Answer: C
Explanation
● Statement 1 is correct: Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare, usually
fatal infection of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) caused by Naegleria
fowleri, a type of free-living ameba.
● As it can infect the brain and destroy the tissues there, this one-celled organism is also
called ‘brain-eating amoeba’.
How does the disease occur?
● The amoeba thrives in warm freshwater like lakes, ponds, and rivers, and can also survive
in poorly maintained swimming pools. Infection usually occurs when people swim in
these water bodies during hot summers, especially when the water level is low.
● The amoeba enters through the nose, travels to the brain, and causes brain tissue damage
and swelling.
● Statement 2 is correct: The infection does not spread from person to person.
● Children are more vulnerable.
Symptoms
● Early symptoms of PAM include headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting.
● The disease quickly worsens, causing symptoms like a stiff neck, confusion, lack of focus,
loss of balance, and hallucinations.
● It often leads to coma and death within five days, with most people dying within one to 18
days.
● These infections, though rare, are fatal and 97% of the patients don’t survive.
How is it diagnosed and treated?
● PAM can be diagnosed through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests of cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF).
○ PCR works by amplifying the DNA of amoeba if present in the sample.
○ CSF is a clear, colorless liquid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord.
● There are no standard treatment methods available to treat PAM. Miltefosine, a broad-
spectrum antimicrobial drug, Azithromycin and Amphotericin B are some of the medicines
currently being utilized to treat the infection.
● Statement 3 is correct: No vaccine is available for the prevention of PAM.
Explanation
● Statement 1 is correct: Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare, usually
fatal infection of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) caused by Naegleria
fowleri, a type of free-living ameba.
● As it can infect the brain and destroy the tissues there, this one-celled organism is also
called ‘brain-eating amoeba’.
How does the disease occur?
● The amoeba thrives in warm freshwater like lakes, ponds, and rivers, and can also survive
in poorly maintained swimming pools. Infection usually occurs when people swim in
these water bodies during hot summers, especially when the water level is low.
● The amoeba enters through the nose, travels to the brain, and causes brain tissue damage
and swelling.
● Statement 2 is correct: The infection does not spread from person to person.
● Children are more vulnerable.
Symptoms
● Early symptoms of PAM include headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting.
● The disease quickly worsens, causing symptoms like a stiff neck, confusion, lack of focus,
loss of balance, and hallucinations.
● It often leads to coma and death within five days, with most people dying within one to 18
days.
● These infections, though rare, are fatal and 97% of the patients don’t survive.
How is it diagnosed and treated?
● PAM can be diagnosed through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests of cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF).
○ PCR works by amplifying the DNA of amoeba if present in the sample.
○ CSF is a clear, colorless liquid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord.
● There are no standard treatment methods available to treat PAM. Miltefosine, a broad-
spectrum antimicrobial drug, Azithromycin and Amphotericin B are some of the medicines
currently being utilized to treat the infection.
● Statement 3 is correct: No vaccine is available for the prevention of PAM.
2. The "Lakhpati Didi" initiative is primarily focused on which of the following?
Explanation
● Lakhpati Didi is an initiative of the Ministry of Rural Development that strives to
empower women associated with Self-Help Groups to have an annual household income
exceeding Rs. 1,00,000 through adopting sustainable livelihood practices.
● A Lakhpati Didi is a Self-Help Group (SHG) member with an annual household income
exceeding Rs. 1,00,000.
● Beyond financial success, they inspire through adopting sustainable livelihood practices and
achieving a decent standard of life.
● SHGs support this journey with collective action, financial literacy, and skill development,
empowering members for entrepreneurial ventures.
● Lakhpati initiative facilitates diversified livelihood activities, by ensuring convergence
across all Government departments, Panchayati Raj Institutions, Private sector and Market
players. The strategy includes focused planning, implementation and monitoring at all
levels.
● IFCs play an important role in the functioning of this initiative.
