Forwarded from Indian Judiciary Preparation PCS J
*भारतीय संविधान के महत्त्वपूर्ण संशोधन*
●. पहला संशोधन (1951) — इस संशोधन द्वारा नौवीं अनुसूची को शामिल किया गया।
●. दूसरा संशोधन (1952) — संसद में राज्यों के प्रतिनिधित्व को निर्धारित किया गया।
●. सातवां संशोधन (1956) — इस संशोधन द्वारा राज्यों का अ, ब, स और द वर्गों में विभाजन समाप्त कर उन्हें 14 राज्यों और 6 केंद्रशासित क्षेत्रों में विभक्त कर दिया गया।
●. दसवां संशोधन (1961) — दादरा और नगर हवेली को भारतीय संघ में शामिल कर उन्हें संघीय क्षेत्र की स्थिति प्रदान की गई।
●. 12वां संशोधन (1962) — गोवा, दमन और दीव का भारतीय संघ में एकीकरण किया गया।
●. 13वां संशोधन (1962) — संविधान में एक नया अनुच्छेद 371 (अ) जोड़ा गया, जिसमें नागालैंड के प्रशासन के लिए कुछ विशेष प्रावधान किए गए। 1दिसंबर, 1963 को नागालैंड को एक राज्य की स्थिति प्रदान कर दी गई।
●. 14वां संशोधन (1963) — पांडिचेरी को संघ राज्य क्षेत्र के रूप में प्रथम अनुसूची में जोड़ा गया तथा इन संघ राज्य क्षेत्रों (हिमाचल प्रदेश, गोवा, दमन और दीव, पांडिचेरी और मणिपुर) में विधानसभाओं की स्थापना की व्यवस्था की गई।
●. 21वां संशोधन (1967) — आठवीं अनुसूची में ‘सिंधी’ भाषा को जोड़ा गया।
●. 22वां संशोधन (1968) — संसद को मेघालय को एक स्वतंत्र राज्य के रूप में स्थापित करने तथा उसके लिए विधानमंडल और मंत्रिपरिषद का उपबंध करने की शक्ति प्रदान की गई।
●. 24वां संशोधन (1971) — संसद को मौलिक अधिकारों सहित संविधान के किसी भी भाग में संशोधन का अधिकार दिया गया।
●. 27वां संशोधन (1971) — उत्तरी-पूर्वी क्षेत्र के पाँच राज्यों तत्कालीन असम, नागालैंड, मेघालय, मणिपुर व त्रिपुरा तथा दो संघीय क्षेत्रों मिजोरम और अरुणालच प्रदेश का गठन किया गया तथा इनमें समन्वय और सहयोग के लिए एक ‘पूर्वोत्तर सीमांत परिषद्’ की स्थापना की गई।
●. 31वां संशोधन (1974) — लोकसभा की अधिकतम सदंस्य संख्या 545 निश्चित की गई। इनमें से 543 निर्वाचित व 2 राष्ट्रपति द्वारा मनोनीत होंगे।
●. 36वां संशोधन (1975) — सिक्किम को भारतीय संघ में 22वें राज्य के रूप में प्रवेश दिया गया।
●. 37वां संशोधन (1975) — अरुणाचल प्रदेश में व्यवस्थापिका तथा मंत्रिपरिषद् की स्थापना की गई।
● 42वां संशोधन (1976) — इसे ‘लघु संविधान’ (Mini Constitution) की संज्ञा प्रदान की गई है।
— इसके द्वारा संविधान की प्रस्तावना में ‘धर्मनिरपेक्ष’, ‘समाजवादी’ और ‘अखंडता’ शब्द जोड़े गए।
— इसके द्वारा अधिकारों के साथ-साथ कर्तव्यों की व्यवस्था करते हुए नागरिकों के 10 मूल कर्त्तव्य निश्चित किए गए।
— लोकसभा तथा विधानसभाओं के कार्यकाल में एक वर्ष की वृद्धि की गई।
— नीति-निर्देशक तत्वों में कुछ नवीन तत्व जोड़े गए।
— इसके द्वारा शिक्षा, नाप-तौल, वन और जंगली जानवर तथा पक्षियों की रक्षा, ये विषय राज्य सूची से निकालकर समवर्ती सूची में रख दिए गए।
