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Major Environmental Conventions:

*1. Ramsar Convention (1971)*
- Conservation of Wetlands
- Came into force in 1975

*2. Bonn Convention (1979)*
- Conservation of Migratory Wild Animals
- Came into force in 1983

*3. Vienna Convention (1985)*
- Protection of the Ozone Layer
- Came into force in 1988

*4. Montreal Protocol (1987)*
- Reduction of Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
- Came into force in 1989

*5. Basel Convention (1989)*
- Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes
- Came into force in 1992

*6. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992)*
- Conservation of Biodiversity
- Came into force in 1993

*7. Kyoto Protocol (1997)*
- Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
- Came into force in 2005

*8. Cartagena Protocol (2000)*
- Biosafety Protocol for Genetically Modified Organisms
- Entered into force in 2003

*9. Rotterdam Convention (1998)*
- Prior informed consent for hazardous chemicals and pesticides
- Entered into force in 2004

*10. Stockholm Convention (2001)*
- Elimination of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
- Entered into force in 2004

*11. Nagoya Protocol (2010)*
- Fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of genetic resources
- Entered into force in 2014

*12. Minamata Convention (2013)*
- Protection against mercury pollution
- Entered into force in 2017

*13. Kigali Agreement (2016)*
- Phase-out of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) under the Montreal Protocol
- Entered into force in 2019

प्रमुख पर्यावरण सम्मेलन:

*1. रामसर सम्मेलन (1971)*
- आर्द्रभूमि का संरक्षण
- 1975 में लागू हुआ

*2. बॉन सम्मेलन (1979)*
- प्रवासी जंगली जानवरों का संरक्षण
- 1983 में लागू हुआ

*3. वियना सम्मेलन (1985)*
- ओजोन परत का संरक्षण
- 1988 में लागू हुआ

*4. मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल (1987)*
- ओजोन परत को नुकसान पहुँचाने वाले पदार्थों में कमी
- 1989 में लागू हुआ

*5. बेसल सम्मेलन (1989)*
- खतरनाक कचरे के सीमा पार आवागमन का नियंत्रण
- 1992 में लागू हुआ

*6. जैव विविधता सम्मेलन (CBD) (1992)*
- जैव विविधता का संरक्षण
- 1993 में लागू हुआ

*7. क्योटो प्रोटोकॉल (1997)*
- ग्रीनहाउस गैस उत्सर्जन में कमी
- 2005 में लागू हुआ

*8. कार्टाजेना प्रोटोकॉल (2000)*
- जेनेटिक रूप से संशोधित जीवों के लिए जैव सुरक्षा प्रोटोकॉल
- 2003 में लागू हुआ

*9. रॉटरडैम सम्मेलन (1998)*
- खतरनाक रसायनों और कीटनाशकों के लिए पूर्व सूचित सहमति
- 2004 में लागू हुआ

*10. स्टॉकहोम सम्मेलन (2001)*
- लगातार कार्बनिक प्रदूषकों (POPs) का उन्मूलन
- 2004 में लागू हुआ

*11. नागोया प्रोटोकॉल (2010)*
- आनुवंशिक संसाधनों के उपयोग से लाभ के निष्पक्ष और न्यायसंगत बंटवारे
- 2014 में लागू हुआ

*12. मिनामाता सम्मेलन (2013)*
- पारा प्रदूषण से सुरक्षा
- 2017 में लागू हुआ

*13. किगाली समझौता (2016)*
- मॉन्ट्रियल प्रोटोकॉल के तहत हाइड्रॉफ्लोरोकार्बन (HFCs) का चरणबद्ध कमी
- 2019 में लागू हुआ

Question:Which is the most important aspect in teaching?

(A) Personality of the teacher
(B) Teaching material
(C) Teaching methods and strategies
(D) Discipline in the classroom

Answer: (C) Teaching methods and strategies

Explanation:
Although all aspects are important, teaching methods and strategies matter the most as they determine how effectively knowledge can be transferred and to what extent students remain actively engaged.

