Creative Doctors ๐Ÿ–ค
4.2K subscribers
968 photos
27 videos
358 files
458 links
Med notes ๐ŸŽถ
Download Telegram
From endocrinology course
โค2
ูŠูˆู…ูŠู‡ ุญู†ุดุฑ ู‡ู„ุจูˆุณุช ู‡ุฐุง
ูˆูˆูŠูˆู…ูŠู‡ ุงุนูŠุฏู‡
โค26๐Ÿ‘3
Forwarded from MedQube (Dr Mustafa)
ู…ุณุงุก ุงู„ูู„
ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ุงู„ูุงู‚ุฏ ู„ู„ูˆุนูŠ

#The_unconscious_patient
ุดู„ูˆู† ู†ุชุนุงู…ู„ ูˆูŠุงู‡ ุŸ
ุงูˆู„ ุดูŠ ู„ุงุฒู… ุชูุฑู‚ ุจูŠู† unconscious ูˆุงู„ syncope
ุงู„ unconscious ู‡ุฐุง ูู‚ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ูˆู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ูุงู‚ุฏ ู„ู„ูˆุนูŠ ู…ู† ูˆุตู„ูƒ
Syncope ูู‚ุฏ ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ ูˆุฑุฌุน ุตุงุญูŠ
Collapse and syncope
Syncope is a sudden, transient loss of consciousness, with spontaneous
recovery
ูƒู„ ูˆุญุฏุฉ ูˆุงู„ู‡ุง ุงุณุจุงุจู‡ุง
ู†ุฌูŠ ู„ู„ุงุณุจุงุจ
Common causes
โ€ข Hypoglycaemia
โ€ข Stroke
โ€ข Subarachnoid haemorrhage
โ€ข Convulsions
โ€ข Drug overdose
โ€ข Head injury
โ€ข Alcohol intoxication
ุญุชู‰ ุชุนุฑู ุนู† ุดู†ูˆ ุชุฏูˆุฑ ุงู‡ู… ูˆุงูƒุซุฑู‡ู† ุดูŠูˆุนุงู‹
Hypoglycaemia ูŠุฌูŠูƒ ุจู‡ูˆุงูŠ ุงุดูƒุงู„ ุงู‡ู…ู‡ุง
unconscious patient
ุงูŠุถุงู‹ ู…ู…ูƒู† ๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
Hypoglycaemia can cause localized weakness/coma and mimic stroke.
ููƒู„ ุงู„ูุงู‚ุฏูŠู† ุงู„ูˆุนูŠ
ุฌูŠูƒ RBS
ุงุณุงู„ ุนุฏู‡ู… ุณูƒุฑ ู„ูˆ ู„ุง ุŸ
ู…ุงุฎุฐูŠู† ุงู†ุณูˆู„ูŠู† ู„ูˆ ู„ุง ุŸ ุนู„ุงุฌ ุจุฏูˆู† ุงูƒู„ ุŸ
ู…ุงูƒู„ูŠู† ู„ูˆ ู„ุง ุŸ
ุดู„ูˆู† ู†ุนุงู„ุฌู‡
With IV access
 โ€” Hospitalized patients can usually be treated quickly with 25 g of 50 percent glucose (dextrose) administered intravenously (IV).
ุจุณ ูŠุตุญู‡ ุชูˆูƒู„ู‡ ุงูŠ ุดูŠ ุญู„ูˆ ุญุชู„ูˆ ุดูƒุฑ ุชุญุช ุงู„ู„ุณุงู†
ูˆุงุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ Without IV access
โ—
Glucagon available ุงุฐุง ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏ โ€“ Administration of glucagon (subcutaneous, intramuscular, or nasal) will usually lead to recovery of consciousness within approximately 15 minutes,
ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุณูˆูŠ nausea or even vomiting.
ุญุถุฑ ุงู„ุจู„ุงุณูŠู„ ูˆุฎู„ ูŠุงูƒู„ ูˆุฑุงู‡ุง .
Dr Mustafa Ayoub

ุงุฐุง ุงุฌุงูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ
ูุงู‚ุฏ ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ elevated BP
Neurological deficits, Weakness side of body
Babinski sign postive
ุงุฐู† ูู‡ูˆ Stroke .

