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How many types of clouds are there? The global standard for cloud classification is the World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas, which lists 10 main types of clouds: High-Level Clouds ☁️ Cirrus ☁️ Cirrocumulus ☁️ Cirrostratus Mid-Level…
What are the main characteristics of low-level clouds?
Cumulus clouds
▫️have vertical growth
▫️are puffy white or light gray clouds looking like floating cotton balls
▫️have sharp outlines and a flat base at a height of 1000m
▫️are generally about 1km wide
▫️can be associated with fair or stormy weather.
Cumulonimbus clouds
▫️have vertical growth and can grow up to 10 km high, where they have an anvil-like shape because of high winds
▫️are thunderstorm clouds and are associated with heavy rain, snow, hail, lightning, and sometimes tornadoes.
Stratus clouds
▫️are low and have a uniform gray in color
▫️can cover most or all of the sky
▫️can look like a fog that doesn't reach the ground.
Light mist or drizzle is sometimes falling when stratus clouds are in the sky.
Stratocumulus clouds
▫️are low, lumpy, and gray
▫️can line up in rows and also spread out
▫️may be confused with higher altocumulus clouds.
Only light rain (usually drizzle) falls from stratocumulus clouds.
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Cumulus clouds
▫️have vertical growth
▫️are puffy white or light gray clouds looking like floating cotton balls
▫️have sharp outlines and a flat base at a height of 1000m
▫️are generally about 1km wide
▫️can be associated with fair or stormy weather.
Cumulonimbus clouds
▫️have vertical growth and can grow up to 10 km high, where they have an anvil-like shape because of high winds
▫️are thunderstorm clouds and are associated with heavy rain, snow, hail, lightning, and sometimes tornadoes.
Stratus clouds
▫️are low and have a uniform gray in color
▫️can cover most or all of the sky
▫️can look like a fog that doesn't reach the ground.
Light mist or drizzle is sometimes falling when stratus clouds are in the sky.
Stratocumulus clouds
▫️are low, lumpy, and gray
▫️can line up in rows and also spread out
▫️may be confused with higher altocumulus clouds.
Only light rain (usually drizzle) falls from stratocumulus clouds.
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Ask Me
How many types of clouds are there? The global standard for cloud classification is the World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas, which lists 10 main types of clouds: High-Level Clouds ☁️ Cirrus ☁️ Cirrocumulus ☁️ Cirrostratus Mid-Level…
What clouds are rare and form in unique ways?
Lenticular, or lee wave, clouds
▫️are lens-shaped and often look like flying saucers
▫️form downwind of an obstacle, e.g. a mountain, in the path of a strong air current
▫️seem to stay in one place, even though air is moving through the cloud, unlike other types of clouds.
Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds
▫️look like breaking waves in the ocean
▫️form when there is a difference in the wind speed or direction between two wind currents in the atmosphere and complex evaporation and condensation patterns create the capped tops and cloudless troughs of the waves.
Mammatus clouds
▫️are pouches of clouds that hang underneath the base of a cloud
▫️are most often associated with cumulonimbus clouds that produce very strong storms
▫️usually form during warm months, and are formed by descending air in the cloud.
▫️look like a field of tennis balls or melons, or like female human breasts ('mammatus' in Latin means ‘mamma’, or ‘breast’)
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Lenticular, or lee wave, clouds
▫️are lens-shaped and often look like flying saucers
▫️form downwind of an obstacle, e.g. a mountain, in the path of a strong air current
▫️seem to stay in one place, even though air is moving through the cloud, unlike other types of clouds.
Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds
▫️look like breaking waves in the ocean
▫️form when there is a difference in the wind speed or direction between two wind currents in the atmosphere and complex evaporation and condensation patterns create the capped tops and cloudless troughs of the waves.
Mammatus clouds
▫️are pouches of clouds that hang underneath the base of a cloud
▫️are most often associated with cumulonimbus clouds that produce very strong storms
▫️usually form during warm months, and are formed by descending air in the cloud.
