Forwarded from LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes
Definition of victim
Victim compensation scheme fund like Nirbhaya for victim of rape acid attack and their rehabilitation
Victim protection provisions
Vishakha vs State of Rajasthan guidline of honourable the supreme Court
Protection sexual harrassment at place 2013 rules
Griveous redressal meachism
Participating woman in workforce and in role of democracy
Gender justice and equality
Woman legislation for protection of rights
Misuse of sec 498A of IPC powers functions and constitute woman commission
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Victim compensation scheme fund like Nirbhaya for victim of rape acid attack and their rehabilitation
Victim protection provisions
Vishakha vs State of Rajasthan guidline of honourable the supreme Court
Protection sexual harrassment at place 2013 rules
Griveous redressal meachism
Participating woman in workforce and in role of democracy
Gender justice and equality
Woman legislation for protection of rights
Misuse of sec 498A of IPC powers functions and constitute woman commission
Join us @LAW_Notes_Llb_Notes
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Forwarded from LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes
ATTORNEY-GENERAL
According to Article 76, the President appoints a person qualified to be a Supreme Court judge as the Attorney General of India. The Attorney General is the first legal officer of India. He functions as the Chief Law Officer of the Government. The Attorney General of India advises the Government of India on any legal matter. He performs any legal duties assigned to him by the President of India. He discharges any functions conferred to him by the Constitution or the President. In the performance of his duties, the Attorney General of India has right of audience in all courts in the territory of India. The Attorney General represents the Union and the States before the Courts but is also allowed to take up private practice provided; the other party is not the State.
He is not a member of the either House of the Parliament. Still he enjoys the right to attend and speak in the parliamentary deliberations and meetings (of both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha), without a right to vote. He is not a full time officer of the House, nor is he a member of a Cabinet, he is not barred from private practice except that he cannot advice or hold briefs against the Government of India. He should not defend accused persons for criminal prosecution without the permissions of the Government of India. He is entitled to all privileges and immunities as a Member of the Parliament. The Attorney General of India is assisted by two Solicitor General and four assistant Solicitor General.
The Attorney General is not paid salary but a retainer that is determined by the President. The retainer of the Attorney General of India is equal to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court. As a convention, after the change of the Government, the Attorney General resigns and the new Government appoint a new Attorney General of its own choice. The Attorney General holds office during the pleasure of the President and receives remuneration as determined by the President.
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According to Article 76, the President appoints a person qualified to be a Supreme Court judge as the Attorney General of India. The Attorney General is the first legal officer of India. He functions as the Chief Law Officer of the Government. The Attorney General of India advises the Government of India on any legal matter. He performs any legal duties assigned to him by the President of India. He discharges any functions conferred to him by the Constitution or the President. In the performance of his duties, the Attorney General of India has right of audience in all courts in the territory of India. The Attorney General represents the Union and the States before the Courts but is also allowed to take up private practice provided; the other party is not the State.
He is not a member of the either House of the Parliament. Still he enjoys the right to attend and speak in the parliamentary deliberations and meetings (of both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha), without a right to vote. He is not a full time officer of the House, nor is he a member of a Cabinet, he is not barred from private practice except that he cannot advice or hold briefs against the Government of India. He should not defend accused persons for criminal prosecution without the permissions of the Government of India. He is entitled to all privileges and immunities as a Member of the Parliament. The Attorney General of India is assisted by two Solicitor General and four assistant Solicitor General.
The Attorney General is not paid salary but a retainer that is determined by the President. The retainer of the Attorney General of India is equal to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court. As a convention, after the change of the Government, the Attorney General resigns and the new Government appoint a new Attorney General of its own choice. The Attorney General holds office during the pleasure of the President and receives remuneration as determined by the President.
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Forwarded from Indian Judiciary Preparation PCS J
9th, 10th, 11th and 12th Schedule
Ninth Schedule was added by 1st Amendment Act 1951 to protect the laws included in it from judicial scrutiny on the ground of violation of fundamental rights.
However, in 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that the laws included in this schedule after April 24, 1973, are now open to judicial review
10th Schedule was added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985, also known as Anti-defection Law.
11th schedule was added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992. It contains the provisions that specify the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. It has 29 matters.
12th schedule was added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992. It deals with the provisions that specify the powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities. It has 18 matters.
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Ninth Schedule was added by 1st Amendment Act 1951 to protect the laws included in it from judicial scrutiny on the ground of violation of fundamental rights.
However, in 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that the laws included in this schedule after April 24, 1973, are now open to judicial review
10th Schedule was added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985, also known as Anti-defection Law.
11th schedule was added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992. It contains the provisions that specify the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats. It has 29 matters.
12th schedule was added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992. It deals with the provisions that specify the powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities. It has 18 matters.