ุงุฐุง ุงุฌุงูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ ูุฌุฆุฉ ูˆุงูƒุน
ูˆุนู†ุฏู‡ ุดุฎุฑุฉ ู…ู…ูŠุฒุฉ ู…ู† ุชู‚ูŠุณ ุงู„ุถุบุท ุชู„ูƒุงู‡ ูƒู„ุด ุนุงู„ูŠ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูˆุตู„ 26 ูู‡ูˆ ICH ุจู…ุฎุชู„ู ุงู†ูˆุงุนู‡ ูˆุงู„ุบุงู„ุจ ๐Ÿ‘‡
โ€ข Subarachnoid haemorrhage
ู‡ู†ุง ุชู†ุชุจู‡ ุนุงู„ SPO2 ู„ุง ูŠู†ุถุฑุจ ุงู„ respiratory central ูˆูŠุณู„ู…ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ุฑูŠุถ

โ€ข Convulsions
ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุงุถุญ ุดู…ุฑุฉ ูˆุชูุงุตูŠู„ู‡ุง ู‡ู†ุง ุงู†ุชุจู‡ ุงู„ุงู‡ู„ ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู„ูˆู† ุงุจู†ุง ุนู†ุฏู‡ ุตุฑุน ูŠุณู…ูˆู‡ุง ุดู…ุฑุฉ ูŠุง ุงู…ุง ู…ุง ู…ุงุฎุฐ ุนู„ุงุฌู‡ ูˆู…ุดู…ูˆุฑ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุฌุฑุนุฉ ู…ุง ุชุดุชุบู„
ู‡ู†ุง ุงู†ุชุจู‡ ุนูŠูˆู†ู‡ ุชู†ูƒู„ุจ ุญู„ูƒู‡
Cyanosis, saliva frothing
from the mouth, heavy breathing, tongue biting, or incontinence suggest
a generalized seizure. Post-ictal drowsiness or confusion is normal โ€” very
rapid recovery questions the diagnosis
Mx anti convulsions
Left latral
O2

โ€ข Drug overdose
ู‡ู†ุง ุงู†ุชุจู‡ูˆุง ู…ู† ุญุงู„ุงุช ุงู„ุงู†ุชุญุงุฑ
ุดูˆููˆ ุงู…ุงูƒู† ุงู„ุฌูƒุงุช
Coma with small pupils and respiratory depression suggests opioid
poisoning. In unexplained coma, give a therapeutic trial
of naloxone (0.4โ€“0.8mg IV), observing for changes in conscious level,
respiratory rate, and pupil size.
ุงุฐุง ุนุฑูุช ุงู„ drug ุงุจุญุซ ุนู† antidote
ูˆุงุฐุง ุทู„ุน organophospharaus poisoning
ุชูˆุฌู‡ ู„ู„ atropin

ู†ุชูˆุฌู‡ ู„ู„ู…ุฃุฌูˆุณูŠู†
Suspect psychogenic coma if
serious pathology has been excluded and when the eyes are opened, only
the sclera show as the eyes deviate upwards (Bellโ€™s phenomenon).
ุนู…ุช ุนูŠู†ูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ๐Ÿฅน

โ€ข Head injury
ู‡ุฐุง ูˆุงุถุญุฉ ุงุซุงุฑ ุงู„ุญุงุฏุซ ุฌูŠูƒ GCS
ุงู„ุจู‚ูŠุฉ ุฌุฑุงุญุฉ

โ€ข Alcohol intoxication
ู‡ุฐูˆู„ุฉ ู…ุนุฑูˆููŠู† ุจุงู„ู…ุณุชุดูู‰ ู„ูƒุซุฑุฉ ุฒูŠุงุฑุงุชู‡ู…

Ocular nerve palsy
or divergent squint with coma can indicate Wernickeโ€™s encephalopathy,
requiring IV thiamine or tricyclic poisoning.

ุงู…ุง ุงู„ syncope
ูƒู„ุด common ูˆุงูƒู ุจุงู„ุดู…ุณ ุงูˆ ุดุงู ุฏู… ู‡ุจุท ุถุบุทู‡ ๐Ÿ‘‡
Was it a simple faint? Vasovagal or neurally-mediated syncope is a
common response to an overwarm environment or prolonged standing,
and can be precipitated by sudden fright or visual stimuli (eg the sight
of blood). Other contributors are large meals, prolonged starvation
or alcohol. There are usually premonitory symptoms of feeling unwell,
nauseated, dizzy, or tired, with yawning, blurred or โ€˜tunnelโ€™ vision, or
altered hearing. If the fainter cannot get supine (eg bystanders keeping
them upright), seizure-like twitching may occur ( convulsive syncope ).
Vomiting and incontinence may occur and do not reliably discriminate
seizures from faints.
ุฎู„ูŠู‡ู… ุฌูˆู‡ ุงู„ุชุจุฑูŠุฏ ู…ุบุฐูŠ
ูˆูŠุตุญูˆู†