▫️look like a field of tennis balls or melons, or like female human breasts ('mammatus' in Latin means ‘mamma’, or ‘breast’)
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Why is morning wiser than evening?
People are easily seduced by first impressions, even when they turn out to be inaccurate.
At the same time, expressions like ‘morning is wiser than evening’ or ‘one should sleep on it’ exist in many cultures and languages.
According to a new study, sleeping on it can really help people avoid judging a book solely by its cover.
In “garage sale” experiments, the researchers asked participants to look through virtual boxes. All boxes were equally valuable, but rewards were either evenly distributed or clustered at the beginning, middle, or end of the sequence. A pattern (a psychological phenomenon called primacy bias) quickly emerged: when the participants had to make a decision right away, they tended to believe that some boxes were more valuable than they really were. However, participants who weren’t asked to decide until the next day were less likely to fall into these traps and made more rational choices.
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People are easily seduced by first impressions, even when they turn out to be inaccurate.
At the same time, expressions like ‘morning is wiser than evening’ or ‘one should sleep on it’ exist in many cultures and languages.
According to a new study, sleeping on it can really help people avoid judging a book solely by its cover.
In “garage sale” experiments, the researchers asked participants to look through virtual boxes. All boxes were equally valuable, but rewards were either evenly distributed or clustered at the beginning, middle, or end of the sequence. A pattern (a psychological phenomenon called primacy bias) quickly emerged: when the participants had to make a decision right away, they tended to believe that some boxes were more valuable than they really were. However, participants who weren’t asked to decide until the next day were less likely to fall into these traps and made more rational choices.
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Where do lavas originate from?
Lavas from hotspots likely originate from a worldwide, uniform reservoir in Earth's mantle, according to a new research.
The findings indicate Earth's mantle is far more chemically homogenous than scientists previously thought - and that lavas only acquire their unique chemical "flavours" enroute to the surface, interacting with different types of rocks.
Besides shedding entirely new light on hotspot lavas in oceanic parts of the world, the analysis also revealed an exciting new link to basaltic lavas on the continents. These melts, which contain diamond-bearing kimberlites, are fundamentally different from magmas found at oceanic hotspots. They nevertheless prove to have the same magma "ancestor."
ℹ️ A hotspot is a large plume of hot mantle material rising from deep within the Earth. A line of volcanoes develops as a plate moves over a hotspot, much as a line of melted wax forms as a sheet of waxed paper is moved slowly over a burning candle.
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Lavas from hotspots likely originate from a worldwide, uniform reservoir in Earth's mantle, according to a new research.
The findings indicate Earth's mantle is far more chemically homogenous than scientists previously thought - and that lavas only acquire their unique chemical "flavours" enroute to the surface, interacting with different types of rocks.
Besides shedding entirely new light on hotspot lavas in oceanic parts of the world, the analysis also revealed an exciting new link to basaltic lavas on the continents. These melts, which contain diamond-bearing kimberlites, are fundamentally different from magmas found at oceanic hotspots. They nevertheless prove to have the same magma "ancestor."
ℹ️ A hotspot is a large plume of hot mantle material rising from deep within the Earth. A line of volcanoes develops as a plate moves over a hotspot, much as a line of melted wax forms as a sheet of waxed paper is moved slowly over a burning candle.
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How many “hidden turbulences” in Van Gogh's “Starry Night”?
The illusion of movement in “The Starry Night” is so vivid that scientists analyzed how closely van Gogh’s depiction mirrors the actual physics of atmospheric turbulence.
They discovered two “hidden turbulences”:
1️⃣the sizes of the 14 whirls or eddies and their relative distance and intensity, follow a physical law known as Kolmogorov’s theory of turbulence.
ℹ️In the 1940s, Soviet Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov (1903-1987) described a mathematical relationship between the fluctuations in a flow’s speed and the rate at which its energy dissipates.