— यह व्यवस्था की गई कि अनुच्छेद 352 के अन्तर्गत आपातकाल संपूर्ण देश में लागू किया जा सकता है या देश के किसी एक या कुछ भागों के लिए।
— संसद द्वारा किए गए संविधान संशोधन को न्यायालय में चुनौती देने से वर्जित कर दिया गया।
●. 44वां संशोधन (1978) — संपत्ति के मूलाधिकार को समाप्त करके इसे विधिक अधिकार बना दिया गया।
— लोकसभा तथा राज्य विधानसभाओं की अवधि पुनः 5 वर्ष कर दी गई।
— राष्ट्रपति, उपराष्ट्रपति, प्रधानमंत्री और लोकसभा अध्यक्ष्ज्ञ के चुनाव विवादों की सुनवाई का अधिकार पुनः सर्वोच्च तथा उच्च न्यायालय को ही दे दिया गया।
— मंत्रिमंडल द्वारा राष्ट्रपति को जो भी परामर्श दिया जाएगा, राष्ट्रपति मंत्रिमंडल को उस पर दोबारा विचार करने लिए कह सकेंगे लेकिन पुनर्विचार के बाद मंत्रिमंडल राष्ट्रपति को जो भी परामर्श देगा, राष्ट्रपति उस परामर्श को अनिवार्यतः स्वीकार करेंगे।
— ‘व्यक्ति के जीवन और स्वतंत्रता के अधिकार’ को शासन के द्वारा आपातकाल में भी स्थगित या सीमित नहीं किया जा सकता, आदि।
●. 52वां संशोधन (1985) — इस संशोधन द्वारा संविधान में दसवीं अनुसूची जोड़ी गई। इसके द्वारा राजनीतिक दल-बदल पर कानूनी रोक लगाने की चेष्टा की गई है।
●. 55वां संशोधन (1986) — अरुणाचल प्रदेश को भारतीय संघ के अन्तर्गत राज्य की दर्जा प्रदान की गई।
●. 56वां संशोधन (1987) — इसमें गोवा को पूर्ण राज्य का दर्जा देने तथा ‘दमन व दीव’ को नया संघीय क्षेत्र बनाने की व्यवस्था है।
●. 61वां संशोधन (1989) — मताधिकार के लिए न्यूनतम आवश्यक आयु 21 वर्ष से घटाकर 18 वर्ष कर दी गई।
●. 65वां संशोधन (1990) — ‘अनुसूचित जाति तथा जनजाति आयोग’ के गठन की व्यवस्था की गई।
●. 69वां संशोधन (1991) — दिल्ली का नाम ‘राष्ट्रीय राजधानी राज्य क्षेत्र दिल्ली’ किया गया तथा इसके लिए 70 सदस्यीय विधानसभा तथा 7 सदस्यीय मंत्रिमंडल के गठन का प्रावधान किया गया।
Join @Indian_Judiciary_Preparation
●. पहला संशोधन (1951) — इस संशोधन द्वारा नौवीं अनुसूची को शामिल किया गया।
●. दूसरा संशोधन (1952) — संसद में राज्यों के प्रतिनिधित्व को निर्धारित किया गया।
●. सातवां संशोधन (1956) — इस संशोधन द्वारा राज्यों का अ, ब, स और द वर्गों में विभाजन समाप्त कर उन्हें 14 राज्यों और 6 केंद्रशासित क्षेत्रों में विभक्त कर दिया गया।
●. दसवां संशोधन (1961) — दादरा और नगर हवेली को भारतीय संघ में शामिल कर उन्हें संघीय क्षेत्र की स्थिति प्रदान की गई।
●. 12वां संशोधन (1962) — गोवा, दमन और दीव का भारतीय संघ में एकीकरण किया गया।
●. 13वां संशोधन (1962) — संविधान में एक नया अनुच्छेद 371 (अ) जोड़ा गया, जिसमें नागालैंड के प्रशासन के लिए कुछ विशेष प्रावधान किए गए। 1दिसंबर, 1963 को नागालैंड को एक राज्य की स्थिति प्रदान कर दी गई।
●. 14वां संशोधन (1963) — पांडिचेरी को संघ राज्य क्षेत्र के रूप में प्रथम अनुसूची में जोड़ा गया तथा इन संघ राज्य क्षेत्रों (हिमाचल प्रदेश, गोवा, दमन और दीव, पांडिचेरी और मणिपुर) में विधानसभाओं की स्थापना की व्यवस्था की गई।
