታቸው ተፅዕኖ አርፎባቸዋል።

• ​የባህል እና የአኗኗር ስጋት፦ የታሰበው የካሳ ክፍያ አነስተኛ መሆን እና ጥንታዊው የቲቤታውያን ዘዋሪ አኗኗርና ባህል (Traditional Lifestyle) አደጋ ላይ ሊወድቅ ይችላል የሚል ስጋት ተነስቷል።

• ​የመረጃ ተደራሽነት፦ ወደ ቲቤት ክልል ገብቶ ነፃ ፍተሻ (Independent Verification) ማድረግ አስቸጋሪ በመሆኑ በሁለቱም በኩል ያሉትን መረጃዎች ሙሉ በሙሉ ለማረጋገጥ አሁንም ፈታኝ ሆኗል።

​💡 የመወያያ ጥያቄ ለባለሙያዎችና ተከታዮቻችን፦

"እንደዚህ ዓይነት ግዙፍ የመንግስት የመኖሪያ ቤት ልማት ፕሮጀክቶች አዲስ መሰረተ ልማትና ዘመናዊነትን ይዘው ሲመጡ፣ የማህበረሰቡን ጥንታዊ ባህልና አኗኗር ጠብቆ ለማስኬድ በኮንስትራክሽንና ከተማ ማልማት (Urban Planning) ዘርፍ ምን መደረግ አለበት ይላሉ? አስተያየትዎን ያጋሩን!"

@etconp

💧 WATERPROOFING IN CONSTRUCTION — PREVENTING WATER INGRESS
Waterproofing is the use of materials and systems designed to prevent unwanted water penetration into building elements or occupied spaces.
It is especially important in areas exposed to rain, groundwater, or frequent wetting.
🔹 Common Applications
🏠 Roofs and terraces.
🚿 Bathrooms and wet areas.
🏗️ Basements and retaining structures.
🧱 Foundations.
💧 Water tanks and other water-containing structures.
🔹 Common Waterproofing Systems
Sheet membranes.
Liquid-applied membranes.
Cementitious waterproofing systems.
Other systems specified for the particular application.
🔹 Important Installation Considerations
✅ Surface preparation.
✅ Correct application thickness or membrane overlap.
✅ Treatment of corners and penetrations.
✅ Drainage and falls where required.
✅ Protection of the completed system.
✅ Required inspection and testing.
📌 Waterproofing failures often occur at joints, penetrations, transitions, or poorly prepared surfaces.
⚠️ Follow the approved design and manufacturer's installation instructions.


@etconp

🚀 ለኮንስትራክሽን ባለሙያዎች ድንቅ ዲጂታል ፓኬጅ

📘 Construction Contract Management Kit

🗞ከ25+ የWord ቴምፕሌቶች፣ Excel Management System፣ Claims፣ EOT፣ Variations፣ RFI እና ዝግጁ የምሳሌ ሰነዶች ጋር🤎

🌟የኮንስትራክሽን ሥራዎን በተሻለ ስርዓት ለመምራት፤ ጊዜዎን ለመቆጠብ፤ ሰነዶችዎን በሙያዊነት ለማደራጀት ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ፋይሎቹ ያውርዱት👇

https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6aeac04f60101_etconp

👉Chapter 4A👇

https://youtu.be/R9V7oj_Pa8g?si=UsKM8li-FIB809aF

🌡️ THERMAL INSULATION IN BUILDINGS — WHY DOES IT MATTER?

Thermal insulation reduces the rate of heat transfer through building elements such as roofs, walls, and floors.
Appropriate insulation can improve indoor comfort and reduce the energy needed for heating or cooling.

🔹 Common Insulation Materials
Mineral wool.

Expanded or extruded polystyrene.

Polyurethane-based insulation products.

Other approved insulation systems suitable for the application.

🔹 Where Is Insulation Used?

🏠 Roofs and ceilings.
🧱 External walls.
🏢 Building envelopes.
❄️ Refrigerated spaces and specialized facilities.

🔹 What Should Be Considered?

📌 Thermal performance.
📌 Moisture control.
📌 Fire performance.
📌 Durability.
📌 Compatibility with the building envelope.
📌 Local climate and energy requirements.