2️⃣the paint, at the smallest scale, mixes around with some background swirls and whirls in a fashion predicted by turbulence theory, following a statistical pattern known as Batchelor’s scaling.
ℹ️Batchelor’s scaling mathematically represents how small particles (drifting algae in the ocean or pieces of dust in the wind) are passively mixed around by turbulent flow.
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The illusion of movement in “The Starry Night” is so vivid that scientists analyzed how closely van Gogh’s depiction mirrors the actual physics of atmospheric turbulence.
They discovered two “hidden turbulences”:
1️⃣the sizes of the 14 whirls or eddies and their relative distance and intensity, follow a physical law known as Kolmogorov’s theory of turbulence.
ℹ️In the 1940s, Soviet Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov (1903-1987) described a mathematical relationship between the fluctuations in a flow’s speed and the rate at which its energy dissipates.
2️⃣the paint, at the smallest scale, mixes around with some background swirls and whirls in a fashion predicted by turbulence theory, following a statistical pattern known as Batchelor’s scaling.
ℹ️Batchelor’s scaling mathematically represents how small particles (drifting algae in the ocean or pieces of dust in the wind) are passively mixed around by turbulent flow.
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Which planet in the solar system may once have had a ring like Saturn?
Surprisingly but it’s Earth that may have sported a Saturn-like ring system 466 million years ago, after it captured and wrecked a passing asteroid, a new study suggests.
The debris ring, which likely lasted tens of millions of years, may have led to global cooling and even contributed to the coldest period on Earth in the past 500 million years.
Using computer models of how our planet's tectonic plates moved in the past, scientists analyzed 21 crater sites around the world (across modern Australia, China, Europe, India, North America and Russia) that researchers suspect were all created by falling debris from a large asteroid between 488 million and 443 million years ago, an era in Earth's history known as the Ordovician during which our planet witnessed dramatically increased asteroid impacts.
ℹ️Saturn isn’t the only planet with rings. Jupiter, Neptune and Uranus have less obvious rings, too.
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Surprisingly but it’s Earth that may have sported a Saturn-like ring system 466 million years ago, after it captured and wrecked a passing asteroid, a new study suggests.
The debris ring, which likely lasted tens of millions of years, may have led to global cooling and even contributed to the coldest period on Earth in the past 500 million years.
Using computer models of how our planet's tectonic plates moved in the past, scientists analyzed 21 crater sites around the world (across modern Australia, China, Europe, India, North America and Russia) that researchers suspect were all created by falling debris from a large asteroid between 488 million and 443 million years ago, an era in Earth's history known as the Ordovician during which our planet witnessed dramatically increased asteroid impacts.
ℹ️Saturn isn’t the only planet with rings. Jupiter, Neptune and Uranus have less obvious rings, too.
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What life-forms can emerge after death?
In a new study, scientist expanded knowledge about so-called “third state” that lies beyond the traditional boundaries of life and death.
Researchers described how certain cells – when provided with nutrients, oxygen, bioelectricity or biochemical cues – have the capacity to transform into multicellular organisms with new functions after death.
It was found that:
📌 skin cells extracted from deceased frog embryos were able to adapt to the new conditions of a petri dish in a lab, spontaneously reorganizing into multicellular organisms called xenobots ⬆️
📌 solitary human lung cells can self-assemble into miniature multicellular organisms – anthrobots – that behave and are structured in new ways, being able not only able to navigate their surroundings but also repair both themselves and injured neuron cells placed nearby.
These findings challenge the idea that cells and organisms can evolve only in predetermined ways.
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In a new study, scientist expanded knowledge about so-called “third state” that lies beyond the traditional boundaries of life and death.
Researchers described how certain cells – when provided with nutrients, oxygen, bioelectricity or biochemical cues – have the capacity to transform into multicellular organisms with new functions after death.
