What is the oldest pyramid in the world?
The Pyramid of Djoser (or Zoser), is widely believed to be the oldest pyramid in the world.
It dates back to around 2630 BC.
The construction on the Great Pyramid of Giza began in 2560 BC, roughly 70 years later.
Like all Egyptian pyramids, the Djoser pyramid was built for a ruler. King Djoser was the second ruler of Egyptโs third dynasty and held the throne for an estimated 19 years.
The kingโs monument was built by a great architect, named Imhotep. He was the chief minister to Djoser and left behind a legacy. If the name sounds familiar, it may be because the architect become known as the Egyptian god of wisdom and medicine โ now listed among few other actual, historical people who were named deities.
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The Pyramid of Djoser (or Zoser), is widely believed to be the oldest pyramid in the world.
It dates back to around 2630 BC.
The construction on the Great Pyramid of Giza began in 2560 BC, roughly 70 years later.
Like all Egyptian pyramids, the Djoser pyramid was built for a ruler. King Djoser was the second ruler of Egyptโs third dynasty and held the throne for an estimated 19 years.
The kingโs monument was built by a great architect, named Imhotep. He was the chief minister to Djoser and left behind a legacy. If the name sounds familiar, it may be because the architect become known as the Egyptian god of wisdom and medicine โ now listed among few other actual, historical people who were named deities.
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What is the tallest pyramid in the world?
The most famous and the tallest pyramid, the Great Pyramid (also known as the Pyramid of Cheops) is located in Giza, Egypt.
Its height is 138.5 metres and its base is measured at 230.3 metres.
This pyramid is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and the only one that has stayed mostly intact.
It was built around 2600 BC as the tomb for the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu (Cheops). It remains the tallest pyramid in the world, and for 3,800 years after it was finished, it was also the worldโs tallest building.
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The most famous and the tallest pyramid, the Great Pyramid (also known as the Pyramid of Cheops) is located in Giza, Egypt.
Its height is 138.5 metres and its base is measured at 230.3 metres.
This pyramid is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and the only one that has stayed mostly intact.
It was built around 2600 BC as the tomb for the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu (Cheops). It remains the tallest pyramid in the world, and for 3,800 years after it was finished, it was also the worldโs tallest building.
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What is the worldโs largest pyramid?
Perhaps surprisingly to some, but the Pyramid of Cheops is not the largest in the world.
This title belongs to the Great Pyramid of Cholula in Puebla, Mexico.
The Great Pyramid of Cholula is a temple to the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl in Mexico.
It was built in stages between the third century BC and the ninth century AD by the Toltec-Chichimec people, who settled in what is modern-day Puebla in the twelfth century.
The structure was named Tlachihualtepetl, or โthe mountain built-by-handโ.
It has the height of 55 metres and the base of 450 metres.
With this base covering an area of almost 50 acres, Cholula isnโt close to being one of the tallest pyramids in the world but it is by far the biggest by volume.
It is the largest monument ever built and its volume is a staggering 4.45 million cubic metres, almost twice that of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
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Perhaps surprisingly to some, but the Pyramid of Cheops is not the largest in the world.
This title belongs to the Great Pyramid of Cholula in Puebla, Mexico.
The Great Pyramid of Cholula is a temple to the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl in Mexico.
It was built in stages between the third century BC and the ninth century AD by the Toltec-Chichimec people, who settled in what is modern-day Puebla in the twelfth century.
The structure was named Tlachihualtepetl, or โthe mountain built-by-handโ.
It has the height of 55 metres and the base of 450 metres.
With this base covering an area of almost 50 acres, Cholula isnโt close to being one of the tallest pyramids in the world but it is by far the biggest by volume.
It is the largest monument ever built and its volume is a staggering 4.45 million cubic metres, almost twice that of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
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When the last ancient pyramids were built?
According to scientists, the last pyramid in ancient Egypt was built between 1550 and 1525 B.C., during the rule of Pharaoh Ahmose.
The pyramid was discovered in Abydos, one of the oldest cities of ancient Egypt, located near the modern day Egyptian towns of El Arabia, El Madfuna and El Balyana south of Sohag.
The construction, which was in fact part of a whole pyramid complex, was likely dedicated to Queen Tetisheri, the grandmother of Ahmose.