ู†ุฌูŠ ู„ู„ MX
Ix :
CBC : ุฎุงู ุงู„ุชู‡ุงุจ meningitis ูˆุฑุจุนู‡ุง
ABG :ุฎุงู DKA ูˆุฌู…ุงุนุชู‡
ECG : ุฎุงู arrhythmia ู…ู† poisoning
CXR : aspiration ุงุฐุง ุดูƒูŠุช
CT : ICH , Stroke
๐Ÿ‘‡๐Ÿ‘‡
ูˆู†ุจู„ุด Hx
Exam.
ุซู…
A : Airway.
B : Breathing.
C : Circulation
Conscious level
ุงุฐุง ู…ู† ุชุทุฎ ุฌุจูŠู†ู‡
( ุงู„ูƒุตุฉ ) ูŠุฑู…ุด ุบุงู„ุจุง ู‡ุฐุง ู…ูˆ ูุงู‚ุฏ ๐Ÿ˜‰

ุงุฐุง ุงุณุชุซู†ูŠุช ุงู„
common ููƒุฑ ุจุงู„ uncommon
#ุงูˆูุฑู„ุงุจ
#overlap

@DrMustafa8
ุดุงุฑูƒู‡ ู…ุน ุฃุตุฏู‚ุงุฆูƒ ู„ุชุนู… ุงู„ูุงุฆุฏุฉ
โค25
ู…ู†ูˆ ู‡ู†ุง ุทุจ ุจุบุฏุงุฏ ู†ู‡ุฑูŠู† ู…ุณุชู†ุตุฑูŠู‡ ุนุฑุงู‚ูŠู‡ ูƒู†ุฏูŠ
ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุฑุงุณู„ู†ูŠ ุจู„ุง ุฒุญู…ู‡ @yas0a
ูƒู„ู…ุง ุฃู†ูู‚ุช ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ููŠ ุตุบุฑูƒุŒ ุฃู†ูู‚ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ููŠ ูƒุจุฑูƒ
ูƒู„ู…ุง ุณุงูุฑุช ู„ู„ุนู„ู… ููŠ ุตุบุฑูƒุŒ ุณุงูุฑ ุจูƒ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ููŠ ูƒุจุฑูƒ
ูƒู„ู…ุง ูŠุณุฑุช ุงู„ุนู„ู… ู„ู„ู†ุงุณุŒ ูŠุณุฑ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนู„ู…

ูˆ ุงู„ุตุบุฑ ูˆ ุงู„ูƒุจุฑ ุดูŠุก ู†ุณุจูŠ ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ุนู…ุฑ
ุงุจุฏุฃ ู…ู† ุงู„ุขู† ูˆ ุงุณุชุซู…ุฑ ููŠ ู†ูุณูƒ ู…ู‡ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุนู…ุฑูƒ ุฃูˆ ู…ุฑุญู„ุชูƒ
ูˆ ุงู„ุชุนู„ู… ู…ุณุชู…ุฑ ูˆ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ ุญุฏ..

ุงู„ุฎู„ุงุตู‡ ู…ุงูƒูˆ ุดูŠุก ุจู„ุนู„ู… ู…ูˆ ูˆู‚ุชู‡ ุŒ ู„ุง ุชู†ุชุธุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูŠุฌูŠูƒ ุงู†ุช ุฑูˆุญู„ู‡
๐Ÿ”ฅ30โค20๐Ÿฅฐ5๐Ÿ‘5
ุงูƒูˆ ุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุดู…ุงู„ูŠู‡
ุณู„ูŠู…ุงู†ูŠู‡ ุฏู‡ูˆูƒ ุงุฑุจูŠู„ ุงูˆ ูƒุฑูƒูˆูƒ ุŸ
ูŠุฑุงุณู„ู†ูŠ ุจู„ุง ุฒุญู…ู‡
@yas0a
๐Ÿ‘2
Forwarded from Medical Notes "A&M" (Abdulrahman Waleed)
๐ŸŒŸ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ Clinical

ู‚ู†ูˆุงุช ู„ุฏูƒุงุชุฑุฉ ู…ุชู…ูŠุฒูŠู† ูŠู†ุดุฑูˆู† ูƒูŠุณุงุช ุŒ ูˆูŠุดุฑุญูˆู† ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุถูŠุน ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉุŒ ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุชุชุนุฑููˆู† ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูŠุณุงุช ุงู„ุดุงุฆุนุฉ ูˆุงู„ุดุบู„ุงุช ุงู„ูŠ ูŠูˆุงุฌู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ู‚ูŠู… ุงู„ุฏูˆุฑูŠ ูˆุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ูˆุงู„ุฎ ...