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Forwarded from Indian Judiciary Preparation PCS J
🔆List of Constitutional Bodies in India with articles
✅Attorney General of India=76
✅Comptroller and Auditor General of India=148
✅Advocate General of State=165
✅State Finance Commission=243-I
✅State Election Commission=243-K
✅District Planning Committee=243ZD
✅Metropolitan Planning Committee=243ZE
✅Inter-State Council=263
✅Finance Commission=280
✅Goods and Service Tax Council=279A
✅UPSC Public Service Commission=315-323
✅State Public Service Commission=315-323
✅Election Commission of India=324
✅National Commission for Scheduled Castes=338
✅National Commission for Scheduled Tribes=338A
✅National Commission for Backward Classes[=338B
✅Scheduled Area and Scheduled Tribes Commission=339
✅Backward Classes Commission=340
✅Official Language Commission and Official Language Committee of Parliament=344
✅Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities=350B
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✅Attorney General of India=76
✅Comptroller and Auditor General of India=148
✅Advocate General of State=165
✅State Finance Commission=243-I
✅State Election Commission=243-K
✅District Planning Committee=243ZD
✅Metropolitan Planning Committee=243ZE
✅Inter-State Council=263
✅Finance Commission=280
✅Goods and Service Tax Council=279A
✅UPSC Public Service Commission=315-323
✅State Public Service Commission=315-323
✅Election Commission of India=324
✅National Commission for Scheduled Castes=338
✅National Commission for Scheduled Tribes=338A
✅National Commission for Backward Classes[=338B
✅Scheduled Area and Scheduled Tribes Commission=339
✅Backward Classes Commission=340
✅Official Language Commission and Official Language Committee of Parliament=344
✅Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities=350B
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Forwarded from Indian Judiciary Preparation PCS J
❣💐भारतीय संविधान के महत्त्वपूर्ण संशोधन 💐❣
●. पहला संशोधन (1951) — इस संशोधन द्वारा नौवीं अनुसूची को शामिल किया गया।
●. दूसरा संशोधन (1952) — संसद में राज्यों के प्रतिनिधित्व को निर्धारित किया गया।
●. सातवां संशोधन (1956) — इस संशोधन द्वारा राज्यों का अ, ब, स और द वर्गों में विभाजन समाप्त कर उन्हें 14 राज्यों और 6 केंद्रशासित क्षेत्रों में विभक्त कर दिया गया।
●. दसवां संशोधन (1961) — दादरा और नगर हवेली को भारतीय संघ में शामिल कर उन्हें संघीय क्षेत्र की स्थिति प्रदान की गई।
●. 12वां संशोधन (1962) — गोवा, दमन और दीव का भारतीय संघ में एकीकरण किया गया।
●. 13वां संशोधन (1962) — संविधान में एक नया अनुच्छेद 371 (अ) जोड़ा गया, जिसमें नागालैंड के प्रशासन के लिए कुछ विशेष प्रावधान किए गए। 1दिसंबर, 1963 को नागालैंड को एक राज्य की स्थिति प्रदान कर दी गई।
●. 14वां संशोधन (1963) — पांडिचेरी को संघ राज्य क्षेत्र के रूप में प्रथम अनुसूची में जोड़ा गया तथा इन संघ राज्य क्षेत्रों (हिमाचल प्रदेश, गोवा, दमन और दीव, पांडिचेरी और मणिपुर) में विधानसभाओं की स्थापना की व्यवस्था की गई।
●. 21वां संशोधन (1967) — आठवीं अनुसूची में ‘सिंधी’ भाषा को जोड़ा गया।
●. 22वां संशोधन (1968) — संसद को मेघालय को एक स्वतंत्र राज्य के रूप में स्थापित करने तथा उसके लिए विधानमंडल और मंत्रिपरिषद का उपबंध करने की शक्ति प्रदान की गई।
●. 24वां संशोधन (1971) — संसद को मौलिक अधिकारों सहित संविधान के किसी भी भाग में संशोधन का अधिकार दिया गया।
●. 27वां संशोधन (1971) — उत्तरी-पूर्वी क्षेत्र के पाँच राज्यों तत्कालीन असम, नागालैंड, मेघालय, मणिपुर व त्रिपुरा तथा दो संघीय क्षेत्रों मिजोरम और अरुणालच प्रदेश का गठन किया गया तथा इनमें समन्वय और सहयोग के लिए एक ‘पूर्वोत्तर सीमांत परिषद्’ की स्थापना की गई।
●. 31वां संशोधन (1974) — लोकसभा की अधिकतम सदंस्य संख्या 545 निश्चित की गई। इनमें से 543 निर्वाचित व 2 राष्ट्रपति द्वारा मनोनीत होंगे।
●. 36वां संशोधन (1975) — सिक्किम को भारतीय संघ में 22वें राज्य के रूप में प्रवेश दिया गया।
●. 37वां संशोधन (1975) — अरुणाचल प्रदेश में व्यवस्थापिका तथा मंत्रिपरिषद् की स्थापना की गई।
● 42वां संशोधन (1976) — इसे ‘लघु संविधान’ (Mini Constitution) की संज्ञा प्रदान की गई है।
— इसके द्वारा संविधान की प्रस्तावना में ‘धर्मनिरपेक्ष’, ‘समाजवादी’ और ‘अखंडता’ शब्द जोड़े गए।
— इसके द्वारा अधिकारों के साथ-साथ कर्तव्यों की व्यवस्था करते हुए नागरिकों के 10 मूल कर्त्तव्य निश्चित किए गए।
— लोकसभा तथा विधानसभाओं के कार्यकाल में एक वर्ष की वृद्धि की गई।
— नीति-निर्देशक तत्वों में कुछ नवीन तत्व जोड़े गए।
— इसके द्वारा शिक्षा, नाप-तौल, वन और जंगली जानवर तथा पक्षियों की रक्षा, ये विषय राज्य सूची से निकालकर समवर्ती सूची में रख दिए गए।
— यह व्यवस्था की गई कि अनुच्छेद 352 के अन्तर्गत आपातकाल संपूर्ण देश में लागू किया जा सकता है या देश के किसी एक या कुछ भागों के लिए।
