Answer: (C)
Although the Right to Speedy Trial is not explicitly mentioned as a standalone phrase in the text of the Constitution, the Supreme Court of India in landmark judgments (such as Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar) held that it is an implicit and integral part of the Right to Life and Personal Liberty under Article 21. Hence Statement 1 is correct.
The Right to Speedy Trial applies universally to all criminal prosecutions and under-trial prisoners awaiting investigation, inquiry, or trial, not just to those held under preventive detention. Prolonged incarceration without trial violates the fundamental rights of any accused person. Hence Statement 2 is incorrect.
Unjustified delays by the investigating agencies, prosecution, or the judiciary, as well as prolonged pre-trial detention exceeding a reasonable period, constitute a direct violation of the Right to Speedy Trial under Article 21. Hence Statement 3 is correct.
Therefore option C is the correct answer.
Although the Right to Speedy Trial is not explicitly mentioned as a standalone phrase in the text of the Constitution, the Supreme Court of India in landmark judgments (such as Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar) held that it is an implicit and integral part of the Right to Life and Personal Liberty under Article 21. Hence Statement 1 is correct.
The Right to Speedy Trial applies universally to all criminal prosecutions and under-trial prisoners awaiting investigation, inquiry, or trial, not just to those held under preventive detention. Prolonged incarceration without trial violates the fundamental rights of any accused person. Hence Statement 2 is incorrect.
Unjustified delays by the investigating agencies, prosecution, or the judiciary, as well as prolonged pre-trial detention exceeding a reasonable period, constitute a direct violation of the Right to Speedy Trial under Article 21. Hence Statement 3 is correct.
Therefore option C is the correct answer.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Uzbekistan on the invitation of President Shavkat Mirziyoyev. This was PM Modi’s fourth visit to Uzbekistan.
PM Modi was conferred Uzbekistan's “Oliy Darajali Do’stlik” (Order of Highest Friendship), the country's highest honour for foreign leaders.
UPSC Focus: India–Central Asia Relations | Uzbekistan | SCO | Nuclear Energy | Uranium | Counter-terrorism | UNSC Reform | Defence Cooperation | Connectivity.
PM Modi was conferred Uzbekistan's “Oliy Darajali Do’stlik” (Order of Highest Friendship), the country's highest honour for foreign leaders.
UPSC Focus: India–Central Asia Relations | Uzbekistan | SCO | Nuclear Energy | Uranium | Counter-terrorism | UNSC Reform | Defence Cooperation | Connectivity.
Consider the following statements about Barrier Lakes:
1. They form when mass movements block a river channel.
2. They are generally temporary due to the instability of the natural barrier.
3. Gohna Tal in Uttarakhand formed when a landslide blocked the Birahi Ganga.
1. They form when mass movements block a river channel.
2. They are generally temporary due to the instability of the natural barrier.
3. Gohna Tal in Uttarakhand formed when a landslide blocked the Birahi Ganga.
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Answer: (D)
A barrier lake or landslide dam lake forms when landslides, rock avalanches, debris flows or glacial collapse block a river channel.
Slope failure: Earthquakes, cloudbursts, intense monsoons or glacial events trigger the movement of rock, soil, ice and debris.
Natural dam formation: The debris falls into a narrow river valley and blocks the watercourse, creating an unstable natural dam.
Water impoundment: River water gets trapped behind the debris, causing upstream flooding and formation of a temporary lake.
Gohna Tal, Uttarakhand — formed when a landslide blocked the Birahi Ganga, a tributary of the Alaknanda River.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
A barrier lake or landslide dam lake forms when landslides, rock avalanches, debris flows or glacial collapse block a river channel.
Slope failure: Earthquakes, cloudbursts, intense monsoons or glacial events trigger the movement of rock, soil, ice and debris.
Natural dam formation: The debris falls into a narrow river valley and blocks the watercourse, creating an unstable natural dam.
Water impoundment: River water gets trapped behind the debris, causing upstream flooding and formation of a temporary lake.
