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EVENTS IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
★Pre-fertilisation
★Fertilisation
★Post-fertilisation
🟦PRE-FERTILISATION 🟦
★all the events prior to fusion of gametes are included in it.
★It includes gametogenesis and gamete transfer.
★[A]★ Gametogenesis is the process of formation of male and female gametes.
☆Gametes are haploid cells which may be similar or dissimilar in structure.
★In algae, both gametes are
similar in structure called homogametes (isogametes).
★In higher organism that reproduces
sexually, two morphologically distinct gametes are formed called heterogametes,
▪︎ male gametes are called antherozoid or sperm and
▪︎female gametes are called ovum or egg.
★ heterogametes
In fungi and plants,
★homothallic and monoecious terms are used to denote the bisexual
condition and heterothallic
★dioecious are used for unisexual condition. In flowering
plants,
♣︎the unisexual male flower is staminate, i.e., bearing stamens,
♣︎while the female is
pistillate or bearing pistils.
★In animals, species which possess both male and female reproductive organs in same individual are called bisexual or hermaphrodites (earthworm, sponges, tapeworm etc.)
★both having either male or female reproductive organs are called unisexual (cockroach,
human).
★Gametes are always haploid( having half set of chromosome ), although organisms may be haploid and diploid.
★Diploid organisms form gametes by meiotic division.
●The organisms
belonging to algae, fungi, and bryophytes have haploid plant body
● pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms and most of animals are diploid ( having double set of
chromosome )
★ In diploid organisms, gamete mother cell (meiocyte) undergoes meiosis in which one set of
chromosome is present in gametes
★Pre-fertilisation
★Fertilisation
★Post-fertilisation
🟦PRE-FERTILISATION 🟦
★all the events prior to fusion of gametes are included in it.
★It includes gametogenesis and gamete transfer.
★[A]★ Gametogenesis is the process of formation of male and female gametes.
☆Gametes are haploid cells which may be similar or dissimilar in structure.
★In algae, both gametes are
similar in structure called homogametes (isogametes).
★In higher organism that reproduces
sexually, two morphologically distinct gametes are formed called heterogametes,
▪︎ male gametes are called antherozoid or sperm and
▪︎female gametes are called ovum or egg.
★ heterogametes
In fungi and plants,
★homothallic and monoecious terms are used to denote the bisexual
condition and heterothallic
★dioecious are used for unisexual condition. In flowering
plants,
♣︎the unisexual male flower is staminate, i.e., bearing stamens,
♣︎while the female is
pistillate or bearing pistils.
★In animals, species which possess both male and female reproductive organs in same individual are called bisexual or hermaphrodites (earthworm, sponges, tapeworm etc.)
★both having either male or female reproductive organs are called unisexual (cockroach,
human).
★Gametes are always haploid( having half set of chromosome ), although organisms may be haploid and diploid.
★Diploid organisms form gametes by meiotic division.
●The organisms
belonging to algae, fungi, and bryophytes have haploid plant body
● pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms and most of animals are diploid ( having double set of
chromosome )
★ In diploid organisms, gamete mother cell (meiocyte) undergoes meiosis in which one set of
chromosome is present in gametes
👌👌Tricks for Conversions in Organic Chemistry
✅Haloalkanes can give you every possible functional group. They can also help you in increasing the chain size. So you might want to convert your starting material to haloalkanes and then go to the desired product
✅Remember the series of oxidation/reduction: Hydrocarbons (with various substituents) can be oxidised to alcohols, then appropriate carbonyl compounds and lastly carboxylic acids (or their derivatives)
✅Strong oxidizing agents are KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7
✅Mild oxidising agents depending on the situation are CrO4, Ammoniacal AgNO3, Benedicts Solution, Fehling’s solution, Cu or CuO at 573K, Bromine water etc.
✅Any carboxylic acid derivative can be converted back to the carboxylic acid by hydrolysis.
✅There are possibilities of hydride and methyl to get the most stable intermediate (carbocation/free radical)
✅A most common reaction, if your starting material is an alkane, is free-radical halogenation.
✅Saytzeff/Markovnikov's rules must be kept in mind while dealing with alkenes (they are based on the electron displacement effects only)
✅Decarboxylation and ozonolysis could go-to methods for decreasing the number of carbon atoms
✅Grignard reagent gives you the much-needed Alkyl nucleophile, which can be used at appropriate places.