— संसद द्वारा किए गए संविधान संशोधन को न्यायालय में चुनौती देने से वर्जित कर दिया गया।
●. 44वां संशोधन (1978) — संपत्ति के मूलाधिकार को समाप्त करके इसे विधिक अधिकार बना दिया गया।
— लोकसभा तथा राज्य विधानसभाओं की अवधि पुनः 5 वर्ष कर दी गई।
— राष्ट्रपति, उपराष्ट्रपति, प्रधानमंत्री और लोकसभा अध्यक्ष्ज्ञ के चुनाव विवादों की सुनवाई का अधिकार पुनः सर्वोच्च तथा उच्च न्यायालय को ही दे दिया गया।
— मंत्रिमंडल द्वारा राष्ट्रपति को जो भी परामर्श दिया जाएगा, राष्ट्रपति मंत्रिमंडल को उस पर दोबारा विचार करने लिए कह सकेंगे लेकिन पुनर्विचार के बाद मंत्रिमंडल राष्ट्रपति को जो भी परामर्श देगा, राष्ट्रपति उस परामर्श को अनिवार्यतः स्वीकार करेंगे।
— ‘व्यक्ति के जीवन और स्वतंत्रता के अधिकार’ को शासन के द्वारा आपातकाल में भी स्थगित या सीमित नहीं किया जा सकता, आदि।
●. 52वां संशोधन (1985) — इस संशोधन द्वारा संविधान में दसवीं अनुसूची जोड़ी गई। इसके द्वारा राजनीतिक दल-बदल पर कानूनी रोक लगाने की चेष्टा की गई है।
●. 55वां संशोधन (1986) — अरुणाचल प्रदेश को भारतीय संघ के अन्तर्गत राज्य की दर्जा प्रदान की गई।
●. 56वां संशोधन (1987) — इसमें गोवा को पूर्ण राज्य का दर्जा देने तथा ‘दमन व दीव’ को नया संघीय क्षेत्र बनाने की व्यवस्था है।
●. 61वां संशोधन (1989) — मताधिकार के लिए न्यूनतम आवश्यक आयु 21 वर्ष से घटाकर 18 वर्ष कर दी गई।
●. 65वां संशोधन (1990) — ‘अनुसूचित जाति तथा जनजाति आयोग’ के गठन की व्यवस्था की गई।
●. 69वां संशोधन (1991) — दिल्ली का नाम ‘राष्ट्रीय राजधानी राज्य क्षेत्र दिल्ली’ किया गया तथा इसके लिए 70 सदस्यीय विधानसभा तथा 7 सदस्यीय मंत्रिमंडल के गठन का प्रावधान किया गया
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●. पहला संशोधन (1951) — इस संशोधन द्वारा नौवीं अनुसूची को शामिल किया गया।
●. दूसरा संशोधन (1952) — संसद में राज्यों के प्रतिनिधित्व को निर्धारित किया गया।
●. सातवां संशोधन (1956) — इस संशोधन द्वारा राज्यों का अ, ब, स और द वर्गों में विभाजन समाप्त कर उन्हें 14 राज्यों और 6 केंद्रशासित क्षेत्रों में विभक्त कर दिया गया।
●. दसवां संशोधन (1961) — दादरा और नगर हवेली को भारतीय संघ में शामिल कर उन्हें संघीय क्षेत्र की स्थिति प्रदान की गई।
●. 12वां संशोधन (1962) — गोवा, दमन और दीव का भारतीय संघ में एकीकरण किया गया।
●. 13वां संशोधन (1962) — संविधान में एक नया अनुच्छेद 371 (अ) जोड़ा गया, जिसमें नागालैंड के प्रशासन के लिए कुछ विशेष प्रावधान किए गए। 1दिसंबर, 1963 को नागालैंड को एक राज्य की स्थिति प्रदान कर दी गई।
●. 14वां संशोधन (1963) — पांडिचेरी को संघ राज्य क्षेत्र के रूप में प्रथम अनुसूची में जोड़ा गया तथा इन संघ राज्य क्षेत्रों (हिमाचल प्रदेश, गोवा, दमन और दीव, पांडिचेरी और मणिपुर) में विधानसभाओं की स्थापना की व्यवस्था की गई।
●. 21वां संशोधन (1967) — आठवीं अनुसूची में ‘सिंधी’ भाषा को जोड़ा गया।
●. 22वां संशोधन (1968) — संसद को मेघालय को एक स्वतंत्र राज्य के रूप में स्थापित करने तथा उसके लिए विधानमंडल और मंत्रिपरिषद का उपबंध करने की शक्ति प्रदान की गई।
●. 24वां संशोधन (1971) — संसद को मौलिक अधिकारों सहित संविधान के किसी भी भाग में संशोधन का अधिकार दिया गया।
●. 27वां संशोधन (1971) — उत्तरी-पूर्वी क्षेत्र के पाँच राज्यों तत्कालीन असम, नागालैंड, मेघालय, मणिपुर व त्रिपुरा तथा दो संघीय क्षेत्रों मिजोरम और अरुणालच प्रदेश का गठन किया गया तथा इनमें समन्वय और सहयोग के लिए एक ‘पूर्वोत्तर सीमांत परिषद्’ की स्थापना की गई।
●. 31वां संशोधन (1974) — लोकसभा की अधिकतम सदंस्य संख्या 545 निश्चित की गई। इनमें से 543 निर्वाचित व 2 राष्ट्रपति द्वारा मनोनीत होंगे।
●. 36वां संशोधन (1975) — सिक्किम को भारतीय संघ में 22वें राज्य के रूप में प्रवेश दिया गया।
●. 37वां संशोधन (1975) — अरुणाचल प्रदेश में व्यवस्थापिका तथा मंत्रिपरिषद् की स्थापना की गई।
● 42वां संशोधन (1976) — इसे ‘लघु संविधान’ (Mini Constitution) की संज्ञा प्रदान की गई है।
— इसके द्वारा संविधान की प्रस्तावना में ‘धर्मनिरपेक्ष’, ‘समाजवादी’ और ‘अखंडता’ शब्द जोड़े गए।
— इसके द्वारा अधिकारों के साथ-साथ कर्तव्यों की व्यवस्था करते हुए नागरिकों के 10 मूल कर्त्तव्य निश्चित किए गए।
— लोकसभा तथा विधानसभाओं के कार्यकाल में एक वर्ष की वृद्धि की गई।
— नीति-निर्देशक तत्वों में कुछ नवीन तत्व जोड़े गए।
— इसके द्वारा शिक्षा, नाप-तौल, वन और जंगली जानवर तथा पक्षियों की रक्षा, ये विषय राज्य सूची से निकालकर समवर्ती सूची में रख दिए गए।
— यह व्यवस्था की गई कि अनुच्छेद 352 के अन्तर्गत आपातकाल संपूर्ण देश में लागू किया जा सकता है या देश के किसी एक या कुछ भागों के लिए।
— संसद द्वारा किए गए संविधान संशोधन को न्यायालय में चुनौती देने से वर्जित कर दिया गया।
●. 44वां संशोधन (1978) — संपत्ति के मूलाधिकार को समाप्त करके इसे विधिक अधिकार बना दिया गया।
— लोकसभा तथा राज्य विधानसभाओं की अवधि पुनः 5 वर्ष कर दी गई।
— राष्ट्रपति, उपराष्ट्रपति, प्रधानमंत्री और लोकसभा अध्यक्ष्ज्ञ के चुनाव विवादों की सुनवाई का अधिकार पुनः सर्वोच्च तथा उच्च न्यायालय को ही दे दिया गया।