⚠️ Insulation should be selected and installed as part of a properly designed building system.

Moisture and fire-safety requirements must not be overlooked.

@etconp

👉ጨረታ ማዘጋጀት አሰልችቶዎታል?

📑የጨረታ ሰነድ ማዘጋጀት፥ አሁን ከበፊቱ ይበልጥ ቀላል እና ፈጣን ሆነ

🌟​የኢትዮጵያን PPA 2025 Standard Bidding Document መስፈርቶች መሰረት አድርጎ በኤክሴል (Excel) የተዘጋጀው ዘመናዊው TENDER PREPARATION SUITE ከዚህ በታች ባለው ሊንክ አውርደው ይጠቀሙ በስህተት እና ባለመሟላት የሚሰረዙ ሰነዶችን ያስቀሩ👇

https://ye-buna.com/etconp?ref=product_detail&product=6ab1114dcd55e_etconp

🚨🏗️ የውሃ ማፋሰሻ ሲስተም ሲሰራ እነዚህን ሁለት ዘዴዎች ማወዳደር ችለዋል?

🌟በምስሉ ላይ A እና B ተብለው የተቀመጡት ሁለት የውሃ ማፋሰሻ አቀማመጦች ናቸው።

🚥ልዩነታቸው ትንሽ ቢመስልም በተግባር ግን ትልቅ የቴክኒክ ልዩነት አላቸው።

🔹 A – P-Trap System: የታጠፈ የቧንቧ ክፍል ውስጥ ውሃ እንዲቀር ያደርጋል። ይህም ከፍሳሽ መስመር የሚመጡ መጥፎ ሽታዎችና ጋዞች ወደ መታጠቢያ ክፍሉ እንዳይገቡ ይከላከላል።

🔹 B – ቀጥተኛ የፍሳሽ ግንኙነት: በምስሉ እንደሚታየው የውሃ መቆያ ክፍል (Water Seal) ሳይኖረው የተያያዘ ነው። ይህ አይነት አቀማመጥ የፍሳሽ ሽታና ጋዝ ወደ ውስጥ እንዲገባ ሊያደርግ ይችላል።

💡 የምህንድስና ትምህርት: በግንባታ ላይ ትንሽ የሚመስል የቧንቧ አቀማመጥ ስህተት ከጊዜ በኋላ የሽታ፣ የጤናና የኑሮ ምቾት ችግር ሊፈጥር ይችላል።

💬 እርስዎ ቢሆኑ ከA እና B የትኛውን የቧንቧ አቀማመጥ ይመርጣሉ? ለምን?

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🌐ለተጨማሪ መረጃ እና ሌሎች የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ዜናዎች የ YouTube ገፃችን ከታች ባለው ሊንክ በመግባት SubScribe አርገው ቤተሰብ ይሁኑ👇

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🏗️ METHODS FOR STRENGTHENING STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS | CIVIL ENGINEERING

Structural strengthening is an important technique used to improve the load-carrying capacity, stiffness, durability, and service life of existing reinforced concrete (RC) structures.

It is commonly required when buildings are renovated, additional loads are introduced, structural damage occurs, or existing members do not meet current design requirements.

Here are 5 important structural strengthening and repair methods every civil engineer should understand. 👇

🔹 1. CONCRETE JACKETING
Concrete jacketing involves increasing the cross-sectional dimensions of an existing column or beam by adding new reinforced concrete around it.

Key details:
✅ Increases load-carrying capacity and stiffness.
✅ Additional longitudinal reinforcement and stirrups are provided.
✅ The existing concrete surface must be properly prepared.
✅ Suitable bonding techniques and compatible concrete or repair materials are essential.
✅ Reinforcement anchorage and connections must be designed carefully.

Applications: Columns, beams, and other reinforced concrete members requiring increased capacity.

🔹 2. STEEL JACKETING
Steel jacketing strengthens an existing structural member using steel plates, angles, or fabricated steel sections.

Key details:
✅ Improves strength and confinement.
✅ Steel plates may be connected using designed bolts or welding.
✅ Non-shrink grout may be required to fill gaps between steel and concrete.
✅ Corrosion protection is essential.
✅ Connections and load transfer must be properly designed.

