AMRUT 2.0

●Focus
Concentrates exclusively on water supply & sewerage management.

●Aims - provide functional tap water connections to all households in statutory towns.
-Universal sewerage management in 500 AMRUT cities.

●Nodal Ministries:
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)
Ministry of Jal Shakti

●Type: Centrally Sponsored Schemes

●Objectives
-Universal Water Supply -all statutory towns.
-100% Sewerage Management - in 500 AMRUT cities.
-Water Secure Cities - Rejuvenation of water bodies and urban aquifer management, rainwater harvesting & reuse of treated wastewater.


●Major Components
Pey Jal Survekshan
Behaviour Change Communication (BCC)
Technology Sub-Mission - start-ups & private entrepreneurs.

●Solid-State Batteries

●Concept
-Use solid electrodes and solid electrolytes (ceramics, polymers, or glass) instead of liquid ones—eliminating separators and improving safety, energy density, and durability.

●Working
Operate like Li-ion batteries —lithium ions move between cathode and anode through a solid electrolyte, ensuring stable performance and preventing leakage or fire.

●Advantages
-Higher Energy Density - Compact, long-range EV batteries
-Safer - No risk of explosion or leakage
-Longer Lifespan
-Space Efficient - No safety hardware needed

●Challenges
-High Cost & complex manufacturing
-High internal resistance, poor cold-weather output
-Unproven scalability at commercial EV levels

●Applications
-Ideal for EVs, pacemakers, wearables, RFIDs— where high capacity and compactness matter.

●India - next-gen battery revolution, powering India’s EV future under PM E-Drive and FAME-II with safer, faster-charging, high-capacity solutions.

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Hard work and Discipline will take you towards your Goal !!!

Excellent Shruti !!!

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🔥One Subject = One Day strategy for UPSC 2026

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Rahul – Sankalp Hindi Medium Batch Student !!💪

His hard work is beyond words — completed every lecture with self-made notes.
I truly believe Hindi-medium aspirants, when guided right, can achieve anything — their dedication is unmatched.

Sir i am Rahul Rao Sankalp mains batch 1 Hindi medium ka student sir Mai piche 3 year's se preparation kr raha hu Lekin utna confidence nhi aya jitna ye course join krke confidence increase ho gaya mera sir really ye Sankalp batch bahut support kr rha hai mujhe and sir ye classes Meri thinking speed ko bhi badha rahi hai so thank you sir and All team members

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SARAL TOOL-Simplified and Automated Research Amplification and Learning

●Launched by: Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF)

●Purpose: Make research easy, accessible, and engaging for students and innovators.

●Technology: Uses Artificial Intelligence to convert complex research into videos, podcasts, posters, and presentations.

●Broader Goal: Harness deep science and engineering to drive deep-tech products and startups.

●Upcoming Initiative: Development of an AI Science & Engineering Open India Stack for drug discovery, aerospace design, climate studies, and advanced materials.

Pralay Missile (DRDO)

●What it is:
-An indigenously developed quasi-ballistic tactical missile for high-precision conventional strikes, filling the gap between Prithvi SRBMs and long-range strategic systems.
SHORT RANGE SURFACE TO AIR

●Key Features:

●Type: Quasi-ballistic — can perform mid-flight manoeuvres.

●Range: 150–500 km (payload-dependent).

●Payload: Up to 1,000 kg (conventional warheads).

●Propulsion: Solid-fuel, canisterised for rapid launch and storage.

●Guidance: Advanced inertial navigation with terminal manoeuvres for hit-to-kill accuracy.

●Speed & Trajectory: Flies at hypersonic speeds on a low, manoeuvrable quasi-ballistic path.

●Evasion: Designed to defeat/evade BMD through manoeuvres and trajectory shaping.

KHARAI CAMEL

●Name origin: From Gujarati “Khara” (saline) — denotes its adaptation to saline desert–coastal ecosystems.

●Unique feature: Only camel breed in the world that can swim up to 3 km in seawater to reach mangrove islands.

●Habitat: Brackish tidal creeks and mangrove forests of Kachchh, Gujarat.

●Cultural link: Protected and reared by Rabari and Fakirani Jat Maldharis for over 400 years, forming a core part of pastoral heritage.

●Diet:
Feeds on Avicennia and Rhizophora mangroves, which provide natural salt balance and high mineral nutrition.

●Milk Value:
-Rich in iron, vitamin C, and antibodies similar to human milk.
-Easily digestible, boosts immunity, and used in therapeutic and traditional remedies.

●Threats:
Illegal salt pan expansion, industrial encroachment, and mangrove loss in CRZ-I zones have destroyed grazing areas, causing a sharp population decline of Kharai camels.


●CONSERVATION STATUS -
IUCN - EN

Question in MPSC Prelims 2025 ?


Can You answer it ?

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Sankalp Mains Batch !!

Own Handwritten Notes ready with conceptual Clarity and Answer writing !!!

Soil organic carbon

●Concept
-SOC is the carbon component of Soil Organic Matter (SOM) — the fraction of organic residues in soil at various stages of decomposition
-It represents the largest terrestrial carbon pool, storing more carbon in the top 30 cm of soil than the atmosphere and vegetation combined

●Components: decomposed plant residues, microbes, humus, and living organisms.

●Function
-Enhances soil fertility, water retention, nutrient cycling, and microbial biodiversity.
-Key indicator of soil health, directly influencing productivity and ecosystem stability.

●Role in Ecosystem & Climate
-Supports food security and farmer livelihoods
-Enhances nutrient and water availability
-Reduces erosion, leaching, and how land degradation
-Acts as a carbon sink, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and climate change

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