— मंत्रिमंडल द्वारा राष्ट्रपति को जो भी परामर्श दिया जाएगा, राष्ट्रपति मंत्रिमंडल को उस पर दोबारा विचार करने लिए कह सकेंगे लेकिन पुनर्विचार के बाद मंत्रिमंडल राष्ट्रपति को जो भी परामर्श देगा, राष्ट्रपति उस परामर्श को अनिवार्यतः स्वीकार करेंगे।
— ‘व्यक्ति के जीवन और स्वतंत्रता के अधिकार’ को शासन के द्वारा आपातकाल में भी स्थगित या सीमित नहीं किया जा सकता, आदि।
●. 52वां संशोधन (1985) — इस संशोधन द्वारा संविधान में दसवीं अनुसूची जोड़ी गई। इसके द्वारा राजनीतिक दल-बदल पर कानूनी रोक लगाने की चेष्टा की गई है।
●. 55वां संशोधन (1986) — अरुणाचल प्रदेश को भारतीय संघ के अन्तर्गत राज्य की दर्जा प्रदान की गई।
●. 56वां संशोधन (1987) — इसमें गोवा को पूर्ण राज्य का दर्जा देने तथा ‘दमन व दीव’ को नया संघीय क्षेत्र बनाने की व्यवस्था है।
●. 61वां संशोधन (1989) — मताधिकार के लिए न्यूनतम आवश्यक आयु 21 वर्ष से घटाकर 18 वर्ष कर दी गई।
●. 65वां संशोधन (1990) — ‘अनुसूचित जाति तथा जनजाति आयोग’ के गठन की व्यवस्था की गई।
●. 69वां संशोधन (1991) — दिल्ली का नाम ‘राष्ट्रीय राजधानी राज्य क्षेत्र दिल्ली’ किया गया तथा इसके लिए 70 सदस्यीय विधानसभा तथा 7 सदस्यीय मंत्रिमंडल के गठन का प्रावधान किया गया
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✍ Parts of Indian Constitution :
भाग I - संघ और उसके क्षेत्र(अनुच्छेद 1-4)
भाग II- नागरिकता(अनुच्छेद 5-11)
भाग III- मूलभूत अधिकार(अनुच्छेद 12 - 35)
भाग IV- राज्य के नीति निदेशक तत्व(अनुच्छेद 36 - 51)
भाग IVA- मूल कर्तव्य(अनुच्छेद 51A)
भाग V- संघ(अनुच्छेद 52-151)
भाग VI- राज्य(अनुच्छेद 152 -237)
भाग VII- संविधान (सातवाँ संशोधन) अधिनियम, 1956 द्वारा निरसित
भाग VIII- संघ राज्य क्षेत्र(अनुच्छेद 239-242)
भाग IX- पंचायत(अनुच्छेद 243- 243O)
भाग IXA- नगर्पालिकाएं(अनुच्छेद 243P - 243ZG)
भाग X- अनुसूचित और जनजाति क्षेत्र(अनुच्छेद 244 - 244A)
भाग XI- संघ और राज्यों के बीच संबंध(अनुच्छेद 245 - 263)
भाग XII- वित्त, संपत्ति, संविदाएं और वाद(अनुच्छेद 264 -300A)
भाग XIII- भारत के राज्य क्षेत्र के भीतर व्यापार, वाणिज्य और समागम(अनुच्छेद 301 - 307)
भाग XIV- संघ और राज्यों के अधीन सेवाएं(अनुच्छेद 308 -323)
भाग XIVA- अधिकरण(अनुच्छेद 323A - 323B)
भाग XV- निर्वाचन(अनुच्छेद 324 -329A)
भाग XVI- कुछ वर्गों के लिए विशेष उपबंध संबंध(अनुच्छेद 330- 342)
भाग XVII- राजभाषा(अनुच्छेद 343- 351)
भाग XVIII- आपात उपबंध(अनुच्छेद 352 - 360)
भाग XIX- प्रकीर्ण(अनुच्छेद 361 -367)
भाग XX- संविधान के संशोधनअनुच्छेद
भाग XXI- अस्थाई संक्रमणकालीन और विशेष उपबंध(अनुच्छेद 369 - 392)
भाग XXII- संक्षिप्त नाम, प्रारंभ, हिन्दी में प्राधिकृत पाठ और निरसन(अनुच्छेद 393 - 395)
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भाग I - संघ और उसके क्षेत्र(अनुच्छेद 1-4)
भाग II- नागरिकता(अनुच्छेद 5-11)
भाग III- मूलभूत अधिकार(अनुच्छेद 12 - 35)
भाग IV- राज्य के नीति निदेशक तत्व(अनुच्छेद 36 - 51)
भाग IVA- मूल कर्तव्य(अनुच्छेद 51A)
भाग V- संघ(अनुच्छेद 52-151)
भाग VI- राज्य(अनुच्छेद 152 -237)
भाग VII- संविधान (सातवाँ संशोधन) अधिनियम, 1956 द्वारा निरसित
भाग VIII- संघ राज्य क्षेत्र(अनुच्छेद 239-242)
भाग IX- पंचायत(अनुच्छेद 243- 243O)
भाग IXA- नगर्पालिकाएं(अनुच्छेद 243P - 243ZG)
भाग X- अनुसूचित और जनजाति क्षेत्र(अनुच्छेद 244 - 244A)
भाग XI- संघ और राज्यों के बीच संबंध(अनुच्छेद 245 - 263)
भाग XII- वित्त, संपत्ति, संविदाएं और वाद(अनुच्छेद 264 -300A)
भाग XIII- भारत के राज्य क्षेत्र के भीतर व्यापार, वाणिज्य और समागम(अनुच्छेद 301 - 307)
भाग XIV- संघ और राज्यों के अधीन सेवाएं(अनुच्छेद 308 -323)
भाग XIVA- अधिकरण(अनुच्छेद 323A - 323B)
भाग XV- निर्वाचन(अनुच्छेद 324 -329A)
भाग XVI- कुछ वर्गों के लिए विशेष उपबंध संबंध(अनुच्छेद 330- 342)
भाग XVII- राजभाषा(अनुच्छेद 343- 351)
भाग XVIII- आपात उपबंध(अनुच्छेद 352 - 360)
भाग XIX- प्रकीर्ण(अनुच्छेद 361 -367)
भाग XX- संविधान के संशोधनअनुच्छेद
भाग XXI- अस्थाई संक्रमणकालीन और विशेष उपबंध(अनुच्छेद 369 - 392)
भाग XXII- संक्षिप्त नाम, प्रारंभ, हिन्दी में प्राधिकृत पाठ और निरसन(अनुच्छेद 393 - 395)
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Forwarded from Indian Judiciary Preparation PCS J
🟢 Committees Of The Constituent Assembly
Major Committees
◾️ Union Powers Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru
◾️ Union Constitution Committee -Jawaharlal Nehru
◾️ Provincial Constitution Committee -Sardar Patel
◾️ Drafting Committee - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
◾️ Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas - Sardar Patel.
This committee had the following five sub- committees :-
◾️ Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee - J.B. Kripalani
◾️ Minorities Sub-Committee - H.C. Mukherjee
◾️ North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee - Gopinath Bardoloi
◾️ Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee - A.V. Thakkar
◾️ North-West Frontier Tribal Areas Sub-Committee.