● Lakhpati Didi is an initiative of the Ministry of Rural Development that strives to
empower women associated with Self-Help Groups to have an annual household income
exceeding Rs. 1,00,000 through adopting sustainable livelihood practices.
● A Lakhpati Didi is a Self-Help Group (SHG) member with an annual household income
exceeding Rs. 1,00,000.
● Beyond financial success, they inspire through adopting sustainable livelihood practices and
achieving a decent standard of life.
● SHGs support this journey with collective action, financial literacy, and skill development,
empowering members for entrepreneurial ventures.
● Lakhpati initiative facilitates diversified livelihood activities, by ensuring convergence
across all Government departments, Panchayati Raj Institutions, Private sector and Market
players. The strategy includes focused planning, implementation and monitoring at all
levels.
● IFCs play an important role in the functioning of this initiative.
Consider the following pairs
1) Labour Force Participation Rate
(LFPR) - Percentage of employed persons in the population
2) Worker Population Ratio (WPR) - Percentage of persons in the labor force (i.e., working
or seeking/available for work) in the population
3) Unemployment Rate (UR) - Percentage of persons unemployed among the persons in the labor force
1) Labour Force Participation Rate
(LFPR) - Percentage of employed persons in the population
2) Worker Population Ratio (WPR) - Percentage of persons in the labor force (i.e., working
or seeking/available for work) in the population
3) Unemployment Rate (UR) - Percentage of persons unemployed among the persons in the labor force
Link - https://kahoot.it/challenge/0841143
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How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Anonymous Quiz
40%
A. Only one
31%
B. Only two
28%
C. All three
2%
D. None
Answer: A
Explanation
● Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): LFPR is defined as the percentage of persons in
the labor force (i.e. working or seeking or available for work) in the population. Hence pair
1 is incorrect.
● Worker Population Ratio (WPR): WPR is defined as the percentage of employed persons
in the population. Hence pair 2 is incorrect.
● Unemployment Rate (UR): UR is defined as the percentage of persons unemployed among
the persons in the labor force. Hence pair 3 is correct.
Explanation
● Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): LFPR is defined as the percentage of persons in
the labor force (i.e. working or seeking or available for work) in the population. Hence pair
1 is incorrect.
● Worker Population Ratio (WPR): WPR is defined as the percentage of employed persons
in the population. Hence pair 2 is incorrect.
● Unemployment Rate (UR): UR is defined as the percentage of persons unemployed among
the persons in the labor force. Hence pair 3 is correct.
4. Which of the following is an advantage of the SSLV over larger launch vehicles like the
PSLV or GSLV?
PSLV or GSLV?
choose the best answer
Anonymous Quiz
12%
A. High payload capacity
72%
B. Lower cost and quicker turnaround time
14%
C. Ability to launch interplanetary missions
1%
D. None of the above
Answer: B
Explanation
● The SSLV is capable of launching Mini, Micro or Nanosatellites (10 to 500kg mass) into
a 500 km planar orbit.
● SSLV is a three-stage launch vehicle with all solid propulsion stages and a liquid
propulsion-based Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) as a terminal stage.
● The design drivers of SSLV are low cost, low turn-around time, flexibility in accommodating
multiple satellites, launch-on-demand feasibility, minimal launch infrastructure
requirements, etc.
Explanation
● The SSLV is capable of launching Mini, Micro or Nanosatellites (10 to 500kg mass) into
a 500 km planar orbit.
● SSLV is a three-stage launch vehicle with all solid propulsion stages and a liquid
propulsion-based Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) as a terminal stage.
● The design drivers of SSLV are low cost, low turn-around time, flexibility in accommodating
multiple satellites, launch-on-demand feasibility, minimal launch infrastructure
requirements, etc.
5. Consider the following statements
1) Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease.
2) Like smallpox, monkeypox is completely eradicated globally..
1) Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease.
2) Like smallpox, monkeypox is completely eradicated globally..
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Anonymous Quiz
79%
A) 1 only
5%
B) 2 only
13%
C) Both 1 and 2
4%
D) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: A
Explanation
● Monkeypox, or mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus which belongs to the
orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family.
