What toy is considered the most harmful?
The answer to this question is lawn darts, also known under a military styled name Javelin darts, a lawn game for two players or teams that appeared in stores in the 1960s.
Its set usually includes four large darts and two targets in the form of a plastic ring.
30cm (12 inches) in length with a weighted metal or plastic tip on one end and three plastic fins on a rod at the other end, the darts are intended to be tossed underhand toward a horizontal ground target.🤯
❗️After more than 6,000 recorded injuries and at least 3 children's deaths 😢, attributed to this game, it was banned in the US 🇺🇸 and Canada 🇨🇦 in 1988.
Nevertheless, lawn darts remain legal in Europe.🇪🇺
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The answer to this question is lawn darts, also known under a military styled name Javelin darts, a lawn game for two players or teams that appeared in stores in the 1960s.
Its set usually includes four large darts and two targets in the form of a plastic ring.
30cm (12 inches) in length with a weighted metal or plastic tip on one end and three plastic fins on a rod at the other end, the darts are intended to be tossed underhand toward a horizontal ground target.🤯
❗️After more than 6,000 recorded injuries and at least 3 children's deaths 😢, attributed to this game, it was banned in the US 🇺🇸 and Canada 🇨🇦 in 1988.
Nevertheless, lawn darts remain legal in Europe.🇪🇺
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What is the healthiest diet?
The Mediterranean diet is considered the peak of healthy eating.😋
It’s scientifically proven that people in the region of the Mediterranean see who are following this diet, are experiencing lower rates of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer than those in other countries.💪
This is thought to be due to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of a diet high in starchy, fibrous foods, vegetables🍅🍆🥑🥦🥬🥒🥕 and fish🐟.
The main principles of the Mediterranean diet are📝:
📍More starchy foods, such as bread or pasta, preferably whole grain.
📍More lean protein, such as fish.
📍More unsaturated fats, such as olive oil.
📍More fresh fruits and vegetables, particularly cruciferous vegetables high in fibre.
📍Less processed foods.
📍Less red meat - try replacing red meat with plant-based protein sources such as legumes.
📍Everything in moderation. You can still enjoy processed or fast foods, just not too often.
👍
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The Mediterranean diet is considered the peak of healthy eating.😋
It’s scientifically proven that people in the region of the Mediterranean see who are following this diet, are experiencing lower rates of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer than those in other countries.💪
This is thought to be due to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of a diet high in starchy, fibrous foods, vegetables🍅🍆🥑🥦🥬🥒🥕 and fish🐟.
The main principles of the Mediterranean diet are📝:
📍More starchy foods, such as bread or pasta, preferably whole grain.
📍More lean protein, such as fish.
📍More unsaturated fats, such as olive oil.
📍More fresh fruits and vegetables, particularly cruciferous vegetables high in fibre.
📍Less processed foods.
📍Less red meat - try replacing red meat with plant-based protein sources such as legumes.
📍Everything in moderation. You can still enjoy processed or fast foods, just not too often.
👍
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What are the two types of tsunamis?
On a regular basis we hear about tsunamis resulting from volcanic islands collapses somewhere in the open waters of the World Ocean.🌊
They are caused by disruptions to the seafloor due to the movement of tectonic plates and therefore are called tectonic.
These tsunamis start as small waves only a few feet high that can travel enormous distances and increase in height when they reach the coast.
This type makes up more than 90% of all tsunamis, but is not the only one.
The second, much rarer type, is a landslide-generated tsunami that can be even larger than tectonic ones but is also much more short-lived, decaying rapidly.
When generating extremely large and tall waves, both types are qualified as megatsunamis.
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On a regular basis we hear about tsunamis resulting from volcanic islands collapses somewhere in the open waters of the World Ocean.🌊
They are caused by disruptions to the seafloor due to the movement of tectonic plates and therefore are called tectonic.
These tsunamis start as small waves only a few feet high that can travel enormous distances and increase in height when they reach the coast.
This type makes up more than 90% of all tsunamis, but is not the only one.
The second, much rarer type, is a landslide-generated tsunami that can be even larger than tectonic ones but is also much more short-lived, decaying rapidly.
When generating extremely large and tall waves, both types are qualified as megatsunamis.
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What's the tallest wave ever recorded?
The tallest wave 🌊🌊🌊 was part of a landslide-generated tsunami (see our previous post) and was recorded in July 1958 in Lituya Bay (on the photo), on Alaska's southern coast after an 8.3-magnitude earthquake.
The colossal wave leveled trees on the steep slopes surrounding the bay up to a maximum height of about 520 meters (more than 1,700 feet) above sea level — higher than some tallest skyscrapers.😲
According to researchers, for the tsunami to reach this height, the landslide that triggered it would have likely dumped around 30 million cubic meters (1.1 billion cubic feet) of rock into the bay.