◾️ Rules of Procedure Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad
◾️ States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) - Jawaharlal Nehru
◾️ Steering Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad
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Major Committees
◾️ Union Powers Committee - Jawaharlal Nehru
◾️ Union Constitution Committee -Jawaharlal Nehru
◾️ Provincial Constitution Committee -Sardar Patel
◾️ Drafting Committee - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
◾️ Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas - Sardar Patel.
This committee had the following five sub- committees :-
◾️ Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee - J.B. Kripalani
◾️ Minorities Sub-Committee - H.C. Mukherjee
◾️ North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee - Gopinath Bardoloi
◾️ Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee - A.V. Thakkar
◾️ North-West Frontier Tribal Areas Sub-Committee.
◾️ Rules of Procedure Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad
◾️ States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) - Jawaharlal Nehru
◾️ Steering Committee - Dr. Rajendra Prasad
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🔷भारत परिषद अधिनियम 1909:
🔶इसे मार्ले-मिंटो सुधारों के रूप में भी जाना जाता है
🔶केंद्र और प्रांतों में विधान परिषदों के आकार में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हुई। केंद्रीय परिषद में सदस्यों की संख्या 16 से बढ़कर 60 हो गई
साम्प्रदायिक प्रतिनिधित्व की शुरुआत, मुसलमानों के लिए पृथक निर्वाचक मंडल। लार्ड मिंटो साम्प्रदायिक निर्वाचन के जनक माने जाते हैं
🔶वायसराय और गवर्नर की कार्यकारी परिषदों में भारतीयों को अनुमति दी गई थी
परिषदों को किसी भी मामले पर चर्चा करने, बजट पर प्रस्ताव पेश करना और पूरक प्रश्न पूछने का अधिकार दिया गया
🔷भारत शासन अधिनियम 1919:
🔶इसे मोंटेग्यू-चेम्सफोर्ड सुधारों के रूप में भी जाना जाता है
🔶केंद्रीय विषयों तथा प्रांतीय विषयों का सीमांकन किया गया
🔶प्रांतीय स्तर पर "द्वैध शासन" शुरू किया गया
🔶द्वैध शासन व्यवस्था के तहत, प्रांतीय विषयों को हस्तांतरित और आरक्षित विषयों में विभाजित किया गया था- गवर्नर आरक्षित विषयों पर विधान परिषद के प्रति उत्तरदायी नहीं था
पहली बार, केंद्र में द्विसदनीय व्यवस्था की शुरुआत की गई थी
🔶प्रत्यक्ष चुनाव
🔶अधिनियम के अनुसार ,वायसराय की कार्यकारी परिषद के 6 सदस्यों (कमांडर-इन-चीफ के अलावा) में से 3 भारतीय होने थे
🔶केंद्रीय लोक सेवा आयोग की स्थापना का प्रावधान किया गया
🔷भारत सरकार अधिनियम 1935
🔶एक अखिल भारतीय संघ की स्थापना के लिए प्रस्तावित अधिनियम, जिसमें प्रांतों और रियासतों को इकाइयों के रूप में शामिल किया गया था, हालांकि संघ कभी अस्तित्व में नहीं आया
🔶अधिनियम ने केंद्र और इकाइयों के बीच शक्तियों को संघीय सूची, प्रांतीय सूची और समवर्ती सूची में विभाजित किया
🔶अवशिष्ट शक्तियाँ वायसराय में निहित थीं
केंद्र में द्वैध शासन को अपनाने का प्रावधान
6 प्रांतों अर्थात बंगाल, बॉम्बे, मद्रास, बिहार, असम और संयुक्त प्रांतों में द्विसदनीय विधान परिषद् एवं विधान सभा की शुरुआत की
🔶भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक की स्थापना
संघीय न्यायालय की स्थापना1947 का भारतीय
🔷 स्वतंत्रता अधिनियमः
🔶इसने भारत में ब्रिटिश शासन को समाप्त कर
🔶 दिया और भारत को एक स्वतंत्र राष्ट्र घोषित कर दिया
🔶भारत का विभाजन किया गया
भारत सचिव के कार्यालय को भंग किया गया
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🔶इसे मार्ले-मिंटो सुधारों के रूप में भी जाना जाता है
🔶केंद्र और प्रांतों में विधान परिषदों के आकार में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हुई। केंद्रीय परिषद में सदस्यों की संख्या 16 से बढ़कर 60 हो गई
साम्प्रदायिक प्रतिनिधित्व की शुरुआत, मुसलमानों के लिए पृथक निर्वाचक मंडल। लार्ड मिंटो साम्प्रदायिक निर्वाचन के जनक माने जाते हैं
🔶वायसराय और गवर्नर की कार्यकारी परिषदों में भारतीयों को अनुमति दी गई थी
परिषदों को किसी भी मामले पर चर्चा करने, बजट पर प्रस्ताव पेश करना और पूरक प्रश्न पूछने का अधिकार दिया गया
🔷भारत शासन अधिनियम 1919:
🔶इसे मोंटेग्यू-चेम्सफोर्ड सुधारों के रूप में भी जाना जाता है
🔶केंद्रीय विषयों तथा प्रांतीय विषयों का सीमांकन किया गया
🔶प्रांतीय स्तर पर "द्वैध शासन" शुरू किया गया
🔶द्वैध शासन व्यवस्था के तहत, प्रांतीय विषयों को हस्तांतरित और आरक्षित विषयों में विभाजित किया गया था- गवर्नर आरक्षित विषयों पर विधान परिषद के प्रति उत्तरदायी नहीं था
पहली बार, केंद्र में द्विसदनीय व्यवस्था की शुरुआत की गई थी
🔶प्रत्यक्ष चुनाव
🔶अधिनियम के अनुसार ,वायसराय की कार्यकारी परिषद के 6 सदस्यों (कमांडर-इन-चीफ के अलावा) में से 3 भारतीय होने थे
🔶केंद्रीय लोक सेवा आयोग की स्थापना का प्रावधान किया गया
🔷भारत सरकार अधिनियम 1935
🔶एक अखिल भारतीय संघ की स्थापना के लिए प्रस्तावित अधिनियम, जिसमें प्रांतों और रियासतों को इकाइयों के रूप में शामिल किया गया था, हालांकि संघ कभी अस्तित्व में नहीं आया
🔶अधिनियम ने केंद्र और इकाइयों के बीच शक्तियों को संघीय सूची, प्रांतीय सूची और समवर्ती सूची में विभाजित किया
🔶अवशिष्ट शक्तियाँ वायसराय में निहित थीं
केंद्र में द्वैध शासन को अपनाने का प्रावधान
6 प्रांतों अर्थात बंगाल, बॉम्बे, मद्रास, बिहार, असम और संयुक्त प्रांतों में द्विसदनीय विधान परिषद् एवं विधान सभा की शुरुआत की
🔶भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक की स्थापना
संघीय न्यायालय की स्थापना1947 का भारतीय
🔷 स्वतंत्रता अधिनियमः
🔶इसने भारत में ब्रिटिश शासन को समाप्त कर
🔶 दिया और भारत को एक स्वतंत्र राष्ट्र घोषित कर दिया
🔶भारत का विभाजन किया गया
भारत सचिव के कार्यालय को भंग किया गया
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Forwarded from LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes
DECREE
The adjudication of a court of law may be divided into two classes:
(i) decrees, and
(ii) orders.