In the Americas, that contain more pyramid structures than the rest of the planet combined, ancient Mesoamerican civilizations kept building pyramids until circa 1500 AD, when conquistadors arrived in those lands.
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According to scientists, the last pyramid in ancient Egypt was built between 1550 and 1525 B.C., during the rule of Pharaoh Ahmose.
The pyramid was discovered in Abydos, one of the oldest cities of ancient Egypt, located near the modern day Egyptian towns of El Arabia, El Madfuna and El Balyana south of Sohag.
The construction, which was in fact part of a whole pyramid complex, was likely dedicated to Queen Tetisheri, the grandmother of Ahmose.
In the Americas, that contain more pyramid structures than the rest of the planet combined, ancient Mesoamerican civilizations kept building pyramids until circa 1500 AD, when conquistadors arrived in those lands.
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What color is the snow?
Itโs spring time in the Northern hemisphere and fall in the Southern, but in some parts of our planet one can still, already, and even always find snow.
Dreaming of Christmas, one's mind usually comes up with pictures of the white color of snow.
But this vision isnโt strictly accurate as snow is in fact translucent.
Itโs the reflection of light that makes it appear white. Many planes of snowflakes scatter the light in many directions, diffusing the entire colour spectrum.
Snow can also demonstrate a wide variety of spectacular hues. Dust, pollution or cryophilic (cold-loving) fresh-water algae can colour it black, orange or blue.
Pink or โwatermelon snowโ, caused by algae containing astaxanthin, a chemical similar to the one found in carrots, was mentioned in the early writings of Aristotle.
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Itโs spring time in the Northern hemisphere and fall in the Southern, but in some parts of our planet one can still, already, and even always find snow.
Dreaming of Christmas, one's mind usually comes up with pictures of the white color of snow.
But this vision isnโt strictly accurate as snow is in fact translucent.
Itโs the reflection of light that makes it appear white. Many planes of snowflakes scatter the light in many directions, diffusing the entire colour spectrum.
Snow can also demonstrate a wide variety of spectacular hues. Dust, pollution or cryophilic (cold-loving) fresh-water algae can colour it black, orange or blue.
Pink or โwatermelon snowโ, caused by algae containing astaxanthin, a chemical similar to the one found in carrots, was mentioned in the early writings of Aristotle.
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How snowflakes are forming and how big they can be?
When the air is colder than 0ยฐ Celsius (32ยฐ Fahrenheit), snow crystals begin to form from water vapor high in the atmosphere.
As more water vapor condenses and freezes on these crystals, they form the beautiful shapes we call snowflakes!
According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the largest snowflake in the world was 15 inches wide and 8 inches thick. This was recorded on January 28, 1887 by Matt Coleman at Fort Keogh, Montana. He said that the snowflake was โlarger than a milk panโ.
While many have doubted such reports and pointed out the lack of corroborating evidence, scientists now claim thereโs nothing to stop flakes growing that big.
As flake size isnโt part of the meteorological measuring designations for snow, these massive flakes may well be out there, but just unreported, unseen or broken up by wind currents as they descend.
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When the air is colder than 0ยฐ Celsius (32ยฐ Fahrenheit), snow crystals begin to form from water vapor high in the atmosphere.
As more water vapor condenses and freezes on these crystals, they form the beautiful shapes we call snowflakes!
According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the largest snowflake in the world was 15 inches wide and 8 inches thick. This was recorded on January 28, 1887 by Matt Coleman at Fort Keogh, Montana. He said that the snowflake was โlarger than a milk panโ.
While many have doubted such reports and pointed out the lack of corroborating evidence, scientists now claim thereโs nothing to stop flakes growing that big.
As flake size isnโt part of the meteorological measuring designations for snow, these massive flakes may well be out there, but just unreported, unseen or broken up by wind currents as they descend.
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Why snowflakes are so different and maybe each of them is even unique?
Snowflakes are all made of the same hydrogen and oxygen atoms, so they are all the same on the atomic level.
But one of the determining factors in the shape of an individual snowflake is the unstable air temperature around it.
Changes in temperature as the snowflake falls determines different shapes of the six arms or the dendritic structure of the crystal.