●. 21वां संशोधन (1967) — आठवीं अनुसूची में ‘सिंधी’ भाषा को जोड़ा गया।
●. 22वां संशोधन (1968) — संसद को मेघालय को एक स्वतंत्र राज्य के रूप में स्थापित करने तथा उसके लिए विधानमंडल और मंत्रिपरिषद का उपबंध करने की शक्ति प्रदान की गई।
●. 24वां संशोधन (1971) — संसद को मौलिक अधिकारों सहित संविधान के किसी भी भाग में संशोधन का अधिकार दिया गया।
●. 27वां संशोधन (1971) — उत्तरी-पूर्वी क्षेत्र के पाँच राज्यों तत्कालीन असम, नागालैंड, मेघालय, मणिपुर व त्रिपुरा तथा दो संघीय क्षेत्रों मिजोरम और अरुणालच प्रदेश का गठन किया गया तथा इनमें समन्वय और सहयोग के लिए एक ‘पूर्वोत्तर सीमांत परिषद्’ की स्थापना की गई।
●. 31वां संशोधन (1974) — लोकसभा की अधिकतम सदंस्य संख्या 545 निश्चित की गई। इनमें से 543 निर्वाचित व 2 राष्ट्रपति द्वारा मनोनीत होंगे।
●. 36वां संशोधन (1975) — सिक्किम को भारतीय संघ में 22वें राज्य के रूप में प्रवेश दिया गया।
●. 37वां संशोधन (1975) — अरुणाचल प्रदेश में व्यवस्थापिका तथा मंत्रिपरिषद् की स्थापना की गई।
● 42वां संशोधन (1976) — इसे ‘लघु संविधान’ (Mini Constitution) की संज्ञा प्रदान की गई है।
— इसके द्वारा संविधान की प्रस्तावना में ‘धर्मनिरपेक्ष’, ‘समाजवादी’ और ‘अखंडता’ शब्द जोड़े गए।
— इसके द्वारा अधिकारों के साथ-साथ कर्तव्यों की व्यवस्था करते हुए नागरिकों के 10 मूल कर्त्तव्य निश्चित किए गए।
— लोकसभा तथा विधानसभाओं के कार्यकाल में एक वर्ष की वृद्धि की गई।
— नीति-निर्देशक तत्वों में कुछ नवीन तत्व जोड़े गए।
— इसके द्वारा शिक्षा, नाप-तौल, वन और जंगली जानवर तथा पक्षियों की रक्षा, ये विषय राज्य सूची से निकालकर समवर्ती सूची में रख दिए गए।
— यह व्यवस्था की गई कि अनुच्छेद 352 के अन्तर्गत आपातकाल संपूर्ण देश में लागू किया जा सकता है या देश के किसी एक या कुछ भागों के लिए।
— संसद द्वारा किए गए संविधान संशोधन को न्यायालय में चुनौती देने से वर्जित कर दिया गया।
●. 44वां संशोधन (1978) — संपत्ति के मूलाधिकार को समाप्त करके इसे विधिक अधिकार बना दिया गया।
— लोकसभा तथा राज्य विधानसभाओं की अवधि पुनः 5 वर्ष कर दी गई।
— राष्ट्रपति, उपराष्ट्रपति, प्रधानमंत्री और लोकसभा अध्यक्ष्ज्ञ के चुनाव विवादों की सुनवाई का अधिकार पुनः सर्वोच्च तथा उच्च न्यायालय को ही दे दिया गया।
— मंत्रिमंडल द्वारा राष्ट्रपति को जो भी परामर्श दिया जाएगा, राष्ट्रपति मंत्रिमंडल को उस पर दोबारा विचार करने लिए कह सकेंगे लेकिन पुनर्विचार के बाद मंत्रिमंडल राष्ट्रपति को जो भी परामर्श देगा, राष्ट्रपति उस परामर्श को अनिवार्यतः स्वीकार करेंगे।
— ‘व्यक्ति के जीवन और स्वतंत्रता के अधिकार’ को शासन के द्वारा आपातकाल में भी स्थगित या सीमित नहीं किया जा सकता, आदि।
●. 52वां संशोधन (1985) — इस संशोधन द्वारा संविधान में दसवीं अनुसूची जोड़ी गई। इसके द्वारा राजनीतिक दल-बदल पर कानूनी रोक लगाने की चेष्टा की गई है।
●. 55वां संशोधन (1986) — अरुणाचल प्रदेश को भारतीय संघ के अन्तर्गत राज्य की दर्जा प्रदान की गई।
