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Answer: (B)
Statement 1 is correct: The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) was raised in 1969 following the enactment of the Central Industrial Security Force Act, 1968. It was later converted into an armed force of the Union by an Amendment Act passed in 1983.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The CISF functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), not the Ministry of Defence. All Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs)—including CISF, CRPF, BSF, ITBP, and SSB—fall under the MHA.
Statement 3 is correct: CISF provides comprehensive security cover to over 300 critical infrastructure installations across India, including commercial airports, nuclear power plants, space establishments (ISRO), seaports, thermal power plants, metro rail networks, and major public sector undertakings (PSUs).
Statement 4 is correct: The CISF is unique among the Central Armed Police Forces in having a specialized, full-fledged Fire Service Wing. It provides fire protection and disaster response services to the industrial units and critical infrastructure it guards.
Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
Statement 1 is correct: The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) was raised in 1969 following the enactment of the Central Industrial Security Force Act, 1968. It was later converted into an armed force of the Union by an Amendment Act passed in 1983.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The CISF functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), not the Ministry of Defence. All Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs)—including CISF, CRPF, BSF, ITBP, and SSB—fall under the MHA.
Statement 3 is correct: CISF provides comprehensive security cover to over 300 critical infrastructure installations across India, including commercial airports, nuclear power plants, space establishments (ISRO), seaports, thermal power plants, metro rail networks, and major public sector undertakings (PSUs).
Statement 4 is correct: The CISF is unique among the Central Armed Police Forces in having a specialized, full-fledged Fire Service Wing. It provides fire protection and disaster response services to the industrial units and critical infrastructure it guards.
Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
Consider the following statements with reference to the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI):
Statement I: FSSAI establishes science-based food standards and regulates food businesses to ensure food safety.
Statement II: FSSAI's regulatory framework includes food safety standards, licensing and registration of food businesses, and compliance monitoring.
Statement III: FSSAI's mandate is limited to testing food samples and excludes the formulation of food safety standards.
Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct?
1. Statement II supports the implementation of the regulatory objectives outlined in Statement I.
2. Statement III contradicts the scope of responsibilities described in Statement I.
3. Statement III presents an inference that does not follow from Statements I and II.
Statement I: FSSAI establishes science-based food standards and regulates food businesses to ensure food safety.
Statement II: FSSAI's regulatory framework includes food safety standards, licensing and registration of food businesses, and compliance monitoring.
Statement III: FSSAI's mandate is limited to testing food samples and excludes the formulation of food safety standards.
Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct?
1. Statement II supports the implementation of the regulatory objectives outlined in Statement I.
2. Statement III contradicts the scope of responsibilities described in Statement I.
3. Statement III presents an inference that does not follow from Statements I and II.
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Answer: (D)
Relationship 1 is correct. Statement II supports Statement I because food safety standards, licensing and registration, and compliance monitoring help FSSAI achieve its objective of ensuring food safety. Hence, Relationship 1 is correct.
Relationship 2 is correct. Statement III incorrectly limits FSSAI's role to food testing, whereas Statement I establishes its broader responsibility for setting standards and regulating food businesses. Hence, Relationship 2 is correct.
Relationship 3 is correct. Statement III's claim that FSSAI does not formulate food safety standards is inconsistent with Statements I and II, both of which establish its standard-setting role. Hence, Relationship 3 is correct.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
Relationship 1 is correct. Statement II supports Statement I because food safety standards, licensing and registration, and compliance monitoring help FSSAI achieve its objective of ensuring food safety. Hence, Relationship 1 is correct.
Relationship 2 is correct. Statement III incorrectly limits FSSAI's role to food testing, whereas Statement I establishes its broader responsibility for setting standards and regulating food businesses. Hence, Relationship 2 is correct.