○ The orthopoxvirus genus of viruses also includes the variola virus, which causes
smallpox, and vaccinia virus, which was used in the smallpox vaccine.
● Monkeypox causes symptoms similar to smallpox, although they are less severe.
● While vaccination eradicated smallpox worldwide in 1980, monkeypox continues to
occur in a swathe of countries in Central and West Africa, and has on occasion showed up
elsewhere. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
● Transmission, when it occurs, can be through contact with bodily fluids, lesions on the
skin or on internal mucosal surfaces, such as in the mouth or throat, respiratory
droplets and contaminated objects.
Zoonotic disease
● Monkeypox is a zoonosis, that is, a disease that is transmitted from infected animals to
humans. Hence statement 1 is correct.
● According to the WHO, cases occur close to tropical rainforests inhabited by animals
that carry the virus. Monkeypox virus infection has been detected in squirrels, Gambian
pouched rats, dormice, and some species of monkeys.
● Human-to-human transmission is limited in nature.
● According to the WHO, the proportion of patients who die has varied between 0 and
11% in documented cases, and has been higher among young children.
● There is no safe, proven treatment for monkeypox yet. The WHO recommends
supportive treatment depending on the symptoms. Awareness is important for prevention
and control of the infection.
Explanation
● Monkeypox, or mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus which belongs to the
orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family.
○ The orthopoxvirus genus of viruses also includes the variola virus, which causes
smallpox, and vaccinia virus, which was used in the smallpox vaccine.
● Monkeypox causes symptoms similar to smallpox, although they are less severe.
● While vaccination eradicated smallpox worldwide in 1980, monkeypox continues to
occur in a swathe of countries in Central and West Africa, and has on occasion showed up
elsewhere. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
● Transmission, when it occurs, can be through contact with bodily fluids, lesions on the
skin or on internal mucosal surfaces, such as in the mouth or throat, respiratory
droplets and contaminated objects.
Zoonotic disease
● Monkeypox is a zoonosis, that is, a disease that is transmitted from infected animals to
humans. Hence statement 1 is correct.
● According to the WHO, cases occur close to tropical rainforests inhabited by animals
that carry the virus. Monkeypox virus infection has been detected in squirrels, Gambian
pouched rats, dormice, and some species of monkeys.
● Human-to-human transmission is limited in nature.
● According to the WHO, the proportion of patients who die has varied between 0 and
11% in documented cases, and has been higher among young children.
● There is no safe, proven treatment for monkeypox yet. The WHO recommends
supportive treatment depending on the symptoms. Awareness is important for prevention
and control of the infection.
1. The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) has the authority to
Answer: A
Explanation
● The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 aims to provide for protection of the interests of
consumers and for the said purpose, to establish authorities for timely and effective
administration and settlement of consumers' disputes.
● The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) was to be set up by the central
government to promote, protect and enforce the rights of consumers. It will regulate
matters related to violation of consumer rights, unfair trade practices, and misleading
advertisements.
● The CCPA may impose a penalty on a manufacturer or an endorser of up to Rs 10 lakh and
imprisonment for up to two years for a false or misleading advertisement. In case of a
subsequent offense, the fine may extend to Rs 50 lakh and imprisonment of up to five years.
Explanation
● The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 aims to provide for protection of the interests of
consumers and for the said purpose, to establish authorities for timely and effective
administration and settlement of consumers' disputes.
● The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) was to be set up by the central
government to promote, protect and enforce the rights of consumers. It will regulate
matters related to violation of consumer rights, unfair trade practices, and misleading
advertisements.
● The CCPA may impose a penalty on a manufacturer or an endorser of up to Rs 10 lakh and
imprisonment for up to two years for a false or misleading advertisement. In case of a
subsequent offense, the fine may extend to Rs 50 lakh and imprisonment of up to five years.
2. Which of the following organizations is responsible for declaring a Public Health
Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)?
Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)?