Applications: Strengthening columns and beams in buildings, bridges, and industrial structures.

🔹 3. FRP STRENGTHENING
Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) strengthening uses high-strength composite materials, such as carbon fiber (CFRP) or glass fiber (GFRP), bonded to existing structural members.

Key details:
✅ Improves flexural and shear capacity when appropriately designed.
✅ FRP wrapping can enhance column confinement and deformation capacity.
✅ Requires proper surface preparation and compatible bonding resin.
✅ Fiber orientation must match the structural strengthening requirements.
✅ Fire resistance, environmental exposure, anchorage, and bond performance must be considered.

Applications: Columns, beams, slabs, and bridge components.

🔹 4. EPOXY INJECTION
Epoxy injection is a crack-repair technique in which a suitable low-viscosity resin is injected into prepared cracks.

Key details:
✅ Can restore structural continuity in suitable cracked concrete.
✅ Crack causes must be investigated before repair.
✅ The crack must be suitable for epoxy injection and properly prepared.
✅ Active cracks, water leakage, and deteriorated concrete may require different repair methods.
✅ Injection alone does not correct the underlying cause of cracking.

Applications: Repairing suitable cracks in beams, columns, slabs, and other concrete structures.

🔹 5. EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONING
External post-tensioning strengthens structural members by applying prestressing forces through tendons installed outside the concrete section.

Key details:
✅ Can improve flexural performance and control deflection.
✅ May increase the usable load capacity of beams and bridges.
✅ Requires carefully designed anchorages and deviators.
✅ Tendon forces, structural stability, and load-transfer mechanisms must be checked.
✅ Tendons need suitable corrosion protection and long-term inspection.

Applications: Long-span beams, bridges, slabs, and structures requiring additional capacity or improved serviceability.

📌 IMPORTANT ENGINEERING NOTE
No single strengthening method is suitable for every structure. The correct solution depends on the existing condition, structural assessment, load requirements, material properties, foundation capacity, and applicable design standards.

Strengthening work should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Concrete deterioration, reinforcement corrosion, inadequate foundations, and other underlying problems must be assessed before selecting a repair method.

👉የኮንስትራክሽን ሥራ ውል ከመዘጋጀቱ በፊት ሊታወቁና ሊካተቱ የሚገባቸውን ዋና ዋና ጉዳዮች በአማርኛ የሚያብራራ ሙያዊ መመሪያ PDF

👷 ሲቪልና ኮንስትራክሽን መሐንዲሶች
⚖️ የሕግ ባለሙያዎች
🏗️ ተቋራጮችና አማካሪዎች
📋 ፕሮጀክት ማኔጀሮች
🎓 የኮንስትራክሽን ተማሪዎች የሚጠቅም ምርጥ መፅሐፍ ከታች ባለው ሊንክ ያውርዱት👇

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🏗️ የኮንክሪት ማቀላቀያ ምጣኔ (Concrete Mix Ratio 1:2:3) ምን ማለት ነው?

በግንባታ ሳይት ላይ ኮንክሪት ስናዘጋጅ ሲሚንቶ፣ አሸዋና ጠጠርን በዘፈቀደ መቀላቀል አይቻልም።

ትክክለኛ ምጣኔ መጠበቅ የኮንክሪቱን ጥራትና ጥንካሬ ለመጠበቅ አስፈላጊ ነው።

በምስሉ ላይ የምናየው 1:2:3 ማለት፦

🔹 1 ክፍል ሲሚንቶ (Cement)

🔹 2 ክፍል አሸዋ (Sand)

🔹 3 ክፍል ጠጠር (Gravel)

ለምሳሌ፣ በአንድ መለኪያ ባልዲ 1 ባልዲ ሲሚንቶ፣ 2 ባልዲ አሸዋና 3 ባልዲ ጠጠር ማለት ነው።

⚠️ ነገር ግን አንድ ነገር አትርሱ! 1:2:3 ማለት ለሁሉም የግንባታ ክፍሎች ተስማሚ ነው ማለት አይደለም።

ትክክለኛው የኮንክሪት ምጣኔ በዲዛይን፣ በቁሳቁስ ጥራትና በሚፈለገው ጥንካሬ መሰረት መወሰን አለበት።

ውሃም በትክክለኛ የWater-Cement Ratio መሰረት መጨመር አለበት።

💬 ጥያቄ፦ 1:2:3 የኮንክሪት ምጣኔ በምን አይነት የግንባታ ስራ ላይ ተጠቅመውበታል?

