*🛡️Official Language*

♟️According to Part 17 Article 343 of the Indian Constitution, the Union's official language is Hindi and the script is Devanagari.
♟️Under Article 344, there is a provision for the President to appoint a commission to advise on certain matters related to the official language.
♟️The first Official Language Commission was constituted in 1955.
♟️The original Constitution included a total of 14 languages.
♟️According to the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution, currently a total of 22 languages are recognized as official languages.
♟️Article 345 provides provisions related to the official languages of the states.
♟️Under Article 348, provisions are made for the language to be used in the High Court, Supreme Court, Parliament, and State Legislatures.
♟️Under Article 120, provisions are made for the language to be used in Parliament.

*🛡️Retired Judge*

♟️At any time, the chief justice of India can request a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a retired judge of a high court (who is duly qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court) to act as a judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period.

♟️He can do so only with the previous consent of the president and also of the person to be so appointed.

♟️Such a judge is entitled to such allowances as the president may determine.

♟️He will also enjoy all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a judge of Supreme Court. But, he will not otherwise be deemed to be a judge of the Supreme Court.

🛡️ *AMENDING ACT 1781*

♟️This act was passed to rectify the defects of Regulating act of 1773.

♟️It exempted Governor-General and the council from the jurisdiction of Supreme court.

♟️It excluded the Revenue matters from the Jurisdiction of Supreme court.

♟️It provided that Supreme court will Have jurisdiction all over Calcutta.

♟️Appeals from Provincial court could be taken to Governor-General-in-council and not to Supreme court.

♟️Governor general now empowered to frame regulations for Provincial courts and council.

🛡️ *AD HOC JUDGE*

♟️When there is a lack of quorum of the permanent judges to hold or continue any session of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice of India can appoint a judge of a High Court as an ad hoc judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period.

♟️He can do so only after consultation with the chief justice of the High Court concerned and with the previous consent of the president.

♟️The judge so appointed should be qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court.

♟️It is the duty of the judge so appointed to attend the sittings of the Supreme Court, in priority to other duties of his office. While so attending, he enjoys all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges (and discharges the duties) of a judge of the Supreme Court.

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*🛡️Sixth Schedule*

♟️Provides power to tribal communities to administer tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, And Mizoram under art 244 (2) and art 275 (1) of the constitution.

*💎Advantages*

♟️Democratic devolution of powers
♟️Preserves and promotes distinct culture of region
♟️Protect agrarian rights such as land
♟️Enhance transfer of funds

*💎Issues*

♟️Limited geographical coverage
♟️Financial mismanagement and rampant corruption
♟️Financial dependency over state authority
♟️Conflicts over consultation between governor and council of ministers
♟️Lack authority of resources for implementing schemes like mgnrega.
♟️Lack of codification of customary laws
♟️Lack of skilled professionals.

♟️Creation of elected village councils
♟️Regular election by state election commission
♟️Recognize gram sabha under laws
♟️Bring transparency in planning, implementation, and monitoring of developmental programmes.

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*🛡️Amendment By Simple Majority*

♟️A number of provisions in the Constitution can be amended by a simple majority of the two Houses of Parliament outside the scope of Article 368. These provisions include:-

1. Admission or establishment of new states.

2. Formation of new states and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing states.

3. Abolition or creation of legislative councils in states.

4. Second Schedule–emoluments, allowances, privileges and so on of the president, the governors, the Speakers, judges, etc.

5. Quorum in Parliament.

6. Salaries and allowances of the members of Parliament.

7. Rules of procedure in Parliament.

8. Privileges of the Parliament, its members and its committees.

9. Use of English language in Parliament.

10. Number of puisne judges in the Supreme Court.

11. Conferment of more jurisdiction on the Supreme Court.

12. Use of official language.

13. Citizenship–acquisition and termination.

14. Elections to Parliament and state legislatures.

15. Delimitation of constituencies.

16. Union territories.

17. Fifth Schedule–administration of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes.

18. Sixth Schedule–administration of tribal areas.

*🛡️LEADER OF THE HOUSE OF THE OPPOSITION*

♟️In each House of Parliament, there is the ‘Leader of the Opposition’. The leader of the largest Opposition party having not less than one-tenth seats of the total strength of the House is recognised as the leader of the Opposition in that House.

♟️In a parliamentary system of government, the leader of the opposition has a significant role to play. His main functions are to provide a constructive criticism of the policies of the government and to provide an alternative government. Therefore, the leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha were accorded statutory recognition in 1977.

♟️They are also entitled to the salary, allowances and other facilities equivalent to that of a cabinet minister.

♟️It was in 1969 that an official leader of the opposition was recognised for the first time. The same functionary in USA is known as the ‘minority leader’.

*♟️Qualification Of Judges*

♟️A person to be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court should have the following qualifications:-

✔️He should be a citizen of India.

✔️a) He should have been a judge of a High Court (or high courts in succession) for five years; or (b) He should have been an advocate of a High Court (or High Courts in succession) for ten years; or (c) He should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the president.

♟️From the above, it is clear that the Constitution has not prescribed a minimum age for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court.

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