Gohna Tal, Uttarakhand — formed when a landslide blocked the Birahi Ganga, a tributary of the Alaknanda River.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
Identify the river of the Indian sub-continent on the basis of the following information:
1. It is a transboundary river system originating in the Himalayas.
2. It is formed by the confluence of several major Himalayan tributaries, including Arun, Sun Koshi and Tamor.
3. It enters India through Bihar and joins the Ganga.
4. It carries a high sediment load, contributing to frequent channel shifting and flooding.
1. It is a transboundary river system originating in the Himalayas.
2. It is formed by the confluence of several major Himalayan tributaries, including Arun, Sun Koshi and Tamor.
3. It enters India through Bihar and joins the Ganga.
4. It carries a high sediment load, contributing to frequent channel shifting and flooding.
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Answer: (D)
Koshi
Confluence: Known as Saptakoshi in Nepal, the river system is formed by seven major upper Himalayan tributaries, most notably the Arun, Sun Koshi, and Tamor.
Course & Entry: It flows south out of eastern Nepal, enters the Indian state of Bihar at the Supaul district, and eventually discharges into the Ganga near Kursela in Katihar district.
Sediment Load & Flooding: Due to severe erosion in its steep mountain catchment, the Koshi carries an exceptionally high silt load. This deposition leads to frequent channel shifting and severe flooding, earning it the title "Sorrow of Bihar."
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
Koshi
Confluence: Known as Saptakoshi in Nepal, the river system is formed by seven major upper Himalayan tributaries, most notably the Arun, Sun Koshi, and Tamor.
Course & Entry: It flows south out of eastern Nepal, enters the Indian state of Bihar at the Supaul district, and eventually discharges into the Ganga near Kursela in Katihar district.
Sediment Load & Flooding: Due to severe erosion in its steep mountain catchment, the Koshi carries an exceptionally high silt load. This deposition leads to frequent channel shifting and severe flooding, earning it the title "Sorrow of Bihar."
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
Consider the following statements with reference to the PARIVARTAN Scheme:
I. The PARIVARTAN Scheme seeks to reduce transport-related air pollution in the Delhi-NCR region through accelerated replacement of old commercial vehicles.
II. The PARIVARTAN Scheme combines financial support with vehicle replacement to accelerate the transition towards cleaner commercial transport in Delhi-NCR.
III. The scheme covers eligible trucks and buses registered in Delhi as well as specified NCR districts of Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct?
1. Statement II explains the approach through which the objective stated in Statement I is pursued.
2. Statement III specifies the geographical scope of the intervention described in Statement I.
3. Statement II contradicts Statement I by focusing on financial support rather than pollution reduction.
I. The PARIVARTAN Scheme seeks to reduce transport-related air pollution in the Delhi-NCR region through accelerated replacement of old commercial vehicles.
II. The PARIVARTAN Scheme combines financial support with vehicle replacement to accelerate the transition towards cleaner commercial transport in Delhi-NCR.
III. The scheme covers eligible trucks and buses registered in Delhi as well as specified NCR districts of Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct?
1. Statement II explains the approach through which the objective stated in Statement I is pursued.
2. Statement III specifies the geographical scope of the intervention described in Statement I.
3. Statement II contradicts Statement I by focusing on financial support rather than pollution reduction.
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Answer: (B)
● Statement I: The PARIVARTAN Scheme aims to reduce transport-related air
pollution in the Delhi-NCR region by accelerating the replacement of old
commercial vehicles. Hence, Statement I is correct.
● Statement II: The scheme combines financial support with vehicle replacement to
facilitate the transition towards cleaner commercial transport. This directly explains
how the objective stated in Statement I is pursued. Hence, Relationship 1 is
correct.
● Statement III: The scheme covers eligible trucks and buses registered in Delhi and
specified NCR districts of Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Thus, it
specifies the geographical scope of the intervention mentioned in Statement I.
Hence, Relationship 2 is correct.
● Relationship 3: Statement II does not contradict Statement I. Financial support is
an instrument used to achieve the broader objective of reducing transport-related
pollution. Hence, Relationship 3 is incorrect.
● Therefore, Relationships 1 and 2 are correct.
● Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
● Statement I: The PARIVARTAN Scheme aims to reduce transport-related air
pollution in the Delhi-NCR region by accelerating the replacement of old
commercial vehicles. Hence, Statement I is correct.