In order that a decision of a court may be a "decree", the following elements must be present:
(i) There must be an adjudication;
(ii) Such adjudication must have been done in a suit;
(iii) It must have determined the rights of rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in the suit;
(iv) Such determination must be of a conclusive nature;
(v) There must be a formal expression of such adjudication.
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The adjudication of a court of law may be divided into two classes:
(i) decrees, and
(ii) orders.
In order that a decision of a court may be a "decree", the following elements must be present:
(i) There must be an adjudication;
(ii) Such adjudication must have been done in a suit;
(iii) It must have determined the rights of rights of the parties with regard to all or any of the matters in controversy in the suit;
(iv) Such determination must be of a conclusive nature;
(v) There must be a formal expression of such adjudication.
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Forwarded from LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes
Regulating Act 1773 Notes
The Regulating Act was passed in the British Parliament in June 1773.
It was the first parliamentary ratification and authorization defining the powers and authority of the East India Company with respect to its Indian possessions.
Background/Reasons for passing the Act
The East India Company was in severe financial crisis and had asked a loan of 1 million pounds from the British government in 1772.
Allegations of corruption and nepotism were rampant against company officials.
There was a terrible famine in Bengal where a huge population perished.
The Dual form of administration instituted by Robert Clive was complex and drawing a lot of complaints.
According to this system, the company had Diwani rights (obtained after the Battle of Buxar) in Bengal and the Nawab had Nizamat rights (judicial and policing rights) as secured from the Mughal Emperor. In reality, both powers were vested with the company. The farmers and the general population suffered as their improvement was neglected and the company was only concerned with maximising revenue.
Lawlessness increased in Bengal.
The defeat of the company against Mysore’s Hyder Ali in 1769.
Provisions of The Regulating Act
This act permitted the company to retain its territorial possessions in India but sought to regulate the activities and functioning of the company. It did not take over power completely, hence called ‘regulating’.
The act provided for appointment of a Governor-General along with four Councillors in the Presidency of Fort William (Calcutta), jointly called the Governor-General in Council.
As per this, Warren Hastings was appointed as the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William.
The Governors in Councils at Madras and Bombay were brought under the control of Bengal, especially in matters of foreign policy. Now, they could not wage war against Indian states without Bengal’s approval.
The company directors were elected for a period of five years and one-fourth of them were to retire every year. Also, they could not be re-elected.
The company directors were directed to make public all correspondence on revenue, civil and military matters with Indian authorities before the British authorities.
A Supreme Court of Judicature was established at Calcutta with Sir Elijah Impey as the first Chief Justice. Judges were to come from England. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction over the British subjects and not Indian natives.
Defects of Regulating Act 1773
Drawbacks of The Regulating Act
The Governor-General had no veto power.
It did not address the concerns of the Indian population who were paying revenue to the company.
It did not stop corruption among the company officials.
The Supreme Court’s powers were not well-defined.
The parliamentary control that was sought in the activities of the company proved to be ineffective as there was no mechanism to study the reports sent by the Governor-General in Council.
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The Regulating Act was passed in the British Parliament in June 1773.
It was the first parliamentary ratification and authorization defining the powers and authority of the East India Company with respect to its Indian possessions.
Background/Reasons for passing the Act
The East India Company was in severe financial crisis and had asked a loan of 1 million pounds from the British government in 1772.
Allegations of corruption and nepotism were rampant against company officials.
There was a terrible famine in Bengal where a huge population perished.
The Dual form of administration instituted by Robert Clive was complex and drawing a lot of complaints.
According to this system, the company had Diwani rights (obtained after the Battle of Buxar) in Bengal and the Nawab had Nizamat rights (judicial and policing rights) as secured from the Mughal Emperor. In reality, both powers were vested with the company. The farmers and the general population suffered as their improvement was neglected and the company was only concerned with maximising revenue.
Lawlessness increased in Bengal.
The defeat of the company against Mysore’s Hyder Ali in 1769.
Provisions of The Regulating Act
This act permitted the company to retain its territorial possessions in India but sought to regulate the activities and functioning of the company. It did not take over power completely, hence called ‘regulating’.
The act provided for appointment of a Governor-General along with four Councillors in the Presidency of Fort William (Calcutta), jointly called the Governor-General in Council.
As per this, Warren Hastings was appointed as the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William.
The Governors in Councils at Madras and Bombay were brought under the control of Bengal, especially in matters of foreign policy. Now, they could not wage war against Indian states without Bengal’s approval.
The company directors were elected for a period of five years and one-fourth of them were to retire every year. Also, they could not be re-elected.
The company directors were directed to make public all correspondence on revenue, civil and military matters with Indian authorities before the British authorities.
A Supreme Court of Judicature was established at Calcutta with Sir Elijah Impey as the first Chief Justice. Judges were to come from England. It had civil and criminal jurisdiction over the British subjects and not Indian natives.
Defects of Regulating Act 1773
Drawbacks of The Regulating Act
The Governor-General had no veto power.
It did not address the concerns of the Indian population who were paying revenue to the company.
It did not stop corruption among the company officials.
The Supreme Court’s powers were not well-defined.
The parliamentary control that was sought in the activities of the company proved to be ineffective as there was no mechanism to study the reports sent by the Governor-General in Council.