●. 56वां संशोधन (1987) — इसमें गोवा को पूर्ण राज्य का दर्जा देने तथा ‘दमन व दीव’ को नया संघीय क्षेत्र बनाने की व्यवस्था है।
●. 61वां संशोधन (1989) — मताधिकार के लिए न्यूनतम आवश्यक आयु 21 वर्ष से घटाकर 18 वर्ष कर दी गई।
●. 65वां संशोधन (1990) — ‘अनुसूचित जाति तथा जनजाति आयोग’ के गठन की व्यवस्था की गई।
●. 69वां संशोधन (1991) — दिल्ली का नाम ‘राष्ट्रीय राजधानी राज्य क्षेत्र दिल्ली’ किया गया तथा इसके लिए 70 सदस्यीय विधानसभा तथा 7 सदस्यीय मंत्रिमंडल के गठन का प्रावधान किया गया।
Join @Indian_Judiciary_Preparation
👍11❤1
Forwarded from LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes
Regulating Act 1773 Notes
The Regulating Act was passed in the British Parliament in June 1773.
It was the first parliamentary ratification and authorization defining the powers and authority of the East India Company with respect to its Indian possessions.
Background/Reasons for passing the Act
The East India Company was in severe financial crisis and had asked a loan of 1 million pounds from the British government in 1772.
Allegations of corruption and nepotism were rampant against company officials.
There was a terrible famine in Bengal where a huge population perished.
The Dual form of administration instituted by Robert Clive was complex and drawing a lot of complaints.
According to this system, the company had Diwani rights (obtained after the Battle of Buxar) in Bengal and the Nawab had Nizamat rights (judicial and policing rights) as secured from the Mughal Emperor. In reality, both powers were vested with the company. The farmers and the general population suffered as their improvement was neglected and the company was only concerned with maximising revenue.
Lawlessness increased in Bengal.
The defeat of the company against Mysore’s Hyder Ali in 1769.
Provisions of The Regulating Act
This act permitted the company to retain its territorial possessions in India but sought to regulate the activities and functioning of the company. It did not take over power completely, hence called ‘regulating’.
The act provided for appointment of a Governor-General along with four Councillors in the Presidency of Fort William (Calcutta), jointly called the Governor-General in Council.
As per this, Warren Hastings was appointed as the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William.
The Governors in Councils at Madras and Bombay were brought under the control of Bengal, especially in matters of foreign policy. Now, they could not wage war against Indian states without Bengal’s approval.
