What are the main genres in literature?

At the most basic level, there are 3️⃣ main genres for literature - poetry, prose and drama - each can be broken down even further, resulting in dozens of subgenres.

📚🖌 Poetry
tends to be written in verses, and typically employs a rhythmic and measured approach to composition. It has melodic tone and uses creative language that is often imaginative and symbolic in nature. It is typically divided into two main subgenres, narrative and lyric, and can be fiction and non-fiction.
The word “poetry” comes from the Greek word poiesis, which essentially means making or creating, which is translated into the “making of poetry”.

📚🖌 Prose
is essentially identified as written text that aligns with the flow of conversation in the form of sentence and paragraph, as opposed to verses and stanzas in poetry, and employs common grammatical structure and a natural flow of speech.
It can be broken down into a number of subgenres including both fiction and non-fiction works. Examples of prose can range from news, biographies and essays to novels, short stories, plays and fables.
The word “prose” derives from Latin prōsa ("straightforward") from the term prōsa ōrātio ("a straightforward speech- i.e. without the ornaments of verse").

📚🖌🎭 Drama
is defined as theatrical dialogue performed on stage and traditionally is comprised of five acts. It is generally broken down into four subgenres including comedy, melodrama, tragedy and farce. In many cases, dramas will actually overlap with poetry and prose, depending on the writing style of the author.
Dramatic pieces can be written in both poetic and prose style, and can be fiction or nonfiction.

ℹ️ Some resources will cite only 2️⃣ genres: fiction and non-fiction, though many classics will argue that fiction and non-fiction can, and do, both fall under poetry, drama or prose.

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What is the difference between astrology, astrophysics and cosmology?

🌌Astrology is the study of the connection between celestial activity phenomena and earthly events.
Unlike astronomy, astrology is not a science but a pseudoscience.

🌌Astrophysics is mostly defined as a sub-field or a branch of astronomy that applies the laws of physics to explain the birth, life, and death of objects in the universe (planets, stars, galaxies and nebulae). Interacting with objects in space is done by studying the amount of radiation they emit, and these emissions are examined by looking at properties like temperature, density, luminosity, and chemical composition.

🌌Cosmology studies the cosmos as one entity, rather than analyzing separately the stars, black holes and galaxies that fill it.
Its interdisciplinary nature explains its comparatively late start in the 1920s, shortly after Einstein developed the theory of general relativity.

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Ecosystem vs biome: what is larger?

Ecosystems can be very small and also very large, but they are often connected in a larger areas, called biomes.

ℹ️ A biome is an area of the planet that can be classified according to the plants and animals that live in it. Temperature, soil, and the amount of light and water help determine what life exists in a biome.

According to broad classifications of scientists there are 6️⃣ biomes:
🔺forest
🔺grassland
🔺freshwater
🔺marine
🔺desert
🔺tundra.

Some scientists also use more precise classifications and list dozens of different biomes. For example, they consider different kinds of forests to be different biomes.

Biomes are strongly influenced by climate and latitude while ecosystems are not.

✅ Most researchers agree that a biome is a larger area than an ecosystem.

❗️But some scientists consider Earth as a whole ecosystem, and in this logic “ecosystem Earth” is of course larger than multiple large biomes of our planet!

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Which science studies life?

ℹ️ Biology is the science that studies life – the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution and distribution of living organisms. The word "biology" is derived from the Greek words "bios" (meaning life) and "logos" (meaning "study").

Four principles unify modern biology
1️⃣ Cell theory
All living things are made of fundamental units called cells, coming from preexisting cells.

2️⃣ Gene theory
All living things have DNA.

3️⃣ Homeostasis
All living things maintain a state of balance that enables organisms to survive in their environment.

4️⃣ Evolution
All living things can change to have traits that enable them to survive better in their environments. These traits result from random mutations in the organism's genes that are "selected" via a process called natural selection during which organisms with traits better-suited for their environment have higher rates to survive and pass those traits to their offspring.

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How biology is subdivided?

🟢 Most scientists agree that biology is subdivided into 3️⃣ major branches.

✅ Botany deals with the study of plants.

✅ Zoology deals with the study of animals.