✅Haloalkanes can give you every possible functional group. They can also help you in increasing the chain size. So you might want to convert your starting material to haloalkanes and then go to the desired product
✅Remember the series of oxidation/reduction: Hydrocarbons (with various substituents) can be oxidised to alcohols, then appropriate carbonyl compounds and lastly carboxylic acids (or their derivatives)
✅Strong oxidizing agents are KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7
✅Mild oxidising agents depending on the situation are CrO4, Ammoniacal AgNO3, Benedicts Solution, Fehling’s solution, Cu or CuO at 573K, Bromine water etc.
✅Any carboxylic acid derivative can be converted back to the carboxylic acid by hydrolysis.
✅There are possibilities of hydride and methyl to get the most stable intermediate (carbocation/free radical)
✅A most common reaction, if your starting material is an alkane, is free-radical halogenation.
✅Saytzeff/Markovnikov's rules must be kept in mind while dealing with alkenes (they are based on the electron displacement effects only)
✅Decarboxylation and ozonolysis could go-to methods for decreasing the number of carbon atoms
✅Grignard reagent gives you the much-needed Alkyl nucleophile, which can be used at appropriate places.
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Dependency in NCERT Biology
🌟1. Algae are classified into 3 classes, depending on the type of pigment
and the type of stored food.
🌟2. Kingdom fungi is divided into various classes based on morphology of
the mycelium, mode of spore formation & fruiting bodies.
🌟3. Simple epithelium is divided into 3 types (squamous, cuboidal and
columnar) on the basis of structural modifications of the cells.
🌟4. Pollination can be divided into 3 types (autogamy, geitonogamy &
xenogamy) depending on the source of pollen.
🌟 5. Respiratory quotient depends upon the type of respiratory substrate
used during respiration.
🌟 6. Neurons can be divided into 3 types (multipolar, bipolar & unipolar)
based on the number of axon & dendrites.
🌟 7. Muscles are of 3 types (skeletal, visceral & cardiac) based on their
location.
🌟 8. Muscles are classified as red & white fibres based primarily on the
amount of red coloured myoglobin pigment in them.
🌟 9. Methods of locomotion performed by animals vary with their habitat &
the demand of the situation.
🌟1. Algae are classified into 3 classes, depending on the type of pigment
and the type of stored food.
🌟2. Kingdom fungi is divided into various classes based on morphology of
the mycelium, mode of spore formation & fruiting bodies.
🌟3. Simple epithelium is divided into 3 types (squamous, cuboidal and
columnar) on the basis of structural modifications of the cells.
🌟4. Pollination can be divided into 3 types (autogamy, geitonogamy &
xenogamy) depending on the source of pollen.
🌟 5. Respiratory quotient depends upon the type of respiratory substrate
used during respiration.
🌟 6. Neurons can be divided into 3 types (multipolar, bipolar & unipolar)
based on the number of axon & dendrites.
🌟 7. Muscles are of 3 types (skeletal, visceral & cardiac) based on their
location.
🌟 8. Muscles are classified as red & white fibres based primarily on the
amount of red coloured myoglobin pigment in them.
🌟 9. Methods of locomotion performed by animals vary with their habitat &
the demand of the situation.
IMG_20230215_180932_409.jpg
185.7 KB
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Which of the following is incorrect about birds?
Anonymous Quiz
16%
(1) Air sacs is connected to lungs which helps in respiration.
27%
(2) Hind limb possesses scales and are modified for walking, swimming or clasping.
41%
(3) Separate sexes, internal fertilization, oviparous and indirect development.
16%
(4) endoskeleton is fully ossified
The efficiency of a fuel cell is given
by [CBSE AIPMT 2007]
by [CBSE AIPMT 2007]
Anonymous Quiz
17%
(a) ∆G/∆S
56%
(b) ∆G/∆H
18%
(c) ∆S/∆G
9%
(d) ∆H/∆G
Which one of the following generates new genetic combinations leading to variation?
(NEET-II 2016)
(NEET-II 2016)
Anonymous Quiz
18%
(a) Vegetative reproduction
18%
(b) Parthenogenesis
58%
(c) Sexual reproduction
6%
(d) Nucellar polyembryony
Which one of the following
methods can be used to obtain
highly pure metal which is liquid at room temperature? [NEET 2021]
methods can be used to obtain
highly pure metal which is liquid at room temperature? [NEET 2021]
Anonymous Quiz
31%
(a) Electrolysis
26%
(b) Chromatography
25%
(c) Distillation
17%
(d) Zone refining
Antiparallel strands of a DNA molecule means that
(🍇2006🍇)
(🍇2006🍇)
Anonymous Quiz
8%
(a) one strand turns clockwise
16%
(b) one strand turns anti-clockwise
32%
(c) the phosphate groups of two DNA strands, at their ends, share the same position
44%
(d) the phosphate groups at the start of two DNA strands are in opposite position (pole).