The company directors were elected for a period of five years and one-fourth of them were to retire every year. Also, they could not be re-elected.
The company directors were directed to make public all correspondence on revenue, civil and military matters with Indian authorities before the British authorities.
A Supreme Court of Judicature was established at Calcutta with Sir Elijah Impey as the first Chief Justice. Judges were to come from England. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction over the British subjects and not Indian natives.
Defects of Regulating Act 1773
Drawbacks of The Regulating Act
The Governor-General had no veto power.
It did not address the concerns of the Indian population who were paying revenue to the company.
It did not stop corruption among the company officials.
The Supreme Court’s powers were not well-defined.
The parliamentary control that was sought in the activities of the company proved to be ineffective as there was no mechanism to study the reports sent by the Governor-General in Council.
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
The Regulating Act was passed in the British Parliament in June 1773.
It was the first parliamentary ratification and authorization defining the powers and authority of the East India Company with respect to its Indian possessions.
Background/Reasons for passing the Act
The East India Company was in severe financial crisis and had asked a loan of 1 million pounds from the British government in 1772.
Allegations of corruption and nepotism were rampant against company officials.
There was a terrible famine in Bengal where a huge population perished.
The Dual form of administration instituted by Robert Clive was complex and drawing a lot of complaints.
According to this system, the company had Diwani rights (obtained after the Battle of Buxar) in Bengal and the Nawab had Nizamat rights (judicial and policing rights) as secured from the Mughal Emperor. In reality, both powers were vested with the company. The farmers and the general population suffered as their improvement was neglected and the company was only concerned with maximising revenue.
Lawlessness increased in Bengal.
The defeat of the company against Mysore’s Hyder Ali in 1769.
Provisions of The Regulating Act
This act permitted the company to retain its territorial possessions in India but sought to regulate the activities and functioning of the company. It did not take over power completely, hence called ‘regulating’.
The act provided for appointment of a Governor-General along with four Councillors in the Presidency of Fort William (Calcutta), jointly called the Governor-General in Council.
As per this, Warren Hastings was appointed as the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William.
The Governors in Councils at Madras and Bombay were brought under the control of Bengal, especially in matters of foreign policy. Now, they could not wage war against Indian states without Bengal’s approval.
The company directors were elected for a period of five years and one-fourth of them were to retire every year. Also, they could not be re-elected.
The company directors were directed to make public all correspondence on revenue, civil and military matters with Indian authorities before the British authorities.
A Supreme Court of Judicature was established at Calcutta with Sir Elijah Impey as the first Chief Justice. Judges were to come from England. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction over the British subjects and not Indian natives.
Defects of Regulating Act 1773
Drawbacks of The Regulating Act
The Governor-General had no veto power.
It did not address the concerns of the Indian population who were paying revenue to the company.
It did not stop corruption among the company officials.
The Supreme Court’s powers were not well-defined.
The parliamentary control that was sought in the activities of the company proved to be ineffective as there was no mechanism to study the reports sent by the Governor-General in Council.
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
👍2
DECREE
The adjudication of a court of law may be divided into two classes:
(i) decrees, and
(ii) orders.
In order that a decision of a court may be a "decree", the following elements must be present:
(i) There must be an adjudication;
(ii) Such adjudication must have been done in a suit;
(iii) It must have determined the rights of rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in the suit;
(iv) Such determination must be of a conclusive nature;
(v) There must be a formal expression of such adjudication.
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
The adjudication of a court of law may be divided into two classes:
(i) decrees, and
(ii) orders.
In order that a decision of a court may be a "decree", the following elements must be present:
(i) There must be an adjudication;
(ii) Such adjudication must have been done in a suit;
(iii) It must have determined the rights of rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in the suit;
(iv) Such determination must be of a conclusive nature;
(v) There must be a formal expression of such adjudication.
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
👍2😁2
Forwarded from Indian Judiciary Preparation PCS J
▪️National Anthem
🔸 The song Jana-gana-mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in
its Hindi version as the National Anthem of India on January 24, 1950.