✅ Microbiology deals with the study of microorganisms.

🟠 But as biology covers a broad range of topics, many (sub)disciplines fall under its umbrella, eg:

✔️Anatomy - description of body structures of various living organisms as revealed by dissection.

✔️Astrobiology - study of the evolution of life in the universe.

✔️Biochemistry

✔️Bioengineering - application of engineering principles to biology and vice versa.

✔️Biophysics employs the principles of physics to understand how biological systems work.

✔️Biotechnology involves using biological systems to develop products.

✔️Ecology studies how organisms interact with their environment.

✔️Genetics – the study of heredity.

✔️Immunology - the study of the immune system.

✔️Physiology - the study of how living things work.

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How old is ecology as a science?

❇️ Ecology is the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them.

❇️ Although scientists have been studying the natural world for centuries, ecology in the modern sense has only been around since the 19th century. Then, scientists began studying how plants functioned, how animals interact with other animals and plants and their effects on the habitats around them.

❇️ The term ecology was coined by the German biologist Ersnt Haeckel (1834-1919) in the late 1860sm.

❇️ The word is derived from the Greek Oikos=Home and logos=study.

❇️ In the 20th century, ecology began gaining popularity in the 1960s, when environmental issues were rising to the forefront of public awareness.

❇️ Today, ecologists study and observe all forms of life and their ecosystems throughout our 🌍. The information they gather continues to affect the future of our planet.

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What are the origins of the term Domino Effect?

✔️ The domino effect (also known as the ripple effect or domino theory) is a chain reaction that occurs when one event sets off a series of similar, related, or connected events.

✔️ It is a reference to a series of standing dominoes, each of which topples the next, creating a chain reaction.

✔️ The term is often used as a metaphor for cause-and-effect relationships to describe complex situations or events, such as a natural disaster, series of accidents, or financial collapse, that typically happen within a small time frame.

ℹ️ Historically, the term stems from a falling domino theory formed by American 🇺🇸 political establishment and stating that once Communism is allowed to take over a country, other small countries around it are more likely to become Communists.

⚔️ During the 1960s, US 🇺🇸 Presidents repeatedly cited the falling domino principle to justify increasing American military involvement in the Vietnam 🇻🇳 War.

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What is Chaos Theory?

🔘 Chaos theory is a complicated mathematical theory that seeks to explain the effect of seemingly insignificant factors, chaotic or random occurrences. It is now often applied to various complex systems that could be predictable for a while and then appear to become random.

🔘 Generally understood as a state of confusion, lacking any order, in a scientific context, the word chaos has a slightly different meaning and refers to an apparent lack of order in a system that nevertheless obeys particular laws or rules. This understanding is synonymous with dynamical instability, a condition discovered by the French physicist Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) in the early 20th century that refers to an inherent lack of predictability in some physical systems.

🔘 The 2️⃣ main components of chaos theory are:
☑️ systems - no matter how complex they may be - rely upon an underlying order
☑️ very simple or small systems and events can cause very complex behaviors or events.

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What best illustrates Theory of Chaos?

🦋 Theory of chaos is best illustrated by the butterfly effect, which states that small events can have a large unpredictable influence on the future.

🦋 The butterfly effect was first named by meteorologist and mathematician Edward Lorenz (1917-2008), who was searching for ways to accurately predict the weather and found that mathematical linear models, tracing the path between a cause, A and an effect, B, did not provide accurate predictions. When he changed an initial atmospheric condition by only 0.000127, such a small, seemingly insignificant change caused a model to predict very different future weather conditions.

🦋 Lorenz likened his findings to the idea that a butterfly’s wing flapping represents the tiny change in atmospheric condition that would have the potential to alter the trajectory of a typhoon.

🦋 This metaphor allowed the concept to be taken out of purely scientific discourse and be understood by the general public.

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What is the smallest country of the 10 most densely populated countries?

ℹ️ The countries with the highest population density (a measurement of the average number of people who live in a given area) are also some of the world’s smallest States.