It was found that:
📌 skin cells extracted from deceased frog embryos were able to adapt to the new conditions of a petri dish in a lab, spontaneously reorganizing into multicellular organisms called xenobots ⬆️
📌 solitary human lung cells can self-assemble into miniature multicellular organisms – anthrobots – that behave and are structured in new ways, being able not only able to navigate their surroundings but also repair both themselves and injured neuron cells placed nearby.
These findings challenge the idea that cells and organisms can evolve only in predetermined ways.
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Ask Me
What life-forms can emerge after death? In a new study, scientist expanded knowledge about so-called “third state” that lies beyond the traditional boundaries of life and death. Researchers described how certain cells – when provided with nutrients, oxygen…
What factors and mechanisms allow certain cells to keep working after an organismal death and why is it important to study the third state?
Postmortem conditions
🔳 Several factors influence whether certain cells and tissues can survive and function after an organism dies. These include environmental conditions, metabolic activity and preservation techniques.
🔳 Different cell types have varying survival times. For example, in humans, white blood cells die between 60 and 86 hours after organismal death. In mice, skeletal muscle cells can be regrown after 14 days postmortem, while fibroblast cells from sheep and goats can be cultured up to a month or so postmortem.
🔳 Metabolic activity plays an important role in whether cells can continue to survive and function. Active cells that require a continuous and substantial supply of energy to maintain their function are more difficult to culture than cells with lower energy requirements. Preservation techniques such as cryopreservation can allow tissue samples such as bone marrow to function similarly to that of living donor sources.
🔳 Inherent survival mechanisms also play a key role in whether cells and tissues live on. For example, researchers have observed a significant increase in the activity of stress-related genes and immune-related genes after organismal death, likely to compensate for the loss of homeostasis. Moreover, factors such as trauma, infection and the time elapsed since death significantly affect tissue and cell viability.
🔳 Factors such as age, health, sex and type of species further shape the postmortem landscape. This is seen in the challenge of culturing and transplanting metabolically active islet cells, which produce insulin in the pancreas, from donors to recipients. Researchers believe that autoimmune processes, high energy costs and the degradation of protective mechanisms could be the reason behind many islet transplant failures.
🔳 How the interplay of these variables allows certain cells to continue functioning after an organism dies remains unclear. One hypothesis is that specialized channels and pumps embedded in the outer membranes of cells serve as intricate electrical circuits. These channels and pumps generate electrical signals that allow cells to communicate with each other and execute specific functions such as growth and movement, shaping the structure of the organism they form.
🔳 The extent to which different types of cells can undergo transformation after death is also uncertain. Previous research has found that specific genes involved in stress, immunity and epigenetic regulation are activated after death in mice, zebrafish and people, suggesting widespread potential for transformation among diverse cell types.
Implications for biology and medicine
✔️ The third state not only offers new insights into the adaptability of cells. It also offers prospects for new treatments.
✔️ For example, anthrobots could be sourced from an individual’s living tissue to deliver drugs without triggering an unwanted immune response. Engineered anthrobots injected into the body could potentially dissolve arterial plaque in atherosclerosis patients and remove excess mucus in cystic fibrosis patients.
✔️ Importantly, these multicellular organisms have a finite life span, naturally degrading after four to six weeks. This “kill switch” prevents the growth of potentially invasive cells.
✔️ A better understanding of how some cells continue to function and metamorphose into multicellular entities some time after an organism’s demise holds promise for advancing personalized and preventive medicine.
ℹ️ Usually, scientists consider death to be the irreversible halt of functioning of an organism as a whole.
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Postmortem conditions
🔳 Several factors influence whether certain cells and tissues can survive and function after an organism dies. These include environmental conditions, metabolic activity and preservation techniques.
🔳 Different cell types have varying survival times. For example, in humans, white blood cells die between 60 and 86 hours after organismal death. In mice, skeletal muscle cells can be regrown after 14 days postmortem, while fibroblast cells from sheep and goats can be cultured up to a month or so postmortem.