Relationship 3 is correct. Statement III's claim that FSSAI does not formulate food safety standards is inconsistent with Statements I and II, both of which establish its standard-setting role. Hence, Relationship 3 is correct.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
On October 2026, the Union Cabinet approved a government commitment of ₹10,000 crore to establish the SME Growth Fund (SGF).
Important for UPSC: Indian Economy → MSMEs → Alternative Investment Funds → Equity Financing → Manufacturing → Exports → Employment Generation → Viksit Bharat 2047.
Important for UPSC: Indian Economy → MSMEs → Alternative Investment Funds → Equity Financing → Manufacturing → Exports → Employment Generation → Viksit Bharat 2047.
Consider the following statements regarding Agri-Photovoltaics (AgriPV):
1. AgriPV involves the simultaneous dual use of agricultural land for both crop cultivation and solar photovoltaic electricity generation.
2. Reduced temperature and wind speed beneath the panels generally help decrease soil moisture evaporation rates.
3. All agricultural crops experience a significant boost in absolute yield under AgriPV systems due to reduced heat stress.
1. AgriPV involves the simultaneous dual use of agricultural land for both crop cultivation and solar photovoltaic electricity generation.
2. Reduced temperature and wind speed beneath the panels generally help decrease soil moisture evaporation rates.
3. All agricultural crops experience a significant boost in absolute yield under AgriPV systems due to reduced heat stress.
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Answer: (A)
Statement 1 is correct: Agri-photovoltaics (AgriPV) refers to the simultaneous, dual use of agricultural land for both crop production and the generation of solar photovoltaic electricity.
Statement 2 is correct: The installation of solar panels provides partial shade and reduces wind speed over the crop canopy. This decreases the vapor pressure deficit and lowers temperatures, which collectively reduce soil moisture evaporation rates and plant transpiration.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The word "all" makes this statement invalid. While shade-tolerant crops, leafy greens, and certain crops in arid or high-heat regions may show improved or stable yields, sun-loving crops (heliophytes) that require high direct sunlight often experience a decrease in absolute yield due to reduced solar radiation under the panels.
Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
Statement 1 is correct: Agri-photovoltaics (AgriPV) refers to the simultaneous, dual use of agricultural land for both crop production and the generation of solar photovoltaic electricity.
Statement 2 is correct: The installation of solar panels provides partial shade and reduces wind speed over the crop canopy. This decreases the vapor pressure deficit and lowers temperatures, which collectively reduce soil moisture evaporation rates and plant transpiration.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The word "all" makes this statement invalid. While shade-tolerant crops, leafy greens, and certain crops in arid or high-heat regions may show improved or stable yields, sun-loving crops (heliophytes) that require high direct sunlight often experience a decrease in absolute yield due to reduced solar radiation under the panels.
Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
Consider the following statements regarding the rights and provisions under the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006:
1. Right of ownership, access to collect, use, and dispose of Minor Forest Produce (MFP), including commercial timber.
2. Conversion of all revenue villages into protected forest villages for strict biodiversity conservation.
3. Right to protect, regenerate, conserve, or manage any community forest resource which forest dwellers have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use.
1. Right of ownership, access to collect, use, and dispose of Minor Forest Produce (MFP), including commercial timber.
2. Conversion of all revenue villages into protected forest villages for strict biodiversity conservation.
3. Right to protect, regenerate, conserve, or manage any community forest resource which forest dwellers have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use.
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Answer: (C)
Statement 1 is incorrect: Section 3(1)(c) of the FRA, 2006 grants the right of ownership, access to collect, use, and dispose of Minor Forest Produce (MFP). However, timber is strictly excluded from the definition of Minor Forest Produce under the Act. (MFP includes bamboo, cane, honey, wax, medicinal plants, leaves, etc.).
Statement 2 is incorrect: The Act provides for the conversion of forest villages, old habitations, unsurveyed villages, and other villages in forests into revenue villages [Section 3(1)(h)], NOT the other way around. The objective is to bring forest settlements into mainstream administration so dwellers can access basic public amenities.
