Who is the prototype of Santa Claus?
The character of Santa Claus is believed to descend from Bishop Nicholas of Myra, also known as Nicolas the Wonderworker, who lived in the 4th century in Asia Minor, present-day southwestern Turkey.
Saint Nicholas was popular in his lifetime, and had the reputation of a miracle maker.
One of his most famous miracles was the resurrection of three young boys killed and placed in a salting tub by a butcher.
The episode led him to be regarded as the patron saint of schoolchildren.
He is also considered to be the patron saint of sailors, merchants, archers, repentant thieves, brewers, pawnbrokers, unmarried people, and students in various cities and countries around Europe.
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The character of Santa Claus is believed to descend from Bishop Nicholas of Myra, also known as Nicolas the Wonderworker, who lived in the 4th century in Asia Minor, present-day southwestern Turkey.
Saint Nicholas was popular in his lifetime, and had the reputation of a miracle maker.
One of his most famous miracles was the resurrection of three young boys killed and placed in a salting tub by a butcher.
The episode led him to be regarded as the patron saint of schoolchildren.
He is also considered to be the patron saint of sailors, merchants, archers, repentant thieves, brewers, pawnbrokers, unmarried people, and students in various cities and countries around Europe.
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How Saint Nicholas became Santa Claus?
Saint Nicholas was honoured in the Netherlands, where he was also called SinterKlass.
Dutch people who immigrated to America in the 17th century where they founded Nieuw (New) Amsterdam (the future New York), introduced Sinterklaas in their new homeland.
His Dutch name was then distorted and Americanized into Santa Claus – Saint Nick.
In 1809, the American writer Washington Irving published A History of New York, in which he told in a humorous manner the story of the founding of the city.
The author was the first to make the literary transition from Saint Nicholas to Santa Claus.
The book helped popularise the character of Santa Claus and give him an unprecedented profile.
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Saint Nicholas was honoured in the Netherlands, where he was also called SinterKlass.
Dutch people who immigrated to America in the 17th century where they founded Nieuw (New) Amsterdam (the future New York), introduced Sinterklaas in their new homeland.
His Dutch name was then distorted and Americanized into Santa Claus – Saint Nick.
In 1809, the American writer Washington Irving published A History of New York, in which he told in a humorous manner the story of the founding of the city.
The author was the first to make the literary transition from Saint Nicholas to Santa Claus.
The book helped popularise the character of Santa Claus and give him an unprecedented profile.
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How many colors of blood do animals have?
The color of blood depends on different chemicals that special proteins of the blood contain. Because some of the chemicals change color while reacting with oxygen, the color of blood is revealed when oxygenated.
We know at least 5 colors of blood running through blood vessels of various animals.
1) Red. Most vertebrates including humans have red blood because of the iron in our plasma.
2) Yellow. Beetles, sea squirts and cucumbers have yellow blood because of vanