Nitrobenzene on reaction with conc. HNO3/H2SO4 at 80-100°C forms which one of the following products?
Anonymous Quiz
15%
1, 2-Dinitrobenzene
27%
1, 4-Dinitrobenzene
34%
1, 2, 4-Trinitrobenzene
25%
1, 3-Dinitrobenzene
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The shared terminal duct of the reproductive and urinary system in the human male is
Anonymous Quiz
14%
Vasa efferentia
18%
Ureter
54%
Urethra
14%
Vas deferens
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♻️ Important Notes - Electrochemical Cells ♻️
► An electrochemical cell can convert electrical energy to chemical energy and can also convert electrical energy to chemical energy. There are two types of electrochemical cells- Galvanic cell and Electrolytic cell.
► Cathodes are usually metal electrodes. It is the electrode where reduction takes place. The cathode is the positive electrode in a galvanic cell and a negative electrode in an electrolytic cell. Electrons move into the cathode.
► A half-cell is half of an electrochemical cell (electrolytic or galvanic), where either oxidation or reduction occurs. At equilibrium, there is no transfer of electrons across the half cells. Therefore, the potential difference between them is nil.
► A salt bridge is a device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (a type of electrochemical cell). Strong electrolytes are generally used to make the salt bridges in electrochemical cells. Since ZnSO4 is not a strong electrolyte, it is not used to make salt bridges.
► Emf of a cell is equal to the maximum potential difference across its electrodes, which occurs when no current is drawn through the cell. It can also be defined as the net voltage between the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
► Cell potential is an intensive property as it is independent of the amount of material present. Gibbs free energy is defined for an electrochemical cell and is an extensive property as it depends on the quantity of the material.
► Electrode potential is the tendency of an electrode to accept or to lose electrons. Electrode potential depends on the nature of the electrode, temperature of the solution and the concentration of metal ions in the solution. It doesn’t depend on the size of the electrode.
► The salt bridge connects the two half-cell solutions to complete the circuit of the electrochemical cell. The electrolytes of the salt bridge are generally prepared in agar-agar or gelatin so that the electrolytes are kept in a semi-solid phase and do not mix with the half-cell solutions and interfere with the electrochemical reaction.
► A salt bridge is a junction that connects the anodic and cathodic compartments in a cell or electrolytic solution. It maintains electrical neutrality within the internal circuit, preventing the cell from rapidly running its reaction to equilibrium.
► A Voltaic or Galvanic cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Photovoltaic cells are used to convert light energy into electrical energy. An Electrolytic cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts electrical energy into chemical energy. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidizing agent into electricity.
► For all spontaneous chemical reactions, the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) is always negative. For a spontaneous reaction in an electrolytic cell, the cell potential (E°cell) should be positive.
► In an electrochemical cell, when an opposing externally potential is applied and increased slowly, the reaction continues to take place. When the external potential is equal to the potential of the cell, the reaction stops. Once the externally applied potential is greater than the potential of the cell, the reaction goes in the opposite direction and the cell behaves like an electrolytic cell.
► Primary cells cannot be used again and again. Since there is no fluid inside, these cells are also known as dry cells. The internal resistance is high and the chemical reaction is irreversible. Their initial cost is cheap.
► A secondary battery (a series of cells) is one which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times. Nickel-cadmium cell, Lead storage cell and Mercury cell are examples of secondary cells. Leclanche cell is an example of a primary cell.
► An electrochemical cell can convert electrical energy to chemical energy and can also convert electrical energy to chemical energy. There are two types of electrochemical cells- Galvanic cell and Electrolytic cell.
► Cathodes are usually metal electrodes. It is the electrode where reduction takes place. The cathode is the positive electrode in a galvanic cell and a negative electrode in an electrolytic cell. Electrons move into the cathode.
► A half-cell is half of an electrochemical cell (electrolytic or galvanic), where either oxidation or reduction occurs. At equilibrium, there is no transfer of electrons across the half cells. Therefore, the potential difference between them is nil.
► A salt bridge is a device used to connect the oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (a type of electrochemical cell). Strong electrolytes are generally used to make the salt bridges in electrochemical cells. Since ZnSO4 is not a strong electrolyte, it is not used to make salt bridges.
► Emf of a cell is equal to the maximum potential difference across its electrodes, which occurs when no current is drawn through the cell. It can also be defined as the net voltage between the oxidation and reduction half-reactions.
► Cell potential is an intensive property as it is independent of the amount of material present. Gibbs free energy is defined for an electrochemical cell and is an extensive property as it depends on the quantity of the material.
► Electrode potential is the tendency of an electrode to accept or to lose electrons. Electrode potential depends on the nature of the electrode, temperature of the solution and the concentration of metal ions in the solution. It doesn’t depend on the size of the electrode.
► The salt bridge connects the two half-cell solutions to complete the circuit of the electrochemical cell. The electrolytes of the salt bridge are generally prepared in agar-agar or gelatin so that the electrolytes are kept in a semi-solid phase and do not mix with the half-cell solutions and interfere with the electrochemical reaction.
► A salt bridge is a junction that connects the anodic and cathodic compartments in a cell or electrolytic solution. It maintains electrical neutrality within the internal circuit, preventing the cell from rapidly running its reaction to equilibrium.
► A Voltaic or Galvanic cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Photovoltaic cells are used to convert light energy into electrical energy. An Electrolytic cell is a type of electrochemical cell that converts electrical energy into chemical energy. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel and an oxidizing agent into electricity.
► For all spontaneous chemical reactions, the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) is always negative. For a spontaneous reaction in an electrolytic cell, the cell potential (E°cell) should be positive.