🔸 It was fi rst sung on December 27, 1911 at the Kolkata Session of the Indian National Congress.
🔸It has fi ve stanzas with fi rst stanza containing the full version of the National Anthem.
🔸 The duration of the National Anthem is approximately 52 seconds.
Join @Indian_Judiciary_Preparation
Join @Indian_Judicial_Services_IJS
Join us @Law4CivilServices
Join us @Law_Books_Store
🔸 The song Jana-gana-mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in
its Hindi version as the National Anthem of India on January 24, 1950.
🔸 It was fi rst sung on December 27, 1911 at the Kolkata Session of the Indian National Congress.
🔸It has fi ve stanzas with fi rst stanza containing the full version of the National Anthem.
🔸 The duration of the National Anthem is approximately 52 seconds.
Join @Indian_Judiciary_Preparation
Join @Indian_Judicial_Services_IJS
Join us @Law4CivilServices
Join us @Law_Books_Store
👍1🥰1
Forwarded from LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes
ANTICIPATORY BAIL
Under Indian criminal law, there is a provision for anticipatory bail under Section 438 of the Criminal Procedure Code. This provision allows a person to seek bail in anticipation of an arrest on accusation of having committed a non-bailable offence.
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
Under Indian criminal law, there is a provision for anticipatory bail under Section 438 of the Criminal Procedure Code. This provision allows a person to seek bail in anticipation of an arrest on accusation of having committed a non-bailable offence.
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
😁1
Forwarded from Indian Judiciary Preparation PCS J
✅ RIGHT TO PROPERTY
After the 44th Amendment of the Constitution, right to property has ceased to be a fundamental right. Under Article 300A, it has become a constitutional right. One other important aspect is with regard to deprivation or acquisition of agricultural and homestead land belonging to weaker sections. Before such deprivation takes place, the persons so deprived must be provided lands of quality as nearly as may be equal to the lands such persons were previously occupying or otherwise adequately rehabilitated.
✅ संपत्ति का अधिकार
संविधान के 44 वें संशोधन के बाद, संपत्ति का अधिकार एक मौलिक अधिकार हो गया है। अनुच्छेद 300 ए के तहत, यह एक संवैधानिक अधिकार बन गया है। एक अन्य महत्वपूर्ण पहलू कमजोर वर्गों से संबंधित कृषि और गृहस्थ भूमि के अभाव या अधिग्रहण के संबंध में है। इस तरह के अभाव से पहले, वंचित व्यक्तियों को गुणवत्ता की भूमि प्रदान की जानी चाहिए, क्योंकि लगभग भूमि उन लोगों के बराबर हो सकती है, जो पहले कब्जा कर रहे थे या अन्यथा पर्याप्त रूप से पुनर्वासित थे।
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
After the 44th Amendment of the Constitution, right to property has ceased to be a fundamental right. Under Article 300A, it has become a constitutional right. One other important aspect is with regard to deprivation or acquisition of agricultural and homestead land belonging to weaker sections. Before such deprivation takes place, the persons so deprived must be provided lands of quality as nearly as may be equal to the lands such persons were previously occupying or otherwise adequately rehabilitated.
✅ संपत्ति का अधिकार
संविधान के 44 वें संशोधन के बाद, संपत्ति का अधिकार एक मौलिक अधिकार हो गया है। अनुच्छेद 300 ए के तहत, यह एक संवैधानिक अधिकार बन गया है। एक अन्य महत्वपूर्ण पहलू कमजोर वर्गों से संबंधित कृषि और गृहस्थ भूमि के अभाव या अधिग्रहण के संबंध में है। इस तरह के अभाव से पहले, वंचित व्यक्तियों को गुणवत्ता की भूमि प्रदान की जानी चाहिए, क्योंकि लगभग भूमि उन लोगों के बराबर हो सकती है, जो पहले कब्जा कर रहे थे या अन्यथा पर्याप्त रूप से पुनर्वासित थे।
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
👍1
SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION :
Special Leave Petition Special Leave Petitions in India holds a prime place in the Judiciary of India, and has been provided as a "residual power" in the hands of Supreme Court of India to be exercised only in cases when any substantial question of law is involved, or gross injustice has been done.