Modern laboratory methods showed that the wave responsible for leveling the trees was at least 150 m (around 492 feet) tall, which makes it taller than any wave crest recorded on Earth.
The shape of Lituya Bay which is a fjord — a long and narrow coastal inlet with steep sides – also contributed to the wave's being so tall.
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The tallest wave 🌊🌊🌊 was part of a landslide-generated tsunami (see our previous post) and was recorded in July 1958 in Lituya Bay (on the photo), on Alaska's southern coast after an 8.3-magnitude earthquake.
The colossal wave leveled trees on the steep slopes surrounding the bay up to a maximum height of about 520 meters (more than 1,700 feet) above sea level — higher than some tallest skyscrapers.😲
According to researchers, for the tsunami to reach this height, the landslide that triggered it would have likely dumped around 30 million cubic meters (1.1 billion cubic feet) of rock into the bay.
Modern laboratory methods showed that the wave responsible for leveling the trees was at least 150 m (around 492 feet) tall, which makes it taller than any wave crest recorded on Earth.
The shape of Lituya Bay which is a fjord — a long and narrow coastal inlet with steep sides – also contributed to the wave's being so tall.
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What are the largest open-water waves?
According to the World Meteorological Organization, the largest open-water wave measured at 19 m (62.3 feet) and was detected in the North Atlantic on Feb. 17, 2013.
The most extreme rogue wave ever (an unusually tall wave more than twice as high as the surrounding swells that spontaneously appear in the open ocean) was recorded on Nov. 17, 2020, by a buoy near the Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Described as a "once in a millennium" occurrence. It was 17.6 m (58 feet) tall, making it more than three times as tall as surrounding swells.
The tallest wave ever surfed was apparently ridden on Oct. 29, 2020, at Nazaré, a town in western Portugal. Its height was 30.9 m (101.4-foot), but this record is not officially recognized by the World Surf League.
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According to the World Meteorological Organization, the largest open-water wave measured at 19 m (62.3 feet) and was detected in the North Atlantic on Feb. 17, 2013.
The most extreme rogue wave ever (an unusually tall wave more than twice as high as the surrounding swells that spontaneously appear in the open ocean) was recorded on Nov. 17, 2020, by a buoy near the Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Described as a "once in a millennium" occurrence. It was 17.6 m (58 feet) tall, making it more than three times as tall as surrounding swells.
The tallest wave ever surfed was apparently ridden on Oct. 29, 2020, at Nazaré, a town in western Portugal. Its height was 30.9 m (101.4-foot), but this record is not officially recognized by the World Surf League.
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What is a tidal bore?
Big waves occur not only in oceans but also in rivers.
❗️The largest river waves are recorded during a tidal bore, that is a phenomenon in which an incoming tide reverses the current of a river and forms a wave, or waves, of water that travel up the river.
The world's largest tidal bore regularly occurs in China's 🇨🇳 Qiantang River during the eighth month of the lunar calendar🗓.
The wave then normally reaches around 9 m (29.5 feet) high.
However, there are evidences that on Aug. 22, 2013, an additional surge from a typhoon caused the wave to reach around 20 m (65.6 feet) high and even injured 30 spectators of this remarkable natural water spectacle.
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Big waves occur not only in oceans but also in rivers.
❗️The largest river waves are recorded during a tidal bore, that is a phenomenon in which an incoming tide reverses the current of a river and forms a wave, or waves, of water that travel up the river.
The world's largest tidal bore regularly occurs in China's 🇨🇳 Qiantang River during the eighth month of the lunar calendar🗓.
The wave then normally reaches around 9 m (29.5 feet) high.
However, there are evidences that on Aug. 22, 2013, an additional surge from a typhoon caused the wave to reach around 20 m (65.6 feet) high and even injured 30 spectators of this remarkable natural water spectacle.
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Where and why are the largest artificial waves generated?
The largest artificial waves are made in the Netherlands🇳🇱 at the Delta Flume wave generator.
This facility, opened in 2015, has a 300 m long (984-foot) tank, which holds 9 million liters (2.4 million gallons) of water, and is capable to create waves with a maximum height of 5 m (16.4 feet).
The Delta Flume wave generator permits to test at full scale the effect of extreme waves on dikes, dunes, breakwaters and offshore structures and can be used for numerous projects: coastal, harbour and offshore structures.
It was conceived and constructed as a response to a considerable global demand for the realistic testing of hydraulic structures in particular situations.
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The largest artificial waves are made in the Netherlands🇳🇱 at the Delta Flume wave generator.
This facility, opened in 2015, has a 300 m long (984-foot) tank, which holds 9 million liters (2.4 million gallons) of water, and is capable to create waves with a maximum height of 5 m (16.4 feet).
