Consider the following statements regarding the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC):
1. It is a statutory body established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
2. It consists of a Chairperson who has been the Chief Justice of India or a Judge of the Supreme Court.
3. It has the power to punish persons directly responsible for human rights violations.
1. It is a statutory body established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
2. It consists of a Chairperson who has been the Chief Justice of India or a Judge of the Supreme Court.
3. It has the power to punish persons directly responsible for human rights violations.
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Answer: (A)
Statement 1 is correct: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory body established on October 12, 1993, under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (amended in 2006 and 2019). It is not a constitutional body.
Statement 2 is correct: According to Section 3 of the Act, the Chairperson of the NHRC must be a person who has been a Chief Justice of India or a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The NHRC does not possess any direct penal or judicial power to punish persons or public officials responsible for human rights violations. It is fundamentally a recommendatory and advisory body. It can investigate human rights abuses (suo motu or via petitions), recommend the initiation of prosecution or departmental action, suggest immediate interim relief for victims, or approach the Supreme Court/High Courts for necessary directions, but it cannot directly penalize or sentence violators.
Therefore option A is the correct answer.
Statement 1 is correct: The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory body established on October 12, 1993, under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 (amended in 2006 and 2019). It is not a constitutional body.
Statement 2 is correct: According to Section 3 of the Act, the Chairperson of the NHRC must be a person who has been a Chief Justice of India or a Judge of the Supreme Court.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The NHRC does not possess any direct penal or judicial power to punish persons or public officials responsible for human rights violations. It is fundamentally a recommendatory and advisory body. It can investigate human rights abuses (suo motu or via petitions), recommend the initiation of prosecution or departmental action, suggest immediate interim relief for victims, or approach the Supreme Court/High Courts for necessary directions, but it cannot directly penalize or sentence violators.
Therefore option A is the correct answer.
Consider the following statements:
1. The Great Indian Bustard is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
2. It is primarily found in dense tropical evergreen forests of northeastern India.
3. The Great Indian Bustard is the state bird of Gujarat.
1. The Great Indian Bustard is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
2. It is primarily found in dense tropical evergreen forests of northeastern India.
3. The Great Indian Bustard is the state bird of Gujarat.
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Answer: (A)
Statement 1 is Correct: The Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is one of India’s most threatened grassland birds, facing severe population decline due to habitat loss, hunting and collisions with power transmission lines.
Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Great Indian Bustard does not inhabit dense tropical evergreen forests of northeastern India. It prefers dry grasslands, scrublands, open plains and arid or semi-arid ecosystems. Rajasthan is its principal stronghold, particularly the Desert National Park landscape. Other habitats occur in Gujarat, Maharashtra and parts of the Deccan region.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: The Great Indian Bustard is the state bird of Rajasthan, not Gujarat. Rajasthan has adopted the species as an important symbol of its natural heritage and conservation efforts.
Statement 1 is Correct: The Great Indian Bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) is classified as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is one of India’s most threatened grassland birds, facing severe population decline due to habitat loss, hunting and collisions with power transmission lines.
Statement 2 is Incorrect: The Great Indian Bustard does not inhabit dense tropical evergreen forests of northeastern India. It prefers dry grasslands, scrublands, open plains and arid or semi-arid ecosystems. Rajasthan is its principal stronghold, particularly the Desert National Park landscape. Other habitats occur in Gujarat, Maharashtra and parts of the Deccan region.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: The Great Indian Bustard is the state bird of Rajasthan, not Gujarat. Rajasthan has adopted the species as an important symbol of its natural heritage and conservation efforts.
With reference to Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), consider the following statements:
1. LSD is a contagious vector-borne viral disease that primarily affects cattle.
2. Lumpy Skin Disease Virus has a similar immune response with Sheep Pox Virus.
3. Outbreaks of LSD are associated with conditions of high temperature and high humidity.
4. Since there is no specific treatment for the virus, vaccination is an important means of preventing and controlling the disease.
1. LSD is a contagious vector-borne viral disease that primarily affects cattle.
2. Lumpy Skin Disease Virus has a similar immune response with Sheep Pox Virus.
3. Outbreaks of LSD are associated with conditions of high temperature and high humidity.
4. Since there is no specific treatment for the virus, vaccination is an important means of preventing and controlling the disease.
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Answer: (D)
Statement 1 is correct: Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an infectious viral disease affecting cattle and buffaloes.It is caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), belonging to the Capripoxvirus group.It is mainly transmitted mechanically through arthropod vectors, including mosquitoes, biting flies and ticks. LSD was first confirmed in India (West Bengal and Odisha in September 2019)
Statement 2 is correct: LSDV has a similar immune response with Sheep Pox Virus. This immunological relationship is important because poxvirus vaccines can provide protection against LSD. The Goat Pox vaccine has been used for controlling LSD in cattle and buffaloes and has been found effective against the disease.
Statement 3 is correct: LSD outbreaks are associated with high temperature and high humidity. Such conditions favour the multiplication and activity of blood-feeding insect vectors, increasing the possibility of disease transmission. Therefore, LSD is a vector-borne viral disease, rather than a disease transmitted primarily through direct animal-to-animal contact.