🔳 Metabolic activity plays an important role in whether cells can continue to survive and function. Active cells that require a continuous and substantial supply of energy to maintain their function are more difficult to culture than cells with lower energy requirements. Preservation techniques such as cryopreservation can allow tissue samples such as bone marrow to function similarly to that of living donor sources.
🔳 Inherent survival mechanisms also play a key role in whether cells and tissues live on. For example, researchers have observed a significant increase in the activity of stress-related genes and immune-related genes after organismal death, likely to compensate for the loss of homeostasis. Moreover, factors such as trauma, infection and the time elapsed since death significantly affect tissue and cell viability.
🔳 Factors such as age, health, sex and type of species further shape the postmortem landscape. This is seen in the challenge of culturing and transplanting metabolically active islet cells, which produce insulin in the pancreas, from donors to recipients. Researchers believe that autoimmune processes, high energy costs and the degradation of protective mechanisms could be the reason behind many islet transplant failures.
🔳 How the interplay of these variables allows certain cells to continue functioning after an organism dies remains unclear. One hypothesis is that specialized channels and pumps embedded in the outer membranes of cells serve as intricate electrical circuits. These channels and pumps generate electrical signals that allow cells to communicate with each other and execute specific functions such as growth and movement, shaping the structure of the organism they form.
🔳 The extent to which different types of cells can undergo transformation after death is also uncertain. Previous research has found that specific genes involved in stress, immunity and epigenetic regulation are activated after death in mice, zebrafish and people, suggesting widespread potential for transformation among diverse cell types.
Implications for biology and medicine
✔️ The third state not only offers new insights into the adaptability of cells. It also offers prospects for new treatments.
✔️ For example, anthrobots could be sourced from an individual’s living tissue to deliver drugs without triggering an unwanted immune response. Engineered anthrobots injected into the body could potentially dissolve arterial plaque in atherosclerosis patients and remove excess mucus in cystic fibrosis patients.
✔️ Importantly, these multicellular organisms have a finite life span, naturally degrading after four to six weeks. This “kill switch” prevents the growth of potentially invasive cells.
✔️ A better understanding of how some cells continue to function and metamorphose into multicellular entities some time after an organism’s demise holds promise for advancing personalized and preventive medicine.
ℹ️ Usually, scientists consider death to be the irreversible halt of functioning of an organism as a whole.
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What is the “Baghdad Battery”?
🔋 Batteries are perhaps the most prevalent and oldest forms of energy storage technology in human history.
🔋 In 1938, Wilhelm Konig, a German archaeologist, unearthed earthenware jars of approximately the size of a human fist at Khujut Rabu, located near Bagdad, modern Iraq. These 2,200-year-old jars were comprised of an iron rod within a copper cylinder, sealed with an asphalt stopper.
🔋 It is speculated that these jars were utilized by the inhabitants of the Parthian civilization, which governed the region 2,000 years ago, as electrical batteries for electroplating gold onto silver.
🔋 According to researchers, this ancient battery could produce electric current of approximately two volts.
🔋 This assemblage has become known as the “Bagdad Battery”.
❗️ However, it is important to note that there is currently no concrete evidence supporting this speculation, and even the dating of these artifacts remains somewhat disputed.
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🔋 Batteries are perhaps the most prevalent and oldest forms of energy storage technology in human history.
🔋 In 1938, Wilhelm Konig, a German archaeologist, unearthed earthenware jars of approximately the size of a human fist at Khujut Rabu, located near Bagdad, modern Iraq. These 2,200-year-old jars were comprised of an iron rod within a copper cylinder, sealed with an asphalt stopper.
🔋 It is speculated that these jars were utilized by the inhabitants of the Parthian civilization, which governed the region 2,000 years ago, as electrical batteries for electroplating gold onto silver.
🔋 According to researchers, this ancient battery could produce electric current of approximately two volts.