SLP can be filed against any judgment of High Court within 90 days from the date of judgement.
Or
SLP can be filed within 60 days against the order of the High Court refusing to grant the certificate of fitness for appeal to Supreme Court.
#Constitutional_Law
Join US @Law4CivilServices
Special Leave Petition Special Leave Petitions in India holds a prime place in the Judiciary of India, and has been provided as a "residual power" in the hands of Supreme Court of India to be exercised only in cases when any substantial question of law is involved, or gross injustice has been done.
SLP can be filed against any judgment of High Court within 90 days from the date of judgement.
Or
SLP can be filed within 60 days against the order of the High Court refusing to grant the certificate of fitness for appeal to Supreme Court.
#Constitutional_Law
Join US @Law4CivilServices
👍1
Forwarded from Law Students PCS J
DECREE
The adjudication of a court of law may be divided into two classes:
(i) decrees, and
(ii) orders.
In order that a decision of a court may be a "decree", the following elements must be present:
(i) There must be an adjudication;
(ii) Such adjudication must have been done in a suit;
(iii) It must have determined the rights of rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in the suit;
(iv) Such determination must be of a conclusive nature;
(v) There must be a formal expression of such adjudication.
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
The adjudication of a court of law may be divided into two classes:
(i) decrees, and
(ii) orders.
In order that a decision of a court may be a "decree", the following elements must be present:
(i) There must be an adjudication;
(ii) Such adjudication must have been done in a suit;
(iii) It must have determined the rights of rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in the suit;
(iv) Such determination must be of a conclusive nature;
(v) There must be a formal expression of such adjudication.
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
👍3
Forwarded from LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes
{Legal update}
*Supreme court of India*
*Hindu Law.*
Joint family property sold by a coparcener without consent of other coparceners. If the said property is re-conveyed back to joint family or the coparcener, the property re-acquires joint family property status. All coparceners including those who are born subsequently would get right.
*Doddamuniyappa vs Muniswamy & others.*
*(2019) 7 SCC 193.*
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
*Supreme court of India*
*Hindu Law.*
Joint family property sold by a coparcener without consent of other coparceners. If the said property is re-conveyed back to joint family or the coparcener, the property re-acquires joint family property status. All coparceners including those who are born subsequently would get right.
*Doddamuniyappa vs Muniswamy & others.*
*(2019) 7 SCC 193.*
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
👍2👏1
Forwarded from LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes
Q. Whether the claim of "juvenility" can be made after the final disposal of the case by the Supreme Court.
The Uttrakhand HC held that after the final determination of the question by the Supreme Court and in result dismissal of the curative petition and after that the President of India by exercising the pardoning power under Article 72 of the Constitution of India commuted the sentence of death into life imprisonment for not less than 6o years of age. In these circumstances no room has been left for re consideration of juvenility claim.
*#Case: Om Prakash @ Israel @ Raju @ Raju Das V. Union of India and Another; August 2019*
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
The Uttrakhand HC held that after the final determination of the question by the Supreme Court and in result dismissal of the curative petition and after that the President of India by exercising the pardoning power under Article 72 of the Constitution of India commuted the sentence of death into life imprisonment for not less than 6o years of age. In these circumstances no room has been left for re consideration of juvenility claim.
