Hope Spots

• Hope Spot Network is a joint initiative of Mission Blue & IUCN.

• A hope spot is an area of an ocean that needs special protection because of its wildlife & significant underwater
habitats.

• They are chosen for their contributions to biodiversity, the carbon sink, and important habitat.

• They can be Marine Protected Area’s (MPA – defined by IUCN) that need attention or any new sites

Hope Spot Sites from India
• Lakshadweep Islands
• Andaman Nicobar Islands

Mangrove Alliance for Climate:

In_News: During the COP27 climate summit in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, the UAE and Indonesia announced the "Mangrove Alliance for Climate."

• It includes UAE, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, Japan, and Spain.

• It seeks to educate and spread awareness worldwide on the role of mangroves in curbing global warming and its potential as a solution for climate change.

• Intergovernmental alliance works on a voluntary basis which means that there are no real checks and balances to hold members accountable.

• Instead, the parties will decide their own commitments and deadlines regarding planting and restoring mangroves.

• The members will also share expertise and support each other in researching, managing and protecting coastal areas.

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Carbon Border tax


● CBT It is a duty on imports based on the amount of carbon emissions resulting from the production of the product in question, that have not been carbon-taxed at source

● carbon intensive sector such as cement, steel etc. will be included in it.

● It is proposed by European Union, with effect from 2026

● At COP-27, BASIC group comprising Brazil, South Africa, India and China, opposed the carbon border adjustment mechanism.

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Ecomark

-is a certification mark issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards to products conforming to a set of standards aimed at the least impact on the ecosystem.

-One of the purposes of the mark is increasing awareness among the consumers towards reducing environment impact.

-The mark is issued to various product categories and the development of standards for more products is in progress.

-The Eco-mark scheme falls under the ambit of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.

-It is voluntary in nature and helps in identifying eco-friendly products in the market.


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Global Shield against Climate Risks

● Launched by: G7 and Vulnerably Twenties (V20) launched at COP 27, Sharm El-Sheikh.

● It is pre-arranged financial support that established for the needs of poor and vulnerable countries facing increasing risks of losses and damages from climate change.

● It is a social protection and insurance-based finance mechanism for loss and damage outside the UNFCCC process.

● It will be supported by the World Bank under Global Shield Financing Facility.

● Pakistan will be among the first recipients of funding from the G7 ‘Global Shield’ initiative.

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● V20 is a dedicated cooperation initiative of economies systemically vulnerable to climate change.It was established in 2015 at Lima,Peru

Volcanoes in India:

a)Barren island, Andaman : Active Volcano on the edge of Indo-Burmese Tectonic Plate, last eruption in 2017

b)Narcondam(Etymology :- tamil origin meaning “ pit of Hell”)-Small Volcano on Andaman sea, made of Andesite

c)Baratang :- Also known as Ranchiwalas Island, Mud Volcano, Andaman. It is said to have been impacted due to 2004 tsunami.

d)Dhosi Hill, Haryana : extinct volcano, part of Aravali Mountain Hill

e)Tosham Hill, Haryana : Extinct volcano

NATO

-The North Atlantic Treaty Organization also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental
military alliance

-Members : 27 European countries, 2 North American countries, and 1 Eurasian country.

-ts headquarters is locatedi n Brussels, Belgium. Hence statement 2 is correct.

-NATO is committed to the principle that an attack against one or several of its members is 16 considered as an attack against all.

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Dark energy

● Unknown form of energy that spread throughout all of space

●It's sort of anti-gravity, a repulsive force

●This results ultimately in accelerating the expansion of the universe.

●It accounts roughly 68 % of the universe’s total mass and energy.

●Dark Energy is far more dominant force then Dark matter


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🔴Gravitational lens

-A gravitational lens is a distribution of matter (such as a cluster of galaxies) between a distant light source and an observer that is capable of bending the light from the source as the light travels toward the observer.

-This effect is known as gravitational lensing, and the amount of bending is one of the predictions of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.

Einstein RIng is result of Gravitaional Lens

🔥What is Einstein RIng?

-An Einstein ring, also known as an Einstein–Chwolson ring or Chwolson ring (named for Orest Chwolson), is created when light from a galaxy or star passes by a massive object en route to the Earth.

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Indian Ocean Commission (IOC)

● Intergovernmental organisation

● Headquarters : Ebene, Mauritius

● Founded at Port Louis, Mauritius

● Membership :- Comoros · Madagascar · Mauritius · Réunion (France) · Seychelles, five observers

● India :- Observer since 2020

● Official language : French

● Mission:-
-Strengthen ties of friendship between countries and be a platform of solidarity for African Indian Ocean region.
-Develop ties for Development projects with peaceful nations

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