The Delta Flume wave generator permits to test at full scale the effect of extreme waves on dikes, dunes, breakwaters and offshore structures and can be used for numerous projects: coastal, harbour and offshore structures.
It was conceived and constructed as a response to a considerable global demand for the realistic testing of hydraulic structures in particular situations.
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What are the essential features of a star?
⭐️ A star is a celestial body having its own light and energy.
⭐️ A star is a huge glittering ball of hot gas, mainly consisting of Hydrogen and Helium.
⭐️ Stars are giant, luminous spheres of plasma collapsed together by gravity.
⭐️ Stars are responsible for the manufacture of elements like Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.
⭐️ Star formation shapes the visual aspect of the universe and provides the sites for planets.
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⭐️ A star is a celestial body having its own light and energy.
⭐️ A star is a huge glittering ball of hot gas, mainly consisting of Hydrogen and Helium.
⭐️ Stars are giant, luminous spheres of plasma collapsed together by gravity.
⭐️ Stars are responsible for the manufacture of elements like Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.
⭐️ Star formation shapes the visual aspect of the universe and provides the sites for planets.
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What are the essential features of a planet?
A planet is a celestial body that orbits around a star.
It has an adequate mass for its own gravity to get on top of rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium to make it round.
Planets are smaller than stars.
In our Solar System ☀️ there are two categories of planets:
📍Inner planets, which are close to the Sun. These are Mercury, Venus, Earth🌍, and Mars.
📍Outer planets, which come after an asteroid belt and are at a farther distance from the Sun. These are Jupiter, Saturn🪐, Uranus, and Neptune.
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A planet is a celestial body that orbits around a star.
It has an adequate mass for its own gravity to get on top of rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium to make it round.
Planets are smaller than stars.
In our Solar System ☀️ there are two categories of planets:
📍Inner planets, which are close to the Sun. These are Mercury, Venus, Earth🌍, and Mars.
📍Outer planets, which come after an asteroid belt and are at a farther distance from the Sun. These are Jupiter, Saturn🪐, Uranus, and Neptune.
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What are the major observational differences between stars and planets?
When the night sky is clear, one can observe plenty of tiny dots, and some of them are stars while others are planets.
These are major observational distinguishing features of planets and stars.
✔️Twinkling.
Stars are constantly twinkling and shimmering while planets do not. Observed through a telescope, stars appear to shake around the edges.
✔️Brightness.
Planets are typically brighter than stars. The reason for differing brightness is because planets reflect the light of the sun, which is close to our planet, while the stars emit their own light.
✔️Shape.
Stars appear as a dot while planets appear spherical. Generally, stars are also bigger than planets.
✔️Movement.
A planet moves across the night sky while observing the rules followed by the sun and the moon. Therefore, a celestial body appearing to move in a straight line is more likely going to be a planet. Stars move in a circular pattern.
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When the night sky is clear, one can observe plenty of tiny dots, and some of them are stars while others are planets.
These are major observational distinguishing features of planets and stars.
✔️Twinkling.
Stars are constantly twinkling and shimmering while planets do not. Observed through a telescope, stars appear to shake around the edges.
✔️Brightness.
Planets are typically brighter than stars. The reason for differing brightness is because planets reflect the light of the sun, which is close to our planet, while the stars emit their own light.
✔️Shape.
Stars appear as a dot while planets appear spherical. Generally, stars are also bigger than planets.
✔️Movement.
A planet moves across the night sky while observing the rules followed by the sun and the moon. Therefore, a celestial body appearing to move in a straight line is more likely going to be a planet. Stars move in a circular pattern.
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What is a planet parade?
Although there is no scientific definition for the ‘planet parade’, it is being widely used in astronomy to denote an event that takes place when planets of the solar system are aligned in one straight line.
Another term for a planet parade is ‘appulse’.
The following types are distinguished:
🔭 Mini planet parade — 3️⃣ planets.
🔭 Small planet parade — 4️⃣ planets.
🔭 Large planet parade — 5️⃣ or 6️⃣ planets.
🔭 Great planet parade — all solar system’s planets (+ Pluto sometimes).
3 planets align on one side of the Sun simultaneously 2 times a year, 4 planets — once a year, 5 planets — once in every 19 years, and all 8 planets of the Solar system — once in about 170 years.
For inner planets, the best viewing conditions occur near their greatest elongations, and for outer planets — sometime before and after their oppositions.
In April and May 2022 several appulses, including a parade of 4 planets – Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn – can be observed.
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Although there is no scientific definition for the ‘planet parade’, it is being widely used in astronomy to denote an event that takes place when planets of the solar system are aligned in one straight line.
Another term for a planet parade is ‘appulse’.
The following types are distinguished:
🔭 Mini planet parade — 3️⃣ planets.
🔭 Small planet parade — 4️⃣ planets.