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Forwarded from Indian Judiciary Preparation PCS J
अंतरिम सरकार के सदस्य 1946:
CONGRESS के सदस्य
कार्यकारी परिषद के उपाध्यक्ष, विदेश मामलों और राष्ट्रमंडल संबंध: जवाहरलाल नेहरू
गृह मामलों, सूचना और प्रसारण: वल्लभभाई पटेल
कृषि और खाद्य: राजेंद्र प्रसाद
शिक्षा और कला: सी। राजगोपालाचारी
रक्षा: बलदेव सिंह
उद्योग और आपूर्ति: सी। राजगोपालाचारी
श्रम: जगजीवन राम
रेलवे और संचार: आसफ अली
काम, खान और बिजली: सी.एच. भाभा
अखिल भारतीय मुस्लिम लीग के सदस्य
वाणिज्य: इब्राहिम इस्माइल चुंडिगर
वित्त: लियाकत अली खान
स्वास्थ्य: ग़ज़फ़र अली खान
विधि: जोगेंद्र नाथ मंडल
पोस्ट और वायु: अब्दुर रब निश्तर
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CONGRESS के सदस्य
कार्यकारी परिषद के उपाध्यक्ष, विदेश मामलों और राष्ट्रमंडल संबंध: जवाहरलाल नेहरू
गृह मामलों, सूचना और प्रसारण: वल्लभभाई पटेल
कृषि और खाद्य: राजेंद्र प्रसाद
शिक्षा और कला: सी। राजगोपालाचारी
रक्षा: बलदेव सिंह
उद्योग और आपूर्ति: सी। राजगोपालाचारी
श्रम: जगजीवन राम
रेलवे और संचार: आसफ अली
काम, खान और बिजली: सी.एच. भाभा
अखिल भारतीय मुस्लिम लीग के सदस्य
वाणिज्य: इब्राहिम इस्माइल चुंडिगर
वित्त: लियाकत अली खान
स्वास्थ्य: ग़ज़फ़र अली खान
विधि: जोगेंद्र नाथ मंडल
पोस्ट और वायु: अब्दुर रब निश्तर
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Forwarded from Indian Judiciary Preparation PCS J
🔲SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION
Special Leave Petition Special Leave Petitions in India holds a prime place in the Judiciary of India, and has been provided as a "residual power" in the hands of Supreme Court of India to be exercised only in cases when any substantial question of law is involved, or gross injustice has been done.
SLP can be filed against any judgment of High Court within 90 days from the date of judgement.
Or
SLP can be filed within 60 days against the order of the High Court refusing to grant the certificate of fitness for appeal to Supreme Court.
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Special Leave Petition Special Leave Petitions in India holds a prime place in the Judiciary of India, and has been provided as a "residual power" in the hands of Supreme Court of India to be exercised only in cases when any substantial question of law is involved, or gross injustice has been done.
SLP can be filed against any judgment of High Court within 90 days from the date of judgement.
Or
SLP can be filed within 60 days against the order of the High Court refusing to grant the certificate of fitness for appeal to Supreme Court.
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Forwarded from Indian Judiciary Preparation PCS J
👁🗨Interim Government 1946
🔲Jawaharlal Nehru - Vice-President of the Council; External Affairs & Commonwealth Relations.
🔲Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel - Home, Information & Broadcasting.
🔲Dr. Rajendra Prasad - Food & Agriculture.
🔲Dr. John Mathai - Industries & Supplies.
🔲Jagjivan Ram - Labour.
🔲Sardar Baldev Singh - Defence.
🔲C.H. Bhabha - Works, Mines & Power.
🔲Liaquat Ali Khan - Finance.
🔲Abdur Rab Nishtar - Posts & Air.
🔲Asaf Ali - Railways & Transport.
🔲C. Rajagopalachari - Education & Arts.
🔲I.I. Chundrigar - Commerce.
🔲Ghaznafar Ali Khan - Health
🔲Joginder Nath Mandal - Law
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🔲Jawaharlal Nehru - Vice-President of the Council; External Affairs & Commonwealth Relations.
🔲Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel - Home, Information & Broadcasting.
🔲Dr. Rajendra Prasad - Food & Agriculture.
🔲Dr. John Mathai - Industries & Supplies.
🔲Jagjivan Ram - Labour.
🔲Sardar Baldev Singh - Defence.
🔲C.H. Bhabha - Works, Mines & Power.
🔲Liaquat Ali Khan - Finance.
🔲Abdur Rab Nishtar - Posts & Air.
🔲Asaf Ali - Railways & Transport.
🔲C. Rajagopalachari - Education & Arts.
🔲I.I. Chundrigar - Commerce.
🔲Ghaznafar Ali Khan - Health
🔲Joginder Nath Mandal - Law
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Forwarded from Judicial Services PCS J
"Adversial system of Trial"
The adversarial system or adversary system is a legal system used in the common law countries where two advocates represent their parties' case or position before an impartial person or group of people, usually a jury or judge, who attempt to determine the truth and pass judgment accordingly.
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The adversarial system or adversary system is a legal system used in the common law countries where two advocates represent their parties' case or position before an impartial person or group of people, usually a jury or judge, who attempt to determine the truth and pass judgment accordingly.
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Forwarded from Judicial Services PCS J
#ULTRA VIRES :-
Ultra vires is a Latin phrase meaning "beyond the powers". If an act requires legal authority and it is done with such authority, it is characterised in law as intra vires. If it is done without such authority, it is ultra vires.
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Ultra vires is a Latin phrase meaning "beyond the powers". If an act requires legal authority and it is done with such authority, it is characterised in law as intra vires. If it is done without such authority, it is ultra vires.
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Forwarded from LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes
Fiscal responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act
* It was enacted by Parliament in 2003.
# The objectives of the act are
* To ensure fiscal discipline in government finances
* Inter-generational equity in fiscal management
* Long-term macro-economic stability.
# Following documents were supposed to be placed in the Parliament annually along with the Budget, to ensure transparency & accountability in fiscal operations:
* Macroeconomic Framework Statement
* Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement
* Medium Term Fiscal Policy Statement
* Medium Term Expenditure Framework Statement
# Among other targets, the act mandated the reduction of the fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP – Initial goal was March 31, 2009 but it has been postponed since 2008 to the most recent target of 3.1% for March 2023.
# FRBM Act and State government
* To ensure that the States too are financially prudent, the 12th Finance Commission’s recommendations in 2004 linked debt relief to States with their enactment of similar laws.
* The States have since enacted their own respective Financial Responsibility Legislation, which sets the same 3% of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) cap on their annual budget deficits.
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* It was enacted by Parliament in 2003.
# The objectives of the act are
* To ensure fiscal discipline in government finances
* Inter-generational equity in fiscal management
* Long-term macro-economic stability.
