In evaluating a patient with AKI:

1️⃣Exclude prerenal and postrenal causes.

2️⃣If necessary, investigate intrinsic renal causes.

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Delirium is a medical emergency carrying significant risk of morbidity and mortality.

Characterized by acute onset, disorientation, fluctuating level of consciousness, poor attention, and marked psychomotor changes.

4As & 1D of AD (Alzheimer's Disease):
Anterograde amnesia.
Aphasia.
Apraxia.
Agnosia.
Disturbance in executive function.

Anterograde amnesia + at least one of the other features is required for diagnosis❗️

Recurrences of Herpes Simplex Virus are associated with:
🔹Stress.
🔹Fever.
🔹Infection.
🔹Sun exposure.

Bronchiectasis:
Permanent, abnormal dilation and destruction of bronchial walls with chronic inflammation, airway collapse, and ciliary loss/dysfunction leading to impaired clearance of secretions.

Less common nowadays because modern antibiotics are used for respiratory infections❗️

Migraine auras can mimic other causes of transient neurological deficits e.g. transient ischemic attacks and seizures❗️

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Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS):
It is used as a measure of disability progression in Multiple Sclerosis.
It is scored from 0 to 10 based on the neurologic exam and ambulation.

Classic Triad of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Progression: "AID"
🔺Ataxia/Apraxia of gait.

🔺Incontinence.

🔺Dementia.

Child-Pugh classification system:
A prognostic scoring system that was initially developed to predict mortality during surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis.

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Pyloric Stenosis:

Palpable mass.

Peristalsis (visible).

Projectile vomiting (2-4 weeks after birth).

Evaluation of Hemoptysis:

🔸CXR.

🔸Fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

🔸CT scan of chest.

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Complications of severe pseudomembranous colitis:

• Toxic megacolon.

• Colonic perforation.

• Anasarca, electrolyte disturbances.

Primary syphilis is characterized by a hard chancre (indurated, painless ulcer with clean base)❗️

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Light’s criteria: Transudate vs. Exudate
Exudative effusions meet at least one of the following:

• Protein (pleural)/protein (serum) >0.5

• LDH (pleural)/LDH (serum) >0.6

• LDH > two-thirds the upper limit of normal serum LDH

Typical Anginal Chest Pain:

🔺Substernal.

🔺Worse with exertion.

🔺Better with rest or nitroglycerin.

Cyanosis occurs only once deoxyhemoglobin level is greater than 5 g/dL, which corresponds to an arterial oxygen saturation (Sao 2 ) around 67%❗️

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Differential Diagnosis for Facial nerve Palsy:
• Trauma (e.g. temporal bone).
• Tumor (e.g. acoustic neuroma).
• Lyme disease.
• Guillain–barré syndrome.
• Herpes zoster.