✍🏻 *Important borders and lines of the world*

✓ *Radcliffe Line* : India-Pakistan-Bangladesh

✓ *Hindenburg Line* : Germany-Poland

✓ *Durand Line:* Pakistan-Afghanistan (established in 1893)

✓ *McMahon Line* : India-China (drawn in 1914 Shimla Conference)

✓ *Mannerheim Line* : Russia-Finland

✓ *Medicine Line* : North America (except Alaska) and Canada

✓ *Oder-Neisse Line* : Germany-Poland

✓ *17th parallel north* : North Vietnam-South Vietnam

✍🏻 *विश्व की महत्वपूर्ण सीमाएँ और रेखाएँ*

✓ *रैडक्लिफ़ रेखा* : भारत-पाकिस्तान-बांग्लादेश

✓ *हिंडनबर्ग रेखा* : जर्मनी-पोलैंड

✓ *डूरंड रेखा:* पाकिस्तान-अफ़गानिस्तान (1893 में स्थापित)

✓ *मैकमोहन रेखा* : भारत-चीन (1914 शिमला सम्मेलन में खींची गई)

✓ *मैनरहेम रेखा* : रूस-फ़िनलैंड

✓ *मेडिसिन रेखा* : उत्तरी अमरीका (अलास्का को छोड़कर) और कनाडा

✓ *ओडर-नीस रेखा* : जर्मनी-पोलैंड

✓ *17वीं समानांतर उत्तर* : उत्तरी वियतनाम-दक्षिण वियतनाम

🎯Targeted JRF Exam FACTS – PYQ Based Practice Questions

*(UGC NET Paper 1 – Unit 10)*

⬤① UGC (University Grants Commission) – Established in 1956, Headquarters New Delhi, Regulation of universities, disbursement of grants, conducting NET/JRF ✅ PYQ: UGC Act Year? → 1956

⬤② AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education) – Advisory body 1945, statutory 1987, headquarter New Delhi, approval of technical institutes, PMSSS and NEAT schemes ✅ PYQ: AICTE statutory year → 1987

⬤③ NCTE (National Council for Teacher Education) – Established 1995, headquarter New Delhi, sets standards for B.Ed/M.Ed, NCTE Act 1993 ✅ PYQ: Governing Act → NCTE Act 1993

⬤④ NAAC (National Assessment and Accreditation Council) – Established 1994, headquarter Bengaluru, accreditation of higher education institutes, grading A++ to D ✅ PYQ: Works under UGC

⬤⑤ NBA (National Board of Accreditation) – Established 1994 by AICTE, Independent since 2010, HQ New Delhi, accredits only programmes, not institutions

⬤⑥ IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University) – Established 1985, HQ New Delhi, world’s largest open university, coordinates SWAYAM

⬤⑦ ICSSR (Indian Council of Social Science Research) – Established 1969, HQ New Delhi, funding social science research

⬤⑧ ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) – Established 1929 (Imperial Council), HQ New Delhi, agricultural education and research

⬤⑨ NMC (National Medical Commission) – replaced MCI in 2020, HQ New Delhi, regulation of medical education ✅ PYQ: Replacement Year → 2020

⬤⑩ BCI (Bar Council of India) – Established 1961, HQ New Delhi, regulation of legal education and advocates ✅ PYQ: Advocates Act 1961

⬤⑪ NTA (National Testing Agency) – Established in 2017, Headquarters Noida, Conducts NET, JEE, NEET, CUET ✅ PYQ: First UGC NET conducted by NTA → Dec. 2018

⬤⑫ RCI (Rehabilitation Council of India) – Established 1992, Headquarters New Delhi, Regulation of rehabilitation training for disabled

⬤⑬ DEC (Distance Education Council) – Now merged with UGC-DEB (Distance Education Bureau)

⬤⑭ CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) – Established 1942, Headquarters New Delhi, Science and Industrial R&D, Organizing CSIR-NET

⬤⑯ IIIT Council – Governing Indian Institutes of Information Technology

⬤⑰ IIM Council – Apex body of Indian Institutes of Management

⬤⑱ AIU (Association of Indian Universities) – Headquarters New Delhi, Promoting equivalence of degrees and academic exchange