🔋 This assemblage has become known as the “Bagdad Battery”.
❗️ However, it is important to note that there is currently no concrete evidence supporting this speculation, and even the dating of these artifacts remains somewhat disputed.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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Who invented the battery?
In 1800, Allesandro Volta, Italian physicist and chemist (1745-1827) made and introduced the first successful demonstration of a modern battery, commonly referred to as the Voltaic pile.⬆️
This device consisted of a series of zinc and silver plates stacked together, with each plate separated by a cloth soaked in a solution of acid and salt.
This invention paved the way for revolutionary advancements in long-distance communication, including the development of telegraphs in the late 1830s and the telephone in the 1870s.
However, the original Voltaic pile encountered a challenge due to the development of hydrogen bubbles as a result of chemical reactions that adhered to the electrode surfaces. This issue led to a rapid decline in the performance of the battery, rendering it of limited practical use.
ℹ️ The term "battery" was coined by Benjamin Franklin in 1749 to describe a set of linked capacitors he used for his experiments with electricity.
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In 1800, Allesandro Volta, Italian physicist and chemist (1745-1827) made and introduced the first successful demonstration of a modern battery, commonly referred to as the Voltaic pile.⬆️
This device consisted of a series of zinc and silver plates stacked together, with each plate separated by a cloth soaked in a solution of acid and salt.
This invention paved the way for revolutionary advancements in long-distance communication, including the development of telegraphs in the late 1830s and the telephone in the 1870s.
However, the original Voltaic pile encountered a challenge due to the development of hydrogen bubbles as a result of chemical reactions that adhered to the electrode surfaces. This issue led to a rapid decline in the performance of the battery, rendering it of limited practical use.
ℹ️ The term "battery" was coined by Benjamin Franklin in 1749 to describe a set of linked capacitors he used for his experiments with electricity.
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Ask Me
Who invented the battery? In 1800, Allesandro Volta, Italian physicist and chemist (1745-1827) made and introduced the first successful demonstration of a modern battery, commonly referred to as the Voltaic pile.⬆️ This device consisted of a series of zinc…
What are the major advancements in battery development after Voltaic pile?
Daniel cell (1836): English chemist, John Daniel (1790-1845) solved the performance degradation of the Voltaic pile in 1836 with the discovery of a two-fluid battery, named a Daniel cell. The system, consisted of a glass jar with a zinc anode on top and a copper cathode at the bottom. A two-layered liquid of concentrated CuSO4 and dilute H2SO4 was used as the electrolyte. It was commercially exploited mostly for powering telegraphs until the late 19th century when the introduction of other novel designs overshadowed its prominence. Daniel cell was a non-rechargeable battery.
Lead–acid storage cell (1854): German physicist Wilhelm Josef Sinsteden (1803-1891) in 1854, brought to light the concept of rechargeable batteries by utilizing two lead sheets in a container of dilute H2SO4. Soon after, in 1859, French physicist, Gaston Planté (1834-1889) introduced the first rechargeable lead-acid battery that revolutionized the world. It consisted of a dual sheet of lead with a rubber strip between them as a separator, which was again rolled into a spiral and immersed in dilute H2SO4 electrolyte.
Leclanché cell (1866): In 1866, George Leclanché (1839-1882), a French physicist, introduced several significant innovations and deviations from the prevailing approach of that time. He developed a new type of battery that utilized MnO2 as one of the electrodes, marking the first use of an oxide for this purpose. Lead oxide was not incorporated into the design of lead-acid batteries until 1881. The telegraphic service of Belgium swiftly adopted this technology in 1867. Leclanché also introduced the use of NH4Cl solution as the electrolyte, which diverged from the prevailing practice of employing protonic acids.
