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FUNCTIONS OF NUTRIENTS
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• C, H and O are the elements that provide basic structure to the plant.

• N, S and P are useful in energy storage, transfer and bonding.

• N, S and P are accessory structural elements which are more active and vital for living tissues.

• K, Ca and Mg are necessary for charge balance. They act as regulators and carriers.

• Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo and Cl are involved in enzyme activation and electron transport. They act as catalysers and activators.

• Basic nutrients C, H and O are constituents of carbohydrates and several biochemical compounds.

• Nitrogen is a constituent of proteins, enzymes, hormones,
vitamins, alkaloids, chlorophyll etc.

• Phosphorus is a constituent of sugar phosphates, nucleotides, nucleic acids, coenzymes and phospholipids.

• Process of anabolism and catabolism of carbohydrates proceed when organic compounds are esterised with phosphoric acid.
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• Potassium is not a constituent of any organic compound.

• Potassium is required as a cofactor for 40 or more enzymes.

• Potassium controls movement of stomata and maintains electroneutrality of plant cells.

• Sulphur is a constituent of several aminoacids and fatty acids.

• Calcium is a constituent of cell wall as calcium pectate.

• Calcium is required as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP and phospholipids AgriTime.

• Magnesium is a constituent of chlorophyll.

• Magnesium is required in several enzymes involved in phosphate transfer.

• Iron is a constituent of various enzymes like cytochrome,
catalase and plays the part of a vital catalyst in the plant.

• Iron is a key element in various redox reactions of respiration, photosynthesis and reduction of nitrates and sulphates.

• Manganese is a constituent of several cation activated enzymes like decarboxylases, kinases, oxidases etc.

• Manganese is essential for the formation of chlorophyll,
reduction of nitrates and for respiration.

• Copper and Zinc are involved in cation activated enzymes.

• Boron helps in carbohydrate transport.

• Boron is necessary for the germination of pollen, formation of flowers and fruits and for the absorption of cations.

• Molybdenum is required for the assimilation of nitrates as well as for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.

• Chlorine is involved in reaction relating to oxygen evolution.

• Co, Se are the elements that need to be applied to forage crops from the viewpoint of animal nutrition.

• Cobalt is essential for the synthesis of vitamin B12.

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✅Nitrogen (N) :
Organic Matter

✅Phosphorus (P) :
Apettite, Fe/Al phosptate, O.M

✅Potassium (K) :
Biotite, Feldspar, Orthoclase.
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✅Calcium (Ca) :
Anorthite, Dolomite

✅Magnesium (Mg) :
Dolomite, Oivine, Muscovite, Biotite

✅Boron(Bo) :
Tourmaline

✅Molybdenum (Mo) :
Olivine

✅Copper (Cu) :
Chalcopyrite, Olivine, Hornblende, Augize

✅Zinc (Zn) :
Sphelarite, Olivine, Hornblende

✅Manganese (Mn) :
Pyrolusite

✅Ferrous (Fe) :
Pyrite

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🌾Agronomy topics🌾

♻️♻️Problematic Soils and Management-2♻️♻️

🔰Alkali soils:🔰

👉🏻 EC< 4 dS/m, pH > 8.5, ESP > 15
👉🏻 Excessive exchangeable Na, high pH, lack of nutrients Ca, N, Zn and poor physical conditions, coupled with poor aeration are chief causes for low productivity.
👉🏻 Soil colour becomes black due to dispersion of clay and organic matter
👉🏻 Water infiltration rate becomes very low resulting in stagnation of water
👉🏻Soil becomes cloddy and hard at drying.
👉🏻Heavy irrigation is applied after the addition of gypsum Agristudy to facilitate the leaching of soluble slats of Na.
👉🏻 In order to replace excessive amount of Na, application of Ca is essential.
👉🏻 Several amendments such as *gypsum, S, H2SO4, CaCl2, FeSO4, iron pyrites, Al2(SO4)3 are available but gypsum is most popular.*

🔰Saline-alkali soils:🔰
👉🏻EC >4 dS/m, pH > 8.5, ESP >15
👉🏻 These soils have Agristudy mixture of characteristics of both saline and alkali soils.
👉🏻 Soils showing high salinity and ESP should be reclaimed for both but first for salinity and later for excessive exchangeable Na.
👉🏻Tolerance of crops to exchangeable sodium
🔖Tolerant – Rice, Sugarbeet, Dhaincha
🔖Medium tolerant- Wheat, Barley, Oats, Millets
🔖Sensitive– Legumes, Maize, Groundnut