5. Consider the following statements about Virtual Private Network (VPN)
1) A VPN is a private network that uses a public network to connect remote sites or users together.
2) VPNs mask the users internet protocol (IP) address so their online actions are virtually untraceable.
3) VPN services provide greater privacy than an unsecured Wi-Fi hotspot.

Answer: D
Explanation
● Statement 1 is incorrect: NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is an Earth-
observation satellite jointly developed by U.S. space agency NASA and ISRO under a
partnership agreement signed in 2014.
● The 2,800 kilograms satellite consists of both L-band and S-band synthetic aperture radar
(SAR) instruments, which makes it a dual-frequency imaging radar satellite.
● While NASA has provided the L-band radar, GPS, a high-capacity solid-state recorder to
store data, and a payload data subsystem, ISRO has provided the S-band radar, the GSLV
launch system and spacecraft.
● Another important component of the satellite is its large 39-foot stationary antenna
reflector. Made of a gold-plated wire mesh, the reflector will be used to focus the radar
signals emitted and received by the upward-facing feed on the instrument structure.

What is the mission?
● Statement 2 is incorrect: Once launched into space, NISAR will observe subtle changes
in Earth’s surfaces, helping researchers better understand the causes and
consequences of such phenomena.
● Designed as a low earth orbit (LEO) observatory, NISAR will map the entire globe in 12
days and provide spatially and temporally consistent data for understanding changes in
Earth’s ecosystems, ice mass, vegetation biomass, sea level rise, groundwater and natural
hazards, including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes and landslides.
● Synthetic Aperture Radar refers to a technique for producing high-resolution images.
Because of the precision, the radar can penetrate clouds and darkness, which means that it
can collect data day and night in any weather.

Answer: C
Explanation
What is a VPN?
● A virtual private network gives you online privacy and anonymity by creating a private
network from a public Internet connection. Hence statement 1 is correct.
● VPNs mask your Internet protocol (IP) address so your online actions are virtually
untraceable. Hence statement 2 is correct.
● VPN services establish secure and encrypted connections, guaranteed to provide greater
privacy than even a secured Wi-Fi hotspot.
Why do you need a VPN service?
● Surfing the web or transacting on an unsecured Wi-Fi network means you could be
exposing your private information and browsing habits. That’s why a virtual private
network, better known as a VPN, should be a must for anyone concerned about their online
security and privacy. Hence statement 3 is correct.
What does a VPN hide?
● browsing history
● IP address and location
● location for streaming
● web activity — to maintain internet freedom
How can a VPN help protect against identity theft?
● Identity theft occurs when thieves steal your personal information and use it to commit
crimes in your name — like taking over or opening new accounts, filing tax returns in your
name, or renting or buying property. A VPN can help protect against identity theft by
helping protect your data. It creates an encrypted tunnel for the data you send and receive
that’s out of reach of cyberthieves.
● If your smartphone's Wi-Fi is enabled at all times, your device could be vulnerable without
you ever knowing it. Everyday activities like online shopping, banking and browsing can
expose your information, making you vulnerable to cybercrime.
● A VPN can protect the information you share or access using your devices. That’s especially
important when using a public Wi-Fi network, where a cyberthief on the same network
could capture your login credentials and the credit card number you type in when you shop
online.

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1. Which of the following regions is often referred to as the world “Third Pole”?

2. Consider the following statements with regard to Whip in the Parliament:
1. Every political party, whether ruling or opposition, has its own whip in the Parliament.
2. A whip is responsible for ensuring discipline among the party members in the Parliament.

Answer: C
Explanation:
● The Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindu Kush (HKHK) mountain ranges span 2,400 kilometers
across six nations (Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan).
● There are almost 55,000 glaciers in the HKHK mountains, and they store more freshwater
than any other region outside the North and South Poles. 
● The HKHK region is referred to as the world’s “Third Pole” because it contains so much
glacial ice.

● The glaciers contain estimated ice reserves of 163 cubic kilometres, of which almost 80%
feeds the Indus, the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. Snow and glacier melt from the HKHK
play an important role in the timing and magnitude of water availability within the region.

Answer: C
Solution:
● Every political party, whether ruling or opposition, has its own whip in the Parliament.
Hence, statement 1 is correct.
● The functions of the whip include ensuring discipline among the party members in the
Parliament. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

3. Consider the following statements about the National Investigation Agency (NIA).
1. The agency was established under the NIA Act, 2008.
2. The NIA has been constituted mainly for investigation of crimes of corruption, economic
offences and serious and organized crimes other than terrorism.
3. The law under which NIA operates extends to persons who commit a scheduled offence
beyond India against the Indian citizen or affecting the interest of India.

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4. Oxytocin is a natural hormone involved in which of the following?

Answer: B
Explanation:
What is the NIA?
● The National Investigation Agency (NIA) is functioning as the Central Counter Terrorism
Law Enforcement Agency in the country.
● It is mandated to investigate all the offences:
○ affecting the sovereignty, security and integrity of India, friendly relations with
foreign states, and
○ the offences under the statutory laws enacted to implement international
treaties, agreements, conventions and resolutions of the United Nations, its
agencies and other international organisations.

● These include terror acts and their possible links with crimes like smuggling of arms,
drugs and fake Indian currency and infiltration from across the borders.
● The agency has the power to search, seize, arrest and prosecute those involved in such
offences.
● Headquartered in Delhi, the NIA has its branches in several parts of the country.
When did the NIA come into being?
● In the wake of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attack in November 2008, which shocked the
entire world, the central government decided to establish the NIA.
● Statement 1 is correct: The agency came into existence on December 31, 2008 under the
NIA Act, 2008, and started its functioning in 2009.
● NIA was created mainly to specialize in investigations into incidents of terrorist attacks
and bomb blasts in various parts of the country. Majority of such incidents were found to
have complex inter-state and international linkages while at the same time being linked
to drug and arms smuggling among other activities.
● The NIA Act was amended in the year 2019 to enlarge the mandate of the NIA by inclusion
of offences related to human trafficking, manufacture/sale of prohibited arms, cyber-

terrorism and offences under the Explosive Substances Act, 1908 and expanded its
jurisdiction beyond India.
How wide is the NIA's jurisdiction?
● The law under which the agency operates extends to:
○ whole of India and also applies to Indian citizens outside the country;
○ persons in the service of the government wherever they are posted;
○ persons on ships and aircraft registered in India wherever they may be;
○ persons who commit a scheduled offence beyond India against the Indian
citizen or affecting the interest of India. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Difference between the nature of cases investigated by NIA and CBI:
● Statement 2 is incorrect: The NIA has been constituted after the Mumbai terror attack in
November 2008 mainly for investigation of incidents of terrorist attacks, funding of terrorism
and other terror related crime, whereas CBI investigates crime of corruption, economic
offences and serious and organized crime other than terrorism.