🔭 Large planet parade — 5️⃣ or 6️⃣ planets.
🔭 Great planet parade — all solar system’s planets (+ Pluto sometimes).
3 planets align on one side of the Sun simultaneously 2 times a year, 4 planets — once a year, 5 planets — once in every 19 years, and all 8 planets of the Solar system — once in about 170 years.
For inner planets, the best viewing conditions occur near their greatest elongations, and for outer planets — sometime before and after their oppositions.
In April and May 2022 several appulses, including a parade of 4 planets – Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn – can be observed.
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When and where was the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation performed?
In December 1967, at Groote Schuur Hospital 🏥 in Cape Town, South Africa🇿🇦, a surgeon Christiaan Barnard performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation.
It was 53-year-old Louis Washkansky who received the first human heart transplant from Denise Darvall, a 25-year-old woman, fatally injured in a car accident.
Washkansky’s new heart functioned normally, but 18 days after the revolutionary medical operation the man died from double pneumonia as the drugs that were given to him to suppress his immune system and keep his body from rejecting the heart left him more susceptible to sickness.
In the 1970s, the development of better anti-rejection drugs made transplantation more viable. Dr. Barnard continued to operate, and many of his patients were living up to five years with their new hearts.
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In December 1967, at Groote Schuur Hospital 🏥 in Cape Town, South Africa🇿🇦, a surgeon Christiaan Barnard performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation.
It was 53-year-old Louis Washkansky who received the first human heart transplant from Denise Darvall, a 25-year-old woman, fatally injured in a car accident.
Washkansky’s new heart functioned normally, but 18 days after the revolutionary medical operation the man died from double pneumonia as the drugs that were given to him to suppress his immune system and keep his body from rejecting the heart left him more susceptible to sickness.
In the 1970s, the development of better anti-rejection drugs made transplantation more viable. Dr. Barnard continued to operate, and many of his patients were living up to five years with their new hearts.
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When and where was the first artificial heart successfully implanted?
In December 1982, at the University of Utah, in the US🇺🇸, a Seattle dentist Barney Clark became the first human to receive a permanent artificial heart, a device known as Jarvik-7.
Jarvik-7 was made of plastic and metal and intended for permanent implantation in a human being.
The engineered organ comprised two plastic pumps powered by compressed air, which required the patient to be hooked up at all times to a rolling console the size and weight of a refrigerator. It could pump blood through the body at 40 to 120 pulses per minute, but it replaced the telltale heartbeat with a soft clicking sound followed by a whoosh.
The artificial heart was designed by a team consisting of Robert Jarvik☝️ (whose name the device received), William DeVries☝️, who performed the operation, and Willem Johan Kolff.
The patient lived for another 112 days on the mechanical organ.
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In December 1982, at the University of Utah, in the US🇺🇸, a Seattle dentist Barney Clark became the first human to receive a permanent artificial heart, a device known as Jarvik-7.
Jarvik-7 was made of plastic and metal and intended for permanent implantation in a human being.
The engineered organ comprised two plastic pumps powered by compressed air, which required the patient to be hooked up at all times to a rolling console the size and weight of a refrigerator. It could pump blood through the body at 40 to 120 pulses per minute, but it replaced the telltale heartbeat with a soft clicking sound followed by a whoosh.
The artificial heart was designed by a team consisting of Robert Jarvik☝️ (whose name the device received), William DeVries☝️, who performed the operation, and Willem Johan Kolff.
The patient lived for another 112 days on the mechanical organ.
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What are allotransplantation and xenotransplantation?
Allotransplantation (“allo” means "other" in Greek) is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species. The transplant is called an allograft, allogenic transplant, or homograft, so all human tissues and organs when transplanted from one person to another are scientifically called allografts.
Allotransplantation is different to xenotransplantation (“xenos” is the Greek root meaning "foreign"), or heterologous transplant, which is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs, called xenografts or xenotransplants, from one species to another. For example, 🐖pigs’ heart valves transplanted into a human is a xenotranplantation.
Xenotransplantation, when human cells are implanted into animals🐁🐒, is a research technique frequently used by scientists in pre-clinical studies , for instance in oncology.
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Allotransplantation (“allo” means "other" in Greek) is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species. The transplant is called an allograft, allogenic transplant, or homograft, so all human tissues and organs when transplanted from one person to another are scientifically called allografts.
Allotransplantation is different to xenotransplantation (“xenos” is the Greek root meaning "foreign"), or heterologous transplant, which is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs, called xenografts or xenotransplants, from one species to another. For example, 🐖pigs’ heart valves transplanted into a human is a xenotranplantation.
Xenotransplantation, when human cells are implanted into animals🐁🐒, is a research technique frequently used by scientists in pre-clinical studies , for instance in oncology.
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