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🌐ለተጨማሪ መረጃ እና ሌሎች የኮንስትራክሽን ዘርፍ ዜናዎች የ YouTube ገፃችን ከታች ባለው ሊንክ በመግባት SubScribe አርገው ቤተሰብ ይሁኑ👇

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📊Professional Interim Payment Certificate (IPC) Excel Template

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🌉TYPES OF BRIDGES – COMMON BRIDGE TYPES, KEY FEATURES & APPLICATIONS

🚥Bridges are essential civil engineering structures designed to provide safe passage over rivers, valleys, roads, railways, and other obstacles.

⏺Different types of bridges are selected based on span length, loading conditions, site requirements, structural behaviour, and construction cost.

🌟1. Beam Bridge

- One of the simplest and most common bridge types.
- Consists of a horizontal beam supported by piers or abutments.
- Loads are transferred mainly through bending and shear.

⏺Applications: Small rivers, roads, culverts, and short-span crossings.

🌟2. Truss Bridge

- Uses interconnected triangular structural members.
- Provides high strength with efficient material usage.
- Suitable for medium and long spans.

⏺Applications: Railway bridges, highways, and heavy-load crossings.

🌟3. Arch Bridge

- Uses a curved arch to transfer loads mainly through compression.
- Strong, durable, and aesthetically attractive.
- Requires suitable foundations to resist horizontal thrust.

⏺Applications: River crossings, valleys, and landmark bridges.

🌟4. Cable-Stayed Bridge

- The bridge deck is supported by inclined cables connected directly to pylons.
- Offers high stiffness and structural efficiency.

⏺Applications: Major river crossings and long-span highways.

🌟5. Suspension Bridge

- The deck is suspended from vertical hangers connected to main cables.
- Suitable for very long spans.

⏺Applications: Wide rivers, sea crossings, and deep valleys.

🌟6. Cantilever Bridge

- Constructed using projecting structural arms extending from supporting piers.
- Can be constructed without temporary supports across the entire span.

⏺Applications: Deep valleys, wide waterways, and major transportation routes.

🌟7. Viaduct Bridge

- A long bridge consisting of multiple spans, often supported by arches or piers.
- Used to cross valleys, roads, and low-lying areas.

⏺Applications: Railways, highways, and urban transportation.

🌟8. Bascule Bridge (Drawbridge)

- A movable bridge with one or two lifting leaves.
- Uses counterweights and mechanical systems.
- Allows ships and boats to pass underneath.

⏺Applications: Ports, canals, and navigable rivers.

🌟9. Vertical-Lift Bridge

- The bridge deck moves vertically between two towers.
- Counterweights help balance the movable span.
- **Applications: Ports, ship channels, and industrial waterways.

🌟10. Pontoon Bridge (Floating Bridge)

- Supported by floating structures called pontoons.
- Can be temporary or semi-permanent.

⏺Applications: Military operations, emergency crossings, and temporary access.

🌟11. Tied-Arch Bridge (Bowstring Bridge)

- Combines an arch rib with a horizontal tie member.
- The tie resists horizontal thrust from the arch.

⏺Applications: Urban roads, rivers, and medium-span crossings.

🌟12. Box-Girder Bridge

- Uses hollow box-shaped structural girders.
- Provides excellent torsional resistance and structural stiffness.
- Commonly constructed using reinforced or prestressed concrete or steel.

⏺Applications: Expressways, metro systems, and long continuous bridges.

🚥🚥🚥🚥🚥🚥🚥🚥🚥

🌉የBridge Design Excel Template ይፈልጋሉ?

🌟የድልድይ ዲዛይንና ስሌት ስራዎን በቀላሉ፣ በፍጥነትና በተደራጀ መልኩ ያከናውኑ።

✅ Bridge Geometry
✅ Deck & Girder Design
✅ Girder Calculations
✅ Bearing Calculations
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👉Complete Guide to Reading Building Drawings

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