Most of experts agree that it is almost impossible for two snowflakes to form their complicated designs in exactly the same way.
To reinforce this hypothesis, scientists claim that that there are up to 10^158 snowflake possibilities.
Thatโs 1070 times more designs than there are atoms in the entire Universe!
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Snowflakes are all made of the same hydrogen and oxygen atoms, so they are all the same on the atomic level.
But one of the determining factors in the shape of an individual snowflake is the unstable air temperature around it.
Changes in temperature as the snowflake falls determines different shapes of the six arms or the dendritic structure of the crystal.
Most of experts agree that it is almost impossible for two snowflakes to form their complicated designs in exactly the same way.
To reinforce this hypothesis, scientists claim that that there are up to 10^158 snowflake possibilities.
Thatโs 1070 times more designs than there are atoms in the entire Universe!
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Have you seen a catalogue of snowflakes?
When it is extremely cold the snow is very fine and powdery and snowflakes become quite simple in design, usually needle or rod-shaped.
When the temperature is near to freezing point (0 degrees Celsius), snowflakes become much larger and a lot more complex in design.
Some flakes experts and amateurs have catalogued 35 different types of snowflakes (plus a few other types of frozen precipitation).
Snowflakes can be categorized into six main types: plate (flat), column, stars dendrite, lacy, needle, and capped column.
Snowflakes are designated as column, plane, rimmed, germs, irregular plus a number of combinations of all of them.
These types can be recognized with the naked eye from just looking closely at them.
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When it is extremely cold the snow is very fine and powdery and snowflakes become quite simple in design, usually needle or rod-shaped.
When the temperature is near to freezing point (0 degrees Celsius), snowflakes become much larger and a lot more complex in design.
Some flakes experts and amateurs have catalogued 35 different types of snowflakes (plus a few other types of frozen precipitation).
Snowflakes can be categorized into six main types: plate (flat), column, stars dendrite, lacy, needle, and capped column.
Snowflakes are designated as column, plane, rimmed, germs, irregular plus a number of combinations of all of them.
These types can be recognized with the naked eye from just looking closely at them.
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What animal can be called the ultimate apex predator of our planet?
If we donโt consider humans equipped with different scientific and technological achievements, there is one animal on the Earth that can be justly called the top predator of our world.
Itโs orca, also known as killer whale, that holds this global title.
Being the largest member of the dolphin family and hunting in all of the world's oceans, these highly intellectual and collective mammals have no natural enemies.
Even the great white shark canโt keep up - as discovered not long ago, its liver is just high-energy paste for orcas.
The size of killer whales is as impressive as their sophisticated hunting techniques and vocal behaviours.
Males typically range from 6 to 8 metres (20 to 26 ft) long and weigh in excess of 6 tonnes. Females are smaller: from 5 to 7 m (16 to 23 ft) and weigh about 3 to 4 tonnes.
The biggest registered male was about 10 meters long (33 ft).
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If we donโt consider humans equipped with different scientific and technological achievements, there is one animal on the Earth that can be justly called the top predator of our world.
Itโs orca, also known as killer whale, that holds this global title.
Being the largest member of the dolphin family and hunting in all of the world's oceans, these highly intellectual and collective mammals have no natural enemies.
Even the great white shark canโt keep up - as discovered not long ago, its liver is just high-energy paste for orcas.
The size of killer whales is as impressive as their sophisticated hunting techniques and vocal behaviours.
Males typically range from 6 to 8 metres (20 to 26 ft) long and weigh in excess of 6 tonnes. Females are smaller: from 5 to 7 m (16 to 23 ft) and weigh about 3 to 4 tonnes.
The biggest registered male was about 10 meters long (33 ft).
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Do all orcas have the same diet?
All orcas are predators and have a diverse diet.
But based on many years of observation, scientists are now dividing killer whales into at least 2 types (or maybe even subspecies) with different nutritional traditions.
โข Resident orcasโ diet consists primarily of fish and sometimes squid, and they live in complex and cohesive family groups called pods. These are most commonly sighted in coastal waters and visit the same areas consistently.
โข The diet of transient orcas consists almost exclusively of marine mammals. They generally travel in small groups of 2-6 animals, and have less persistent family bonds than residents.