► In an electrochemical cell, when an opposing externally potential is applied and increased slowly, the reaction continues to take place. When the external potential is equal to the potential of the cell, the reaction stops. Once the externally applied potential is greater than the potential of the cell, the reaction goes in the opposite direction and the cell behaves like an electrolytic cell.
► Primary cells cannot be used again and again. Since there is no fluid inside, these cells are also known as dry cells. The internal resistance is high and the chemical reaction is irreversible. Their initial cost is cheap.
► A secondary battery (a series of cells) is one which can be charged, discharged into a load, and recharged many times. Nickel-cadmium cell, Lead storage cell and Mercury cell are examples of secondary cells. Leclanche cell is an example of a primary cell.
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Important terms in Biology for NEET l
➖ DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic information.
➖ RNA: Ribonucleic acid, a molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis.
➖ Protein: A macromolecule made up of amino acids that carries out a variety of functions in the cell.
➖ Enzyme: A type of protein that catalyzes chemical reactions in the cell.
➖ Cell membrane: The thin, flexible layer that surrounds all cells and regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
➖ Mitosis: The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
➖ Meiosis: The process by which cells divide to produce gametes (sperm and eggs), each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
➖ Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.
➖ Allele: One of two or more alternative forms of a gene.
➖ Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can result in altered gene function or the creation of new alleles.
➖ Natural selection: The process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the evolution of populations over time.
➖ Adaptation: A trait or characteristic that increases an organism's fitness in its environment.
➖ Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants convert sunlight into energy in the form of organic compounds.
➖ Cellular respiration: The process by which cells convert organic compounds into energy in the form of ATP.
➖ Ecosystem: A community of living and non-living things that interact with each other and their environment.
➖ Homeostasis: The ability of organisms to maintain a stable internal environment in the face of changing external conditions.
➖ Evolution: The process by which species change over time as a result of genetic variation and natural selection.
➖ Ecology: The study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment.
➖ Biotechnology: The use of living organisms or their products to develop new products or processes.
➖ Epidemiology: The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations.
➖ Chromosome: A structure made of DNA and protein that carries genetic information.
➖ Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance inside a cell that contains organelles and other cell components.
➖ Organelle: A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
➖ Nucleus: The control center of a cell that contains the cell's DNA.
➖ Ribosome: The site of protein synthesis in a cell.
➖ Mitochondria: The organelles responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.
➖ Chloroplast: The organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis.
➖ Cytoskeleton: The network of protein filaments that give a cell its shape and allow for movement.
➖ Endoplasmic reticulum: A network of membranes in the cytoplasm that is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
➖ Golgi apparatus: An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or transport.
➖ Lysosome: An organelle that contains enzymes for breaking down and recycling cellular waste.
➖ Vacuole: A membrane-bound organelle that stores materials such as water, nutrients, and waste products.
➖ ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that carries energy within cells.
➖ Aerobic respiration: The process of producing ATP in the presence of oxygen.
➖ Anaerobic respiration: The process of producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.
➖ DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, a molecule that carries genetic information.
➖ RNA: Ribonucleic acid, a molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis.
➖ Protein: A macromolecule made up of amino acids that carries out a variety of functions in the cell.
➖ Enzyme: A type of protein that catalyzes chemical reactions in the cell.
➖ Cell membrane: The thin, flexible layer that surrounds all cells and regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
➖ Mitosis: The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
➖ Meiosis: The process by which cells divide to produce gametes (sperm and eggs), each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
➖ Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.
➖ Allele: One of two or more alternative forms of a gene.
➖ Mutation: A change in the DNA sequence that can result in altered gene function or the creation of new alleles.
➖ Natural selection: The process by which individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the evolution of populations over time.
➖ Adaptation: A trait or characteristic that increases an organism's fitness in its environment.
➖ Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants convert sunlight into energy in the form of organic compounds.
➖ Cellular respiration: The process by which cells convert organic compounds into energy in the form of ATP.
➖ Ecosystem: A community of living and non-living things that interact with each other and their environment.
➖ Homeostasis: The ability of organisms to maintain a stable internal environment in the face of changing external conditions.
➖ Evolution: The process by which species change over time as a result of genetic variation and natural selection.
➖ Ecology: The study of the interactions between living organisms and their environment.
➖ Biotechnology: The use of living organisms or their products to develop new products or processes.
➖ Epidemiology: The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations.
➖ Chromosome: A structure made of DNA and protein that carries genetic information.
➖ Cytoplasm: The gel-like substance inside a cell that contains organelles and other cell components.
➖ Organelle: A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function.
➖ Nucleus: The control center of a cell that contains the cell's DNA.
➖ Ribosome: The site of protein synthesis in a cell.
➖ Mitochondria: The organelles responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration.
➖ Chloroplast: The organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis.
➖ Cytoskeleton: The network of protein filaments that give a cell its shape and allow for movement.
➖ Endoplasmic reticulum: A network of membranes in the cytoplasm that is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
➖ Golgi apparatus: An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or transport.
➖ Lysosome: An organelle that contains enzymes for breaking down and recycling cellular waste.
➖ Vacuole: A membrane-bound organelle that stores materials such as water, nutrients, and waste products.
➖ ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that carries energy within cells.
➖ Aerobic respiration: The process of producing ATP in the presence of oxygen.
➖ Anaerobic respiration: The process of producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.
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One mole of sugar is dissolved in three moles of water at 298 K. The relative lowering of vapourpressure is
Anonymous Quiz
14%
0.20
29%
0.50
31%
0.33
26%
0.25
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