ุฏ. ุงุญู…ุฏ ุนุจุฏุงู„ุญุณูŠู†
https://t.me/Amedicalnotes
ุฏ .ูŠุงุณุฑ
https://t.me/yassirabdalstar

ุฏ ูŠุงุณูŠู† ุฃูŠุงุฏ
https://t.me/ZMCnote

ุฏ ู…ุญู…ุฏ ุนู„ุงุก
https://t.me/Gooddoctor2021
ุฏ. ู…ุตุทูู‰ ุงูŠูˆุจ
https://t.me/DrMustafa8
ุฏ ุญูŠุฏุฑ
https://t.me/Drhaidermedicalcourses

Medical phoniex
https://t.me/Radiolo98
ุงู‚ุงู…ุฉ ุฏูˆุฑูŠุฉ
https://t.me/ERiraq

ู‚ู†ูˆุงุช ู…ุตุงุฏุฑ ูˆ ุดุฑูˆุญุงุช  ๐Ÿ‘‡
https://t.me/ahmedalkabiii
https://t.me/internalmedicine4th
https://t.me/SOMS18
https://t.me/EDStations
๐Ÿ”ฅ7โค1
ุฏูŠ ุฏุฑุงุณู‡ ุนู…ู„ูˆู‡ุง ู ุงู†ุฌู„ุชุฑุง ุจุงู†ู‡ู… ุฑูƒุจูˆ ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ู…ุฑุงู‚ุจู‡ ู„ุถุฑุจุงุช ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ู„ู„ุฃุทุจุงุก ุนู†ุฏ ุนู…ุฑ ุงู„ุชู„ุงุชูŠู†ุงุช ูˆ ู„ุงุญุธูˆ ุงูŠู‡ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจูŠุญุตู„ ููŠู‡ู… ู„ู…ุง ุชู„ูŠููˆู†ู‡ู… ูŠุฑู†
ุทุจุนุง ุฑุณู… ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ู…ุด ู‡ูŠูู‡ู…ู‡ ุงู„ุง ุงุทุจุงุก ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ุจุณ ูŠูƒููŠ ุงู‚ูˆู„ ู„ุฃูŠ ุญุฏ ู…ุด ุทุจูŠุจ ุงู† ุงู„ู„ูŠ ููŠ ุฑุณู… ุงู„ู‚ู„ุจ ุฏุง ู…ู† ุฑู†ู‡ ุงู„ุชู„ูŠููˆู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠูˆุตู„ ู„ุณูƒุชู‡ ู‚ู„ุจูŠู‡
This ECG is from a 31-year-old healthy physician just after being aroused by an "alarm call" while on-call in the hospital.

The associated study found that 63% of physicians experienced T-wave inversion when called!

The transient T-wave inversions seen here are felt to reflect increased sympathetic tone.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9283539/
โค10
ุดูƒุฏ ู…ุฃุณุงูˆูŠู‡ ู‡ู„ุตูˆุฑู‡
In uremic pericarditis we have a normal ECG finding cuz uremic toxins interfere with ecg electrode and give a normal pattern so take care and depend on clincal sense in CKD patient
๐Ÿ”ฅ12โค5
ุชุฐูƒูŠุฑ ุจู„ู†ุณุจู‡ ู„ู„ Abnormal ECG ุญุจุฏูŠ ุงู†ุฒู„ ุจูŠู‡ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ูˆุฑู‡ ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ูˆู…ูˆุนุฏ ุงู†ุชู‡ุงุฆู‡ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฆูŠ ุงู†ุดุงุก ุงู„ู„ู‡ ููŠ ุจุฏุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฏูˆุงู… ุŒ ูˆุณุจุจ ู‡ู„ ุชุฃุฎูŠุฑ ู„ุงู† ุนู†ุฏูŠ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุณุงุช ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰ ุฏุงุตูˆุฑ ุจูŠู‡ู† ุŒ ุงู†ุชุธุฑูˆู†ูŠ ูˆุงุฏุนูˆู„ูŠ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูŠุณู‡ู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุŒ ูˆุนู†ุฏูŠ ู…ูˆุนุฏ ู…ุน ุทุจูŠุจ ุงู„ุนูŠูˆู† ูˆุฎุงูŠู ู„ุง ุนูŠูˆู†ูŠ ุชุทู„ุน ุงู„ู‚ุฑู†ูŠู‡ ู…ุฎุฑูˆุทูŠู‡ ูˆู…ูˆ ุฎูˆุด ุณุงู„ูู‡ ู„ุฃู† ุดุงูƒูŠู† ุจู‡ู„ุชุดุฎูŠุต ๐Ÿ˜… ู„ุงู† ุตุงุญุจูƒู… ุนูŠูˆู†ู‡ ุชุนุจุงู†ู‡ ูƒู„ุด๐Ÿ˜‚
โค22
ูˆุชุฐูƒูŠุฑ ุงุฎุฑ ุŒ ุงู†ุช ู…ู† ุชุถุจุท Normal ECG
ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุงู†ุช ู‡ุงู‡ูŠ ุฎุชู…ุช ุงู„ ECG ูˆุงู†ูŠ ูˆุงุซู‚ ู…ู† ูƒู„ุงู…ูŠ ุงู…ุง ุจู„ู†ุณุจู‡ ู„ู„ Abnormal ูู‡ูˆ ูƒู„ุด ุชุงูู‡ ูˆุณู‡ู„ ู„ุงู† ุงู†ุช ุนู†ุฏูƒ ุงุณุงุณ ู‚ูˆูŠ ู…ุฌุฑุฏ ู…ุง ุงุนูƒุณู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ูˆุฑู…ุงู„ ุฑุงุญ ุชูู‡ู… ุจุณู‡ูˆู„ู‡ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ูˆุชุณุชู…ุชุน ุจู„ุดุฑุญ ุŒ ูู‡ ูŠุนู†ูŠ
Don't worry
โค21๐Ÿ”ฅ1๐Ÿ‘1
Creative Doctors ๐Ÿ–ค
https://www.instagram.com/reel/Cwnv9AGr52C/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==
Poor progression of R wave