Like people with different nutritional habits who donโt eat at the same places in the city while living in the same areas, groups of transient and resident orcas try to avoid each other.
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All orcas are predators and have a diverse diet.
But based on many years of observation, scientists are now dividing killer whales into at least 2 types (or maybe even subspecies) with different nutritional traditions.
โข Resident orcasโ diet consists primarily of fish and sometimes squid, and they live in complex and cohesive family groups called pods. These are most commonly sighted in coastal waters and visit the same areas consistently.
โข The diet of transient orcas consists almost exclusively of marine mammals. They generally travel in small groups of 2-6 animals, and have less persistent family bonds than residents.
Like people with different nutritional habits who donโt eat at the same places in the city while living in the same areas, groups of transient and resident orcas try to avoid each other.
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Where is the apple tree that inspired Isaak Newton?
Legend has it that a young Isaac Newton was sitting under an apple tree when he was hit on the head by a falling fruit that prompted him to suddenly come up with his law of gravity.
There is no evidence to suggest the fruit did actually land on his head, but Newtonโs observation of falling apples could really inspire him to develop his law of universal gravitation.
Experts believe that the apple anecdote took place between 1665 and 1667, when Newton was studying at Cambridge University, but because of an outbreak of the bubonic plague in the school he moved back to his childhood home, Woolsthorpe Manor near Grantham in Lincolnshire, England.
Some say that the famous apple tree has been growing at Woolsthorpe Manor to this day.
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Legend has it that a young Isaac Newton was sitting under an apple tree when he was hit on the head by a falling fruit that prompted him to suddenly come up with his law of gravity.
There is no evidence to suggest the fruit did actually land on his head, but Newtonโs observation of falling apples could really inspire him to develop his law of universal gravitation.
Experts believe that the apple anecdote took place between 1665 and 1667, when Newton was studying at Cambridge University, but because of an outbreak of the bubonic plague in the school he moved back to his childhood home, Woolsthorpe Manor near Grantham in Lincolnshire, England.
Some say that the famous apple tree has been growing at Woolsthorpe Manor to this day.
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Is it theoretically possible to turn the Earth into a black hole?
The size of a black hole can be thought of in terms of the radius of its event horizon.
Astrophysicists refer to this as the Schwarzschild radius, named after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild, who developed the modern idea of a black hole using Einstein's theories over a century ago.
Schwarzschild radii are not limited to black holes. Any object with mass, such as a planet, moon, or a human, has a Schwarzschild radius.
If an object's physical radius becomes smaller than its Schwarzschild radius this object will become a black hole.
The Earth's Schwarzschild radius is thought to be around 8.7mm, or roughly 17.5mm in diameter.
Therefore, if someone or something were to shrink the Earth down to a little less than the size of a penny, our planet would become a black hole.
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The size of a black hole can be thought of in terms of the radius of its event horizon.
Astrophysicists refer to this as the Schwarzschild radius, named after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild, who developed the modern idea of a black hole using Einstein's theories over a century ago.
Schwarzschild radii are not limited to black holes. Any object with mass, such as a planet, moon, or a human, has a Schwarzschild radius.
If an object's physical radius becomes smaller than its Schwarzschild radius this object will become a black hole.
The Earth's Schwarzschild radius is thought to be around 8.7mm, or roughly 17.5mm in diameter.
Therefore, if someone or something were to shrink the Earth down to a little less than the size of a penny, our planet would become a black hole.
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What is the birthplace of tea?
Scientifically the tea tree is called camellia sinensis and is a species of evergreen shrubs or small trees in the flowering plant family Theaceae.
Its leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea.
According to the last analysis of botanists, a single place of origin for Camellia sinensis is the area including the Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China, and northern part of Burma.
Specifically, the territory of Yunnan Province in China has been identified as the birthplace of tea, and Fengqing County in the Lincang City Prefecture of this province is said to be home to the world's oldest cultivated tea tree, some 3,200 years old.
Tea drinking likely began during the Shang Dynasty (1500 BCโ1046 BC) for medicine use.
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Scientifically the tea tree is called camellia sinensis and is a species of evergreen shrubs or small trees in the flowering plant family Theaceae.
Its leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea.