Dry cell (1886): Carl Gassner (1855-1942), in 1886, replaced the liquid NH4Cl solution in the Leclanché cell with a paste of NH4Cl solution mixed with plaster of Paris, creating the first significant dry cell. Gassner's invention was patented in multiple countries. During the same period, there were also independent developments of dry batteries (e.g. by Wilhelm Hellesen and Yai Sakizo), so the precise attribution of who invented the first dry cell remains somewhat unclear.
Nickel–cadmium cell (1899): Swedish scientist Waldemar Jüngner (1869-1924) introduced the nickel–cadmium battery in 1899, which was the first alkaline battery. It quickly became renowned as the ideal battery technology for small consumer devices. This technology was praised for its high current capacity and the ability to undergo numerous charging-discharging cycles. However, it finally lost popularity due to its high cost, degradation of the electrolyte, reduced battery lifespan and the toxic nature of cadmium.
Nickel–iron cell (1901): In addition to his work on nickel-cadmium batteries, Jüngner also introduced nickel-iron batteries.
Nickel–metal hydride cells (1967): The unpopularity of cadmium encouraged the development of nickel−metal hydride batteries in 1967, which are not only cadmium-free but can store more charge than nickel-cadmium batteries. On the downside, nickel-metal hydride batteries deliver less power, have a faster self-discharge and are less tolerant to overcharge. They found wide applications in mobile phones, computers and portable electronic goods after their commercialization in 1991.
Lithium cells (1970): Lithium-based batteries were the last to emerge in the progression of battery technology, only introduced in the 1970s by various research groups. The concept of lithium-ion (Li–ion) batteries was initially discussed around 1979 after which significant advancements were made, starting in 1980.
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Daniel cell (1836): English chemist, John Daniel (1790-1845) solved the performance degradation of the Voltaic pile in 1836 with the discovery of a two-fluid battery, named a Daniel cell. The system, consisted of a glass jar with a zinc anode on top and a copper cathode at the bottom. A two-layered liquid of concentrated CuSO4 and dilute H2SO4 was used as the electrolyte. It was commercially exploited mostly for powering telegraphs until the late 19th century when the introduction of other novel designs overshadowed its prominence. Daniel cell was a non-rechargeable battery.
Lead–acid storage cell (1854): German physicist Wilhelm Josef Sinsteden (1803-1891) in 1854, brought to light the concept of rechargeable batteries by utilizing two lead sheets in a container of dilute H2SO4. Soon after, in 1859, French physicist, Gaston Planté (1834-1889) introduced the first rechargeable lead-acid battery that revolutionized the world. It consisted of a dual sheet of lead with a rubber strip between them as a separator, which was again rolled into a spiral and immersed in dilute H2SO4 electrolyte.
Leclanché cell (1866): In 1866, George Leclanché (1839-1882), a French physicist, introduced several significant innovations and deviations from the prevailing approach of that time. He developed a new type of battery that utilized MnO2 as one of the electrodes, marking the first use of an oxide for this purpose. Lead oxide was not incorporated into the design of lead-acid batteries until 1881. The telegraphic service of Belgium swiftly adopted this technology in 1867. Leclanché also introduced the use of NH4Cl solution as the electrolyte, which diverged from the prevailing practice of employing protonic acids.
Dry cell (1886): Carl Gassner (1855-1942), in 1886, replaced the liquid NH4Cl solution in the Leclanché cell with a paste of NH4Cl solution mixed with plaster of Paris, creating the first significant dry cell. Gassner's invention was patented in multiple countries. During the same period, there were also independent developments of dry batteries (e.g. by Wilhelm Hellesen and Yai Sakizo), so the precise attribution of who invented the first dry cell remains somewhat unclear.
Nickel–cadmium cell (1899): Swedish scientist Waldemar Jüngner (1869-1924) introduced the nickel–cadmium battery in 1899, which was the first alkaline battery. It quickly became renowned as the ideal battery technology for small consumer devices. This technology was praised for its high current capacity and the ability to undergo numerous charging-discharging cycles. However, it finally lost popularity due to its high cost, degradation of the electrolyte, reduced battery lifespan and the toxic nature of cadmium.