Statement 4 is correct: There is no specific treatment for LSD. Supportive/non-specific treatment may be provided to affected animals. Vaccination is the most effective method for controlling LSD. India developed the indigenous Lumpi-ProVacInd, a homologous live-attenuated LSD vaccine, through ICAR-NRCE and ICAR-IVRI.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
Statement 1 is correct: Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is an infectious viral disease affecting cattle and buffaloes.It is caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), belonging to the Capripoxvirus group.It is mainly transmitted mechanically through arthropod vectors, including mosquitoes, biting flies and ticks. LSD was first confirmed in India (West Bengal and Odisha in September 2019)
Statement 2 is correct: LSDV has a similar immune response with Sheep Pox Virus. This immunological relationship is important because poxvirus vaccines can provide protection against LSD. The Goat Pox vaccine has been used for controlling LSD in cattle and buffaloes and has been found effective against the disease.
Statement 3 is correct: LSD outbreaks are associated with high temperature and high humidity. Such conditions favour the multiplication and activity of blood-feeding insect vectors, increasing the possibility of disease transmission. Therefore, LSD is a vector-borne viral disease, rather than a disease transmitted primarily through direct animal-to-animal contact.
Statement 4 is correct: There is no specific treatment for LSD. Supportive/non-specific treatment may be provided to affected animals. Vaccination is the most effective method for controlling LSD. India developed the indigenous Lumpi-ProVacInd, a homologous live-attenuated LSD vaccine, through ICAR-NRCE and ICAR-IVRI.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the final three sections of the Western Dedicated Freight Corridor (WDFC), making the entire corridor operational.
It allows faster and more reliable movement of freight, particularly containers and bulk commodities, while reducing congestion on conventional railway routes.
Important for UPSC:
WDFC → Dadri–JNPT →Faster cargo movement → Port connectivity → Lower logistics costs.
It allows faster and more reliable movement of freight, particularly containers and bulk commodities, while reducing congestion on conventional railway routes.
Important for UPSC:
WDFC → Dadri–JNPT →Faster cargo movement → Port connectivity → Lower logistics costs.
Consider the following statements regarding the International Energy Agency:
1. IEA is an international energy forum established under the framework of UN-Energy.
2. To become an IEA member, a country must be a member of the OECD.
3. India joined the IEA as a member in 1974 following the oil crisis.
1. IEA is an international energy forum established under the framework of UN-Energy.
2. To become an IEA member, a country must be a member of the OECD.
3. India joined the IEA as a member in 1974 following the oil crisis.
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Answer: (C)
Statement 1 is incorrect: IEA was established under the framework of the OECD, not UN-Energy.
Statement 2 is correct: OECD membership is a prerequisite for becoming an IEA member, along with fulfilling other eligibility requirements.
Statement 3 is incorrect: India became an IEA Association country in 2017, not a member in 1974.
Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
Statement 1 is incorrect: IEA was established under the framework of the OECD, not UN-Energy.
Statement 2 is correct: OECD membership is a prerequisite for becoming an IEA member, along with fulfilling other eligibility requirements.
Statement 3 is incorrect: India became an IEA Association country in 2017, not a member in 1974.
Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
Consider the following assertion:
Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) 3.0 seeks to transform land administration from basic digitisation to an integrated, GIS-enabled digital land ecosystem.
Which of the following is/are the basis of the above assertion?
1. It creates a Land Stack as a Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for land-related information.
2. It includes the NAKSHA pilot for GIS-based mapping of urban land parcels.
3. It is implemented by the Department of Land Resources under the Ministry of Rural Development.
Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) 3.0 seeks to transform land administration from basic digitisation to an integrated, GIS-enabled digital land ecosystem.
Which of the following is/are the basis of the above assertion?
1. It creates a Land Stack as a Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for land-related information.
2. It includes the NAKSHA pilot for GIS-based mapping of urban land parcels.
3. It is implemented by the Department of Land Resources under the Ministry of Rural Development.
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Answer: (D)
Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme is the programme/scheme and DILRMP 3.0 refers to its new operational guidelines for 2026–2031.
Implementing department: Department of Land Resources (DoLR), Ministry of Rural Development.
Land Stack: Aims to create an integrated digital ecosystem for land-related information and services.
NAKSHA: Stands for National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations. It focuses on the modernisation of urban land records through GIS-integrated digital land-parcel maps.
Technologies under NAKSHA: Uses aerial surveys, drones, GNSS-based field surveys and Web-GIS; LiDAR and oblique cameras are also used for specific urban environments.
ULPIN/Bhu-Aadhaar: DILRMP includes Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN), also referred to as Bhu-Aadhaar, for uniquely identifying land parcels.
Nature of DILRMP: DILRMP was converted into a Central Sector Scheme with 100% Central Government funding from April 2016.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme is the programme/scheme and DILRMP 3.0 refers to its new operational guidelines for 2026–2031.
Implementing department: Department of Land Resources (DoLR), Ministry of Rural Development.
Land Stack: Aims to create an integrated digital ecosystem for land-related information and services.
NAKSHA: Stands for National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations. It focuses on the modernisation of urban land records through GIS-integrated digital land-parcel maps.
Technologies under NAKSHA: Uses aerial surveys, drones, GNSS-based field surveys and Web-GIS; LiDAR and oblique cameras are also used for specific urban environments.
ULPIN/Bhu-Aadhaar: DILRMP includes Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN), also referred to as Bhu-Aadhaar, for uniquely identifying land parcels.
Nature of DILRMP: DILRMP was converted into a Central Sector Scheme with 100% Central Government funding from April 2016.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.