PSIR Optional Political Science and International Relation
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PSIR Notes for Civilservices & Other Competitive Exams 👇👇

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16th_FC_Report_Summary.pdf
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Report of the 16th Finance Commission for 2026-31

Report Summary PRS Legislative Research
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*🛡️Directive Principles Of State policy DPSP*

♟️The constitution of India aims to establish not only political democracy but also socioeconomic justice to the people to establish a welfare state.

♟️These provisions are given in Part IV of Indian Constitution.

♟️Directive Principles of state policy are in the form of instructions to the governments at the centre as well as states.

♟️Though these principles are non justiciable, they are fundamental in the governance of the country.

♟️The idea of the Directive Principles of State Policy has been taken from the
Irish Republic .

♟️The Directive Principles of State policy were incorporated in our constitution in order to provide economic justice and to avoid concentration of wealth in the hands of few people.

♟️The constitution covers from Article 36 to 51 as Directive Principles of State
Policy.

♟️They are unique blend of socialistic, liberal, democratic and Gandhian Principles.

♟️They describe as the ‘conscience of the constitution’.

♟️In the “State of Tamil Nadu etc. Vs L.Abu Kavur Bai” case in 1984 , the Supreme court held that although directive principles of State Policy are not enforceable, yet the court should not avoid them.
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english_notification (1).pdf
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UPSC CSE 2026 Notification

Total Vacancy -    933 (approximately)

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UPSC 2026 NOTIFICATION_hindi.pdf
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UPSC CSE 2026 Notification
Hindi
english_notification.pdf
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IFoS Notification

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GC Leong Biomes Notes.pdf
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📘 Biomes – Important Themes
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Civil Services year-wise Seats

CSE 2011.....910
CSE 2012....998
CSE 2013....1228
CSE 2014....1364
CSE 2015 .....1164
CSE 2016......1079
CSE 2017......980
CSE 2018......782
CSE 2019......896
CSE 2020......796
CSE 2021......712
CSE 2022.... 1011
CSE 2023..... 1105
CSE 2024..... 1056
CSE 2025.... 979
CSE 2026.... 933
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Forwarded from UPSC Polity PSIR Notes
*🛡️A Secular State*

♟️The Constitution of India stands for a Secular State. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State.

♟️The following provisions of the Constitution reveal the secular character of the Indian State:

♟️The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.

♟️The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of belief,Faith and worship.

♟️The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws (Article 14).

♟️The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of religion (Article 15).

♟️Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of public employment (Article 16).
Forwarded from UPSC Polity PSIR Notes
*🛡️First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951*

*💎Key Additions*
*♟️Article 15(4)*
Allowed the State to make special provisions for SEBCs, SCs, and STs.
*♟️Context* Added after the Champakam Dorairajan Case (1951) invalidated Madras's education reservation policy due to lack of constitutional backing.
*💎Article 31A, Article 31B & 9th Schedule*
*♟️Purpose* Protected land reform laws from judicial review, ensuring they couldn’t be invalidated for violating Fundamental Rights. *♟️Impact* Addressed challenges to land reforms, laying the foundation for the Basic Structure Doctrine and balancing Rights and Directive Principles.

*💎Key Changes*
♟️Article 19(2) & (6): Added grounds to restrict freedom of speech and expression, including Public Order, Friendly Relations with Foreign States, and Incitement to an Offence.

*💎Unique Context*
♟️Enacted by the Constituent Assembly, functioning as a provisional Parliament before the first Lok Sabha elections in 1952.

*💎Significance*
♟️Strengthened social justice by empowering the State to support marginalized communities.
♟️Facilitated agrarian reforms, ensuring smoother implementation of land redistribution policies.

♟️The First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951 showcased the Constitution's adaptability, setting precedents for balancing rights and directive principles.
De-Notified Tribes_Anthro by Dikshant.pdf
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