Arctic Council

●What is it ?
An intergovernmental forum for cooperation on environmental protection and sustainable development in the Arctic region

●Establishment: Formed in 1996 Ottawa Declaration, Preceded by the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS), 1991,

●Aim: To promote cooperation, coordination, and interaction among Arctic states and indigenous communities.

●Members: 8 Arctic states (Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, United States).

●Permanent Participants: Six indigenous organizations that are permanent participants in the council.

●Observers: Non-Arctic states, like India(2013), and non-governmental organizations can become observers, contributing to work without voting rights.

●India’s Arctic engagement:
-Himadri Station (2008) at Svalbard.
-Multi-sensor observatory (2014) at Kongsfjorden.
-Atmospheric laboratory (2016) at Gruvebadet, Ny-Ålesund.
-13 scientific expeditions completed till 2022

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BASIC Group

●What is BASIC?
-BASIC is a climate negotiating bloc

●Member State: Brazil, South Africa, India & China.

●Formed : 2009 ahead of the Copenhagen Climate Summit (COP15).

●Why it was formed:
-To protect developing-country interests, equity, finance, differentiated responsibilities.

●Core stance:
-Commitment to implementing the UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement
-Strong emphasis on Equity and CBDR-RC (Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities)
-Recognition of different national circumstances in climate action

●Role in global negotiations:
-Acted as a key party in the Copenhagen Accord (non-binding).
-South–South cooperation.

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NAKSHA Programme

●NAKSHA- NAtional geospatial Knowledge-based land Survey of urban HAbitation

●What it is?
- City survey initiative under Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP)

●Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development

●Nodal Department: Department of Land Resources

●Objective
- Prepare accurate geospatial urban land record
- Improve land governance, property transactions & urban planning

●Coverage (Pilot)
- 152 ULBs in 26 State
- Cities with <35 sq km area and <2 lakh population

●Technology
-Aerial + field survey
- GIS-based mapping & geospatial database

●Technical Partner: Survey of India
- Provides orthorectified imagery via third-party vendors

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