Coral Triangle

🔹In News: A report released at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). highlights the serious dangers posed by fossil fuel expansion to the Coral Triangle.

🔹 Location: Covers six countries in the Indo-Pacific: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Timor-Leste.

🔹 Biodiversity Hotspot:
- Known as the "Amazon of the Seas," with 76% of global coral species and 37% of reef fish species.
- Over 600 species of reef-building corals and diverse marine life.

🔹 Threats: Faces risks from fossil fuel expansion, climate change, coral bleaching, overfishing, and pollution.

🔹 Conservation Efforts:
- The Coral Triangle Initiative by WWF promotes sustainable management and conservation.

#Places_in_news #Environment
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💊 Orphan Drug 💊

🔹 Definition:
An orphan drug is a pharmaceutical developed specifically to treat rare diseases (or orphan diseases) affecting a small percentage of the population.

🔹 Incentives for Development:
To encourage research and production, governments provide incentives such as:
- Tax credits for clinical trials
- Grant funding
- Market exclusivity for a period (usually 7-10 years)
These benefits help companies offset costs associated with developing treatments for rare diseases.

🔹 Regulation in India:
India’s National Policy for Rare Diseases, 2021 includes provisions to promote orphan drug development, including financial support for patients needing these medicines and incentives for drug manufacturers.

🔹 Examples of Orphan Diseases:
Conditions like cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, and certain types of cancers are often treated with orphan drugs.

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🌱 Svalbard Global Seed Vault 🌱

🔹 **Location: Arctic Circle, Svalbard, Norway
🔹 Purpose: Protects global crop diversity by storing backup seeds for key food crops. Known as the "Doomsday Vault" for its role in preserving seeds against disasters.

🔹 Capacity: Stores over 1 million seed varieties; can hold up to 4.5 million.
🔹 Design: Built to withstand natural and man-made threats, kept at –18°C within mountain permafrost for long-term preservation.

🔹 **Managed by: The Norwegian government, in partnership with the Global Crop Diversity Trust (Crop Trust) and the Nordic Genetic Resource Center.

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**🌏 Asian Development Bank (ADB) 🌏

🔹 **Founded: 1966
🔹 Headquarters: Manila, Philippines
🔹 Members: 68 countries (49 from the Asia-Pacific region)

🔹 Purpose:
ADB aims to foster economic growth and reduce poverty in the Asia-Pacific region through financial assistance, technical support, and knowledge sharing.

🔹 Key Functions:
1. Funding Development Projects: Provides loans, grants, and equity investments for projects in sectors like infrastructure, health, and education.
2. Technical Assistance: Offers expertise to member countries on policy reforms and capacity building.
3. Private Sector Support: Promotes private investments to accelerate economic development.
4. Climate Action: Prioritizes sustainable projects to combat climate change and improve resilience.

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🏙 World Urban Forum (WUF) 🏙

🔹In news : The 12th session of the World Urban Forum (WUF12), held from 4–8 November in Cairo(Egypt), put a spotlight on pressing urban issues resonating with Africa.

🔹 Established: 2001 by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)

🔹 Frequency: Held every two years in a different host city, bringing together leaders, policymakers, experts, and citizens to discuss urban challenges and solutions.

🔹 Key Objectives:
1. Promote Sustainable Cities: Supports the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).
2. Share Best Practices: Provides a platform to share innovative ideas for sustainable urban development.
3. Raise Awareness: Highlights the challenges of rapid urbanization and the need for inclusive urban policies.

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🌐 World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 🌐

🔹In news : The WIPO has published the World Intellectual Property Indicators (WIPI) Report 2024. According to the report, India now ranks 6th globally with 64,480 patent applications.

🔹 Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
🔹 Members: 193 member states
🔹 About: WIPO is a specialized agency of the United Nations dedicated to promoting intellectual property (IP) protection worldwide.

🔹 Key Functions:
1. Global IP Services: Manages international systems for patents, trademarks, and copyrights, making it easier for inventors and businesses to protect their IP across borders.
2. Policy Development: Assists member states in formulating IP laws and policies to support innovation.
3. Dispute Resolution: Offers arbitration and mediation services to resolve IP disputes without litigation.

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