Nickel–iron cell (1901): In addition to his work on nickel-cadmium batteries, Jüngner also introduced nickel-iron batteries.
Nickel–metal hydride cells (1967): The unpopularity of cadmium encouraged the development of nickel−metal hydride batteries in 1967, which are not only cadmium-free but can store more charge than nickel-cadmium batteries. On the downside, nickel-metal hydride batteries deliver less power, have a faster self-discharge and are less tolerant to overcharge. They found wide applications in mobile phones, computers and portable electronic goods after their commercialization in 1991.
Lithium cells (1970): Lithium-based batteries were the last to emerge in the progression of battery technology, only introduced in the 1970s by various research groups. The concept of lithium-ion (Li–ion) batteries was initially discussed around 1979 after which significant advancements were made, starting in 1980.
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How many main types of batteries are there?
There are 2️⃣ main types of batteries:
🔋 Primary batteries, also known as non-rechargeable batteries, are designed and manufactured in the charged state for single use. Once their energy is depleted, they need to be replaced. Notable examples are alkaline batteries and lithium metal batteries.
🔋 Secondary batteries, also known as rechargeable batteries or accumulators, can be recharged after being discharged by reversing the flow of current through the battery and are usually assembled in the discharged state. They can be reused until the end of their useful life and their materials can be recycled. Secondary batteries are therefore more environmentally friendly and cost-effective than primary batteries. Examples are nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, lead–acid batteries, Li–ion batteries and solid-state batteries.
ℹ️✍️ Any device that can transform its chemical energy into electrical energy can be called a battery.
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There are 2️⃣ main types of batteries:
🔋 Primary batteries, also known as non-rechargeable batteries, are designed and manufactured in the charged state for single use. Once their energy is depleted, they need to be replaced. Notable examples are alkaline batteries and lithium metal batteries.
🔋 Secondary batteries, also known as rechargeable batteries or accumulators, can be recharged after being discharged by reversing the flow of current through the battery and are usually assembled in the discharged state. They can be reused until the end of their useful life and their materials can be recycled. Secondary batteries are therefore more environmentally friendly and cost-effective than primary batteries. Examples are nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) batteries, lead–acid batteries, Li–ion batteries and solid-state batteries.
ℹ️✍️ Any device that can transform its chemical energy into electrical energy can be called a battery.
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Is there a battery that can last for decades?
☢️🔋 A nuclear battery powered by radioactive decay can last for decades.
Researchers have wanted to use radioactive atoms to build exceptionally long-lasting and damage-resistant batteries since the 1900s. But all prototypes were not very efficient.
Chinese scientists have improved the efficiency of a nuclear battery design by a factor of 8000.
The researchers used americium that is usually considered to be nuclear waste and radiates energy in the form of alpha particles, which carry lots of energy but quickly lose it to their surroundings. They embedded americium into a polymer crystal that converted this energy into a sustained and stable green glow.
Although americium has a half-life of 7380 years, this micronuclear battery ⬆️ should run for several decades, because the components surrounding the sample will eventually be destroyed by the radiation.
The battery may be used for deep-sea exploration and space missions.
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☢️🔋 A nuclear battery powered by radioactive decay can last for decades.
Researchers have wanted to use radioactive atoms to build exceptionally long-lasting and damage-resistant batteries since the 1900s. But all prototypes were not very efficient.
Chinese scientists have improved the efficiency of a nuclear battery design by a factor of 8000.
The researchers used americium that is usually considered to be nuclear waste and radiates energy in the form of alpha particles, which carry lots of energy but quickly lose it to their surroundings. They embedded americium into a polymer crystal that converted this energy into a sustained and stable green glow.
Although americium has a half-life of 7380 years, this micronuclear battery ⬆️ should run for several decades, because the components surrounding the sample will eventually be destroyed by the radiation.
The battery may be used for deep-sea exploration and space missions.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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