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An abandoned oil well is being evaluated for geothermal energy recovery. Which parameter is most critical when assessing its thermal potential?
A. Historical oil API gravity alone
B. Formation temperature and sustainable heat extraction rate
C. Original drilling mud colour
D. Historical water cut alone

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A machine-learning model predicts bottom-hole pressure using historical production data. However, its predictions violate mass conservation under certain operating conditions. Which approach is most suitable to overcome this limitation?

A. Increase the number of hidden layers
B. Use Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs)
C. Increase the training dataset without constraints
D. Apply conventional linear regression

During CO₂ injection into a depleted oil reservoir, which condition is most important for achieving miscible displacement?
A. Reservoir pressure exceeds the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP)
B. Reservoir temperature is below the critical temperature of CO₂
C. CO₂ density becomes zero
D. Reservoir pressure falls below bubble-point pressure