*#Case: Om Prakash @ Israel @ Raju @ Raju Das V. Union of India and Another; August 2019*
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
👍1
Forwarded from Bihar Judiciary Preparation
Forwarded from Uttarakhand Judiciary Preparation
result_26.pdf
177.7 KB
Forwarded from LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes
🟢Difference Between Money Bill and Finance Bill
The fundamental difference between a money bill and finance bill is that a money bill can be introduced in only the lower house of parliament, i.e. Lok Sabha only, finance bill can be introduced in either of the two houses. Although money bill is a type of finance bill, most of the people use them interchangeably, but they differ in terms of their content
Definition of Money Bill
Money Bills as the name suggests, are the bills concerned with the provisions solely dealing with all or any of the matters prescribed in the article 110 (1).
It encompasses matters relating to the levying, abrogation and regulation of taxes, regulation of government borrowing, the protection of Consolidated or Contingency Fund and inflow or outflow of money from any such funds, appropriation of money from Consolidated Fund of India, and so forth.
After obtaining the assent of the president of India, the bill introduced in the House of people i.e. Lok Sabha, which is certified as money bill by the Speaker and then passed to Rajya Sabha for the recommendation of amendments.
Further, the Rajya Sabha can keep the bill, for a maximum of 14 days, or else it is deemed to be passed by both the houses.
The Lok Sabha has the authority to accept or reject the suggestions given by the Rajya Sabha.
Definition of Finance Bill
A bill proposed in Lok Sabha every year, just after the declaration of Union Budget for the upcoming year, to undertake the proposals made by the Government, is known as Finance Bill.
It refers to any bill that contains matters relating to the revenue and expenditure of the country. It takes into account the imposition of new taxes, alteration in the existing tax structure or continuance of the older one, beyond the term assented by the Parliament are presented via finance bill.
A memorandum comprising of explanations of the provisions covered is enclosed with the bill. The bill has to be enacted by the Parliament within 75 days of its introduction. The finance bill is classified into two categories, which is described as under:
Category A: The bill covers the provisions of Article 110 (1) of the Constitution of India. It can be originated only in Lok Sabha, after the assent of the President of the country.
Category B: It contains clauses relating to the expenditure from Consolidated Fund of India. Such bills can be introduced in any of the two houses. Prior approval of President is the must, for consideration of the bills.
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
The fundamental difference between a money bill and finance bill is that a money bill can be introduced in only the lower house of parliament, i.e. Lok Sabha only, finance bill can be introduced in either of the two houses. Although money bill is a type of finance bill, most of the people use them interchangeably, but they differ in terms of their content
Definition of Money Bill
Money Bills as the name suggests, are the bills concerned with the provisions solely dealing with all or any of the matters prescribed in the article 110 (1).
It encompasses matters relating to the levying, abrogation and regulation of taxes, regulation of government borrowing, the protection of Consolidated or Contingency Fund and inflow or outflow of money from any such funds, appropriation of money from Consolidated Fund of India, and so forth.
After obtaining the assent of the president of India, the bill introduced in the House of people i.e. Lok Sabha, which is certified as money bill by the Speaker and then passed to Rajya Sabha for the recommendation of amendments.
Further, the Rajya Sabha can keep the bill, for a maximum of 14 days, or else it is deemed to be passed by both the houses.
The Lok Sabha has the authority to accept or reject the suggestions given by the Rajya Sabha.
Definition of Finance Bill
A bill proposed in Lok Sabha every year, just after the declaration of Union Budget for the upcoming year, to undertake the proposals made by the Government, is known as Finance Bill.
It refers to any bill that contains matters relating to the revenue and expenditure of the country. It takes into account the imposition of new taxes, alteration in the existing tax structure or continuance of the older one, beyond the term assented by the Parliament are presented via finance bill.
A memorandum comprising of explanations of the provisions covered is enclosed with the bill. The bill has to be enacted by the Parliament within 75 days of its introduction. The finance bill is classified into two categories, which is described as under:
Category A: The bill covers the provisions of Article 110 (1) of the Constitution of India. It can be originated only in Lok Sabha, after the assent of the President of the country.
Category B: It contains clauses relating to the expenditure from Consolidated Fund of India. Such bills can be introduced in any of the two houses. Prior approval of President is the must, for consideration of the bills.
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
👍4🤩1