● Statement II: The scheme combines financial support with vehicle replacement to
facilitate the transition towards cleaner commercial transport. This directly explains
how the objective stated in Statement I is pursued. Hence, Relationship 1 is
correct.
● Statement III: The scheme covers eligible trucks and buses registered in Delhi and
specified NCR districts of Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Thus, it
specifies the geographical scope of the intervention mentioned in Statement I.
Hence, Relationship 2 is correct.
● Relationship 3: Statement II does not contradict Statement I. Financial support is
an instrument used to achieve the broader objective of reducing transport-related
pollution. Hence, Relationship 3 is incorrect.
● Therefore, Relationships 1 and 2 are correct.
● Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
Which of the following are indigenous Artificial Intelligence (AI) models developed in India?
1. Krutrim
2. Evon
3. Param
4. Qwen
1. Krutrim
2. Evon
3. Param
4. Qwen
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Answer: (A)
● Krutrim — Correct: Krutrim is an indigenous AI model developed in India, with a focus on Indian languages and applications.
● Evon — Correct: Evon is an indigenous AI model developed by Gnani AI in India, with a focus on Indian languages and sovereign AI capabilities.
● Param — Correct: Param is a multilingual foundation-model family developed under BharatGen, an Indian initiative focused on building indigenous AI capabilities.
● Qwen — Incorrect: Qwen is a family of AI models developed by Alibaba Cloud of China. Therefore, it is not an indigenous Indian AI model.
Hence, option A is the correct answer.
● Krutrim — Correct: Krutrim is an indigenous AI model developed in India, with a focus on Indian languages and applications.
● Evon — Correct: Evon is an indigenous AI model developed by Gnani AI in India, with a focus on Indian languages and sovereign AI capabilities.
● Param — Correct: Param is a multilingual foundation-model family developed under BharatGen, an Indian initiative focused on building indigenous AI capabilities.
● Qwen — Incorrect: Qwen is a family of AI models developed by Alibaba Cloud of China. Therefore, it is not an indigenous Indian AI model.
Hence, option A is the correct answer.
Dear Students,
CCA Prelims 2027 will commence from 4th September 2026.
Class Schedule
- Classes: Monday, Wednesday & Friday
- Frequency: 2–3 classes per week
- Time: 7:00 PM
- Duration: Around 45 minutes per class
- Class materials will be provided as PDF after class
- Practice Questions: Sent the following day after each class
Full-Length Test
- 2nd Monday of every month
- Duration: 2 hours
- 100 Questions
- From March full length tests on CCA will be every fortnight
Each class recording will be available for 7 days from the date of the class only
After the 7-day access period, the recording will no longer be available for viewing. Students are therefore advised to attend the live classes regularly and complete the practice questions within the stipulated time.
ALL CCA content is for registered students only. Class videos, PDFs and digital materials are made individually traceable and it will be under copyright act violations if shared. Any unauthorised sharing is strictly prohibited under law.
Classes will cover all subjects like History, Geography, Economics, International Relations,Constitution, Environment, Science from Current affairs point of view in addition to Classes on Current events of national and international importance.
Regards,
R.A. Israel Jebasingh
Director, Officers IAS Academy
CCA Prelims 2027 will commence from 4th September 2026.
Class Schedule
- Classes: Monday, Wednesday & Friday
- Frequency: 2–3 classes per week
- Time: 7:00 PM
- Duration: Around 45 minutes per class
- Class materials will be provided as PDF after class
- Practice Questions: Sent the following day after each class
Full-Length Test
- 2nd Monday of every month
- Duration: 2 hours
- 100 Questions
- From March full length tests on CCA will be every fortnight
Each class recording will be available for 7 days from the date of the class only
After the 7-day access period, the recording will no longer be available for viewing. Students are therefore advised to attend the live classes regularly and complete the practice questions within the stipulated time.
ALL CCA content is for registered students only. Class videos, PDFs and digital materials are made individually traceable and it will be under copyright act violations if shared. Any unauthorised sharing is strictly prohibited under law.
Classes will cover all subjects like History, Geography, Economics, International Relations,Constitution, Environment, Science from Current affairs point of view in addition to Classes on Current events of national and international importance.
Regards,
R.A. Israel Jebasingh
Director, Officers IAS Academy