R-wave progression has the following four distinct major causes: AMI, left ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular hypertrophy, and a variant of normal with diminished anterior forces.

my Free ECG course uploaded in youtube โœจ

https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PL1WIqnXCeu1ixtJ2aWWzKUUgtnoQXmlBs&si=AjQHahAZ4bqYJEO5
๐Ÿ‘1
๐Ÿ”ฅ14โค4๐Ÿ‘2
ูƒูˆุฑุณ ุงู„ุงูŠุณูŠุฌูŠ ุงู„ู†ูˆุฑู…ุงู„
ุชู‚ุฑูˆู‡ ูƒู„ู‡ ุฏูุนู‡ ูˆุญุฏู‡ ู…ุง ูŠุทูˆู„ ุจูŠุฏูƒู… ุงุจุฏุฏุฏุฏุฏ ู„ุง ุชู‚ุฑูˆู‡ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุชู‚ุทุน ุงุฎูˆุงู† ุŒ
โค23๐Ÿ”ฅ4
โค5
โค8๐Ÿ”ฅ1
ู…ุชู„ูƒูˆู† ู‡ูŠุฌ ูƒูˆุฑุณ ุจุณุนุฑ ุฑู…ุฒูŠ ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ู…ุงู„ูƒ ู…ุจุฏุน ุฌุฏุงู‹
Forwarded from Pathology - Malek
โšซ๏ธ ุทู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ุทุจ ุงู„ุนุงู…
ุชู… ูุชุญ ุงู„ุชุณุฌูŠู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆุฑุณ ุงู„ุจุงุซูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ
ู„ู„ุณุชู…ุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุถุญุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ

โšซ๏ธ ู…ู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ูƒูˆุฑุณ ุงู„ุจุงุซูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ

โšซ๏ธ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชุณุฌูŠู„ ูˆุงู„ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุงู„ู…ุณุชุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูุฏูŠูˆุงุช

โšซ๏ธ ุงู„ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ู„ุงุฒู… ุทุจ ุจุบุฏุงุฏ ูˆู…ุตุฏุฑ ุฑูˆุจู†ุฒ ูˆ ููŠุฑุณุช ุงูŠุฏ ูˆุจุงุซูˆู…ุง

โšซ๏ธ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุณ ู…ุชุงุญ ู„ูƒู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฏุฑุณ ุงู„ุจุงุซูˆ ู„ู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถุญุฉ ุจุงู„ุตูˆุฑ

โšซ๏ธ ู„ู„ุชูˆุงุตู„ ุชู„ูƒุฑุงู…
@MaPatho

๐Ÿ”ฅุนู„ู…ู‹ุง ุงู† ุณุนุฑ ุงู„ูƒูˆุฑุณ ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ูขูฅ ุจุฏู„ุง ุนู† ูฃู  ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ ูŠูˆู… ูฉ/ูกู 
โค2