# Following documents were supposed to be placed in the Parliament annually along with the Budget, to ensure transparency & accountability in fiscal operations:
* Macroeconomic Framework Statement
* Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement
* Medium Term Fiscal Policy Statement
* Medium Term Expenditure Framework Statement
# Among other targets, the act mandated the reduction of the fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP – Initial goal was March 31, 2009 but it has been postponed since 2008 to the most recent target of 3.1% for March 2023.
# FRBM Act and State government
* To ensure that the States too are financially prudent, the 12th Finance Commission’s recommendations in 2004 linked debt relief to States with their enactment of similar laws.
* The States have since enacted their own respective Financial Responsibility Legislation, which sets the same 3% of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) cap on their annual budget deficits.
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Forwarded from LAW Notes Llb Notes Judiciary Notes
Comptroller and Auditor General of India
*The Comptroller and Auditor General is appointed by the President of India and can be removed from office only in the manner and on the grounds that a Judge of the Supreme Court is removed.
* The person appointed to this office should take an oath of office before the President or any other person appointed by the office of the President.
*The salary, service conditions, leaves of absence, pension and age of retirement are determined by the Parliament of India and specified in the Second Schedule such that the service conditions and salary will not be modified to the disadvantage of the incumbent during their tenure.
*The CAG is not eligible for any further office after the end of their tenure either in the Government of India or any State Government.
* The administrative expenses of the office of CAG, including salaries, allowances and pensions serving in that office are charged up on the Consolidated Fund of India.Thus they are not subjected to the vote of Parliament.
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*The Comptroller and Auditor General is appointed by the President of India and can be removed from office only in the manner and on the grounds that a Judge of the Supreme Court is removed.
* The person appointed to this office should take an oath of office before the President or any other person appointed by the office of the President.
*The salary, service conditions, leaves of absence, pension and age of retirement are determined by the Parliament of India and specified in the Second Schedule such that the service conditions and salary will not be modified to the disadvantage of the incumbent during their tenure.
*The CAG is not eligible for any further office after the end of their tenure either in the Government of India or any State Government.
* The administrative expenses of the office of CAG, including salaries, allowances and pensions serving in that office are charged up on the Consolidated Fund of India.Thus they are not subjected to the vote of Parliament.
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Forwarded from Indian Judiciary Preparation PCS J
🔰 Salient Features of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment 🔰
================================
🔹 The 73rd Constitutional Amendment added Part IX titled “The Panchayats” to the Constitution.
🔹 Basic unit of democratic system-Gram Sabhas (villages) comprising all the adult members registered as voters.
🔹 Three-tier system of panchayats at village, intermediate block/taluk/mandal and district levels except in States with population is below 20 lakhs (Article 243B).
🔹 Seats at all levels to be filled by direct elections (Article 243C (2)).
🔹 Reservation of Seats:
➨ Seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) and the chairpersons of the Panchayats at all levels also shall be reserved for SCs and STs in proportion to their population.
➨ One-third of the total number of seats to be reserved for women.
➨ One-third offices of chairpersons at all levels reserved for women (Article 243D).
🔹 Duration:
➨ Uniform five year term and elections to constitute new bodies to be completed before the expiry of the term.
➨ In the event of dissolution, elections compulsorily within six months (Article 243E).
🔹 Independent Election Commission in each State for superintendence, direction and control of the electoral rolls (Article 243K).
🔹 Power of Panchayats: Panchayats have been authorised to prepare plans for economic development and social justice in respect of subjects illustrated in Eleventh Schedule (Article 243G).
🔹 Source of Revenue (Article 243H): State legislature may authorise the Panchayats with
➨ Budgetary allocation from State Revenue.
➨ Share of revenue of certain taxes.
➨ Collection and retention of the revenue it raises.
🔹 Establish a Finance Commission in each State to determine the principles on the basis of which adequate financial resources would be ensured for panchayats and municipalities (Article 243I).
🔹 Exemptions:
➨ The Act does not apply to the states of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram and certain other areas because of socio-cultural and administrative considerations. These areas include:
➖the Scheduled areas and the tribal areas (under Schedule VI of the Constitution) in the states.
➖the hill areas of Manipur for which district councils exist,
➖Darjeeling district of West Bengal for which Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council exists.
➨ However, the Parliament has extended the provisions of Part IX to Vth schedule areas through an Act called the Provisions of Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996.
➖At present, 10 States namely Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana have Fifth Schedule Area.
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================================
🔹 The 73rd Constitutional Amendment added Part IX titled “The Panchayats” to the Constitution.
🔹 Basic unit of democratic system-Gram Sabhas (villages) comprising all the adult members registered as voters.
🔹 Three-tier system of panchayats at village, intermediate block/taluk/mandal and district levels except in States with population is below 20 lakhs (Article 243B).
🔹 Seats at all levels to be filled by direct elections (Article 243C (2)).
🔹 Reservation of Seats:
➨ Seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) and the chairpersons of the Panchayats at all levels also shall be reserved for SCs and STs in proportion to their population.
➨ One-third of the total number of seats to be reserved for women.
➨ One-third offices of chairpersons at all levels reserved for women (Article 243D).
🔹 Duration:
➨ Uniform five year term and elections to constitute new bodies to be completed before the expiry of the term.
➨ In the event of dissolution, elections compulsorily within six months (Article 243E).
🔹 Independent Election Commission in each State for superintendence, direction and control of the electoral rolls (Article 243K).
🔹 Power of Panchayats: Panchayats have been authorised to prepare plans for economic development and social justice in respect of subjects illustrated in Eleventh Schedule (Article 243G).
🔹 Source of Revenue (Article 243H): State legislature may authorise the Panchayats with
➨ Budgetary allocation from State Revenue.
➨ Share of revenue of certain taxes.
➨ Collection and retention of the revenue it raises.
🔹 Establish a Finance Commission in each State to determine the principles on the basis of which adequate financial resources would be ensured for panchayats and municipalities (Article 243I).
🔹 Exemptions:
➨ The Act does not apply to the states of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram and certain other areas because of socio-cultural and administrative considerations. These areas include:
➖the Scheduled areas and the tribal areas (under Schedule VI of the Constitution) in the states.
➖the hill areas of Manipur for which district councils exist,
➖Darjeeling district of West Bengal for which Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council exists.
➨ However, the Parliament has extended the provisions of Part IX to Vth schedule areas through an Act called the Provisions of Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996.
➖At present, 10 States namely Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana have Fifth Schedule Area.
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