❗️ Here are the 🔟 most densely populated countries:
1️⃣ 🇲🇨Monaco - 19083.37 people per km2
2️⃣ 🇸🇬Singapore - 7953/km2
3️⃣ 🇧🇭Bahrain - 2012.1/km2
4️⃣ 🇲🇻Maldives - 1718.99/km2
5️⃣ 🇲🇹Malta - 1514.47/km2
6️⃣ 🇧🇩Bangladesh - 1239.58/km2
7️⃣ 🇵🇸Palestine - 759/km2
8️⃣ 🇱🇧Lebanon - 669.49/km2
9️⃣ 🇧🇧Barbados - 666.61/km2
🔟 🇳🇷Nauru - 635.2/km2

Monaco

🇲🇨 is not only the most densely populated country in the world but also the smallest on this list with an area of just 1.21 sq. km (0.75 sq. miles).

🇲🇨 is a tiny principality in Europe, on the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, surrounded by France.

🇲🇨 has the population of nearly 39 thousand people, which makes it also one of the world’s least populous countries.

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What is the world’s smallest country?

Vatican City 🇻🇦is the tiniest country in the world and is just an enclave of the🇮🇹 capital city of Rome .

🇻🇦 is also the smallest monarchy in the world, with head of state, His Holiness the Pope, as well as the smallest city-state with no capital of its own.

🇻🇦Its history dates back to the 4th century when Theodosius I made Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire.

🇻🇦 On February 11, 1929, the Lateran Treaty was signed by Italy 🇮🇹 and the Holy See, establishing Vatican City as an independent state. Since then, it has been an independent city-state under Papal control.

🇻🇦 This landlocked country covers an area of 0.49 sq. km. with population of just over 500 and density of around 1,000 per sq. km.

🇻🇦 Vatican is the territory of the Holy See (Sancta Sedes), the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church, and the seat of the episcopal jurisdiction and the Catholic Church's central government.

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What are top smallest countries by area?

📌 Most of the world's smallest nations are either island States, or tiny countries landlocked in Europe.

📌 From street-sized to giant town-sized, the 13 smallest countries are all under 400 sq. km. and combined area of 3226.51 sq. km.

📌 Most of these tiniest States are dependent on tourism.

1️⃣ 🇻🇦Vatican City - 0.44 km2 (0.17 mi2)
2️⃣ 🇲🇨Monaco - 2.02 km2 (0.78 mi2)
3️⃣ 🇳🇷 Nauru - 21 km2 (8.1 mi2)
4️⃣ 🇹🇻 Tuvalu - 26 km2 (10 mi2)
5️⃣ 🇸🇲 San Marino - 61 km2 (24 mi2)
6️⃣ 🇱🇮 Liechtenstein - 160 km2 (52 mi2)
7️⃣ 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands - 181 km2 (70 mi2)
8️⃣ 🇰🇳 Saint Kitts & Nevis - 261 km2 (101 mi2)
9️⃣ 🇲🇻 Maldives - 298 km2 (115 mi2)
🔟 🇲🇹 Malta - 316 km2 (122 mi2)
1️⃣1️⃣ 🇬🇩 Grenada - 344 km2 (133 mi2)
1️⃣2️⃣ 🇻🇨 St Vincent & the Grenadines - 389 km2 (150 mi2)
1️⃣3️⃣ 🇧🇧 Barbados - 431 km2 (166 mi2)
1️⃣4️⃣ 🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda - 443 km2 (171 mi2)
1️⃣5️⃣ 🇸🇨 Seychelles - 455 km2 (176 mi2)

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Why do like poles of a magnet repel each other and unlike poles attract each other?

🧲 Every magnet has a magnetic field around it, which is represented by magnetic lines of force.

🧲 The magnetic lines of force start from the north pole and end at the south pole outside the magnet and and go from the south pole to the north pole inside the magnet.

🧲 The density of the magnetic field lines is higher near the poles where the magnetic force is stronger.

🧲 When two magnets are placed with their like poles facing each other, the lines of force are in opposite directions and hence like poles repel each other. When the unlike poles of a bar magnet face each other the magnetic lines of force are in the same direction and hence unlike poles attract each other.

🧲❗️ℹ️ Magnetic monopoles do not exist in nature. Even if we cut a magnet into two parts, the new poles will always appear in pairs. Hence we cannot separate the north and the south poles of a magnet.