Statement 3 is correct: Section 3(1)(i) explicitly recognizes the right to protect, regenerate, conserve, or manage any community forest resource which forest dwellers have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use.
Therefore option C is the correct answer.
Statement 1 is incorrect: Section 3(1)(c) of the FRA, 2006 grants the right of ownership, access to collect, use, and dispose of Minor Forest Produce (MFP). However, timber is strictly excluded from the definition of Minor Forest Produce under the Act. (MFP includes bamboo, cane, honey, wax, medicinal plants, leaves, etc.).
Statement 2 is incorrect: The Act provides for the conversion of forest villages, old habitations, unsurveyed villages, and other villages in forests into revenue villages [Section 3(1)(h)], NOT the other way around. The objective is to bring forest settlements into mainstream administration so dwellers can access basic public amenities.
Statement 3 is correct: Section 3(1)(i) explicitly recognizes the right to protect, regenerate, conserve, or manage any community forest resource which forest dwellers have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use.
Therefore option C is the correct answer.
Consider the following statements about the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP):
Statement I: GRAP is a set of emergency measures implemented to control air pollution in the National Capital Region (NCR) based on the severity of air quality.
Statement II: Under GRAP, restrictions on construction activities, vehicle use and industrial operations may be imposed depending on the prevailing Air Quality Index (AQI) and pollution levels.
Which of the following information supports/supports the above statements?
1. GRAP classifies air pollution into different stages and prescribes progressively stricter measures as air quality deteriorates.
2. The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) oversees the implementation of GRAP in the National Capital Region and adjoining areas.
3. GRAP is implemented only when the AQI reaches the ‘Severe’ category, and no preventive measures are prescribed at lower pollution levels.
Statement I: GRAP is a set of emergency measures implemented to control air pollution in the National Capital Region (NCR) based on the severity of air quality.
Statement II: Under GRAP, restrictions on construction activities, vehicle use and industrial operations may be imposed depending on the prevailing Air Quality Index (AQI) and pollution levels.
Which of the following information supports/supports the above statements?
1. GRAP classifies air pollution into different stages and prescribes progressively stricter measures as air quality deteriorates.
2. The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) oversees the implementation of GRAP in the National Capital Region and adjoining areas.
3. GRAP is implemented only when the AQI reaches the ‘Severe’ category, and no preventive measures are prescribed at lower pollution levels.
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Answer: (A)
GRAP prescribes progressively stricter measures across different stages of air pollution, based on the severity of air quality in the National Capital Region (NCR). Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) oversees the implementation of GRAP in the NCR and adjoining areas. Measures may include restrictions on construction activities, vehicle use and industrial operations. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
GRAP measures are not restricted to the ‘Severe’ AQI category. Actions are prescribed across multiple stages, including lower pollution levels, to prevent further deterioration in air quality. Hence, Statement 3 is incorrect.
Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
GRAP prescribes progressively stricter measures across different stages of air pollution, based on the severity of air quality in the National Capital Region (NCR). Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) oversees the implementation of GRAP in the NCR and adjoining areas. Measures may include restrictions on construction activities, vehicle use and industrial operations. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
GRAP measures are not restricted to the ‘Severe’ AQI category. Actions are prescribed across multiple stages, including lower pollution levels, to prevent further deterioration in air quality. Hence, Statement 3 is incorrect.
Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
Consider the following statements regarding Digital Signatures:
1. A digital signature is a scanned image of a handwritten signature embedded in an electronic file.
2. It relies on an asymmetric cryptosystem involving a private key for signing and a public key for verification.
3. Any alteration made to the document after signing renders the digital signature invalid.
1. A digital signature is a scanned image of a handwritten signature embedded in an electronic file.
2. It relies on an asymmetric cryptosystem involving a private key for signing and a public key for verification.
3. Any alteration made to the document after signing renders the digital signature invalid.
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