According to the last analysis of botanists, a single place of origin for Camellia sinensis is the area including the Yunnan and Sichuan provinces of China, and northern part of Burma.
Specifically, the territory of Yunnan Province in China has been identified as the birthplace of tea, and Fengqing County in the Lincang City Prefecture of this province is said to be home to the world's oldest cultivated tea tree, some 3,200 years old.
Tea drinking likely began during the Shang Dynasty (1500 BCโ1046 BC) for medicine use.
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What is the difference between black tea and green tea?๐ซ
Both black and green tea come from the same plant - camellia sinensis.
To make black or green tea, plucked tea tree leaves go through different processing stages.
The only difference between black tea and green tea is the oxidation process: its presence or absence.
After the leaves attain an optimal level of oxidation, they are passed through a long flat conveyor at a high temperature. This is called firing or drying, and stops the oxidization process, reducing moisture to around 3-4%. When the tea emerges after firing, it becomes the black tea.
When green tea is being produced, the oxidation process is completely bypassed. The leaves undergo a quick heat treatment to destroy the tea enzyme, and hence, retain their green color. In Japan this is done by steaming the tea leaves, while in China, tea leaves are pan fried - a reason why there are so many different variations of green tea.๐ต
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Both black and green tea come from the same plant - camellia sinensis.
To make black or green tea, plucked tea tree leaves go through different processing stages.
The only difference between black tea and green tea is the oxidation process: its presence or absence.
After the leaves attain an optimal level of oxidation, they are passed through a long flat conveyor at a high temperature. This is called firing or drying, and stops the oxidization process, reducing moisture to around 3-4%. When the tea emerges after firing, it becomes the black tea.
When green tea is being produced, the oxidation process is completely bypassed. The leaves undergo a quick heat treatment to destroy the tea enzyme, and hence, retain their green color. In Japan this is done by steaming the tea leaves, while in China, tea leaves are pan fried - a reason why there are so many different variations of green tea.๐ต
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What countries produce and drink the most tea?
Considered the birthplace of tea, ๐จ๐ณChina produces some 40% of the worldโs tea weighing in at 2.4 million tonnes per annum and is the largest tea producer on the planet.
China is followed by
๐ฎ๐ณ India (900,000 tonnes)
๐ฐ๐ช Kenya (305,000 tonnes)
๐ฑ๐ฐ Sri Lanka (300,000 tonnes)
๐น๐ท Turkey (175,000 tonnes)
๐ฎ๐ฉ Indonesia (157,000 tonnes)
๐ป๐ณ Vietnam (117,000 tonnes)
๐ฏ๐ต Japan (89,000 tonnes)
๐ฎ๐ท Iran (84,000 tonnes)
๐ฆ๐ท Argentina (70,000 tonnes)
The ranking of the most tea-drinking countries is quite different.
๐น๐ท Turkey tops the list with an annual tea consumption per capita of 3.16 kg or 6.96 lb.
The second tea drinker nation is ๐ฎ๐ชIreland (2.19 kg or 4.83 lb), followed by the ๐ฌ๐ง UK (1.94 kg or 4.28 lb), ๐ฎ๐ท Iran (1.50 kg or 3.30 lb), ๐ท๐บ Russia (1.38 kg or 3.04 lb), ๐ฒ๐ฆ Morocco (1.22 kg or 2.68 lb), ๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand (1.19 kg or 2.63 lb), ๐จ๐ฑ Chile (1.19 kg or 2.62 lb), ๐ช๐ฌ Egypt (1.01 kg or 2.23 lb) and ๐ต๐ฑ Poland (1.00 kg or 2.20 lb).
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Considered the birthplace of tea, ๐จ๐ณChina produces some 40% of the worldโs tea weighing in at 2.4 million tonnes per annum and is the largest tea producer on the planet.
China is followed by
๐ฎ๐ณ India (900,000 tonnes)
๐ฐ๐ช Kenya (305,000 tonnes)
๐ฑ๐ฐ Sri Lanka (300,000 tonnes)
๐น๐ท Turkey (175,000 tonnes)
๐ฎ๐ฉ Indonesia (157,000 tonnes)
๐ป๐ณ Vietnam (117,000 tonnes)
๐ฏ๐ต Japan (89,000 tonnes)
๐ฎ๐ท Iran (84,000 tonnes)
๐ฆ๐ท Argentina (70,000 tonnes)
The ranking of the most tea-drinking countries is quite different.
๐น๐ท Turkey tops the list with an annual tea consumption per capita of 3.16 kg or 6.96 lb.
The second tea drinker nation is ๐ฎ๐ชIreland (2.19 kg or 4.83 lb), followed by the ๐ฌ๐ง UK (1.94 kg or 4.28 lb), ๐ฎ๐ท Iran (1.50 kg or 3.30 lb), ๐ท๐บ Russia (1.38 kg or 3.04 lb), ๐ฒ๐ฆ Morocco (1.22 kg or 2.68 lb), ๐ณ๐ฟ New Zealand (1.19 kg or 2.63 lb), ๐จ๐ฑ Chile (1.19 kg or 2.62 lb), ๐ช๐ฌ Egypt (1.01 kg or 2.23 lb) and ๐ต๐ฑ Poland (1.00 kg or 2.20 lb).
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Why are American sequoias so large and tall?
Two species of American redwoods, scientifically known as sequoia and sequoiadendron, belong to sequoioideae, a subfamily of coniferous trees within the family cupressaceae, and are the tallest and largest trees on the planet.๐ฒ
๐The tallest sequoia measures at 115 meters (380 feet) high and the largest one has a diameter of 11 meters (36,5 feet) with an estimated mass of over 1,910 tonnes.
Sequoias grow so tall and large because they live a very long time and grow relatively quickly.
To thrive they require a great amount of water, which they primarily receive from the snow that accumulates in the mountains in winter and soaks into the ground when melting in spring.
Sequoias need well-drained soil, so walking around the base of the tree can cause it harm, as it compacts the soil around their shallow roots and prevents the trees from getting enough water.
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Two species of American redwoods, scientifically known as sequoia and sequoiadendron, belong to sequoioideae, a subfamily of coniferous trees within the family cupressaceae, and are the tallest and largest trees on the planet.๐ฒ
๐The tallest sequoia measures at 115 meters (380 feet) high and the largest one has a diameter of 11 meters (36,5 feet) with an estimated mass of over 1,910 tonnes.
Sequoias grow so tall and large because they live a very long time and grow relatively quickly.
To thrive they require a great amount of water, which they primarily receive from the snow that accumulates in the mountains in winter and soaks into the ground when melting in spring.
Sequoias need well-drained soil, so walking around the base of the tree can cause it harm, as it compacts the soil around their shallow roots and prevents the trees from getting enough water.
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Can people protect American sequoias from forest fires?
A great number of wildfires ๐ฅ regularly occur on the US Western coast: exactly where sequoias grow.
Naturally, American authorities try to struggle against forest fires to minimize their negative impacts on the environment and infrastructure.๐
However, in the case with the worldโs biggest trees successful fire suppression policies can lead to an opposite result by increasing the growth of dense, brushy undergrowth and reducing the likelihood of sequoias regeneration.
The thing is that fire is an important element of the sequoia forest, as sequoia seedlings need nutrient-rich soil, lots of sunlight, and an area free of competition from other plants to thrive.
Periodic wildfires help to produce all of these conditions and are therefore very beneficial to the reproduction of sequoia trees.
Researchers have discovered that gaps in the forest canopy up to 0.5 acres in size can help secure and promote this regeneration.
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A great number of wildfires ๐ฅ regularly occur on the US Western coast: exactly where sequoias grow.
Naturally, American authorities try to struggle against forest fires to minimize their negative impacts on the environment and infrastructure.๐
However, in the case with the worldโs biggest trees successful fire suppression policies can lead to an opposite result by increasing the growth of dense, brushy undergrowth and reducing the likelihood of sequoias regeneration.
The thing is that fire is an important element of the sequoia forest, as sequoia seedlings need nutrient-rich soil, lots of sunlight, and an area free of competition from other plants to thrive.
Periodic wildfires help to produce all of these conditions and are therefore very beneficial to the reproduction of sequoia trees.
Researchers have discovered that gaps in the forest canopy up to 0.5 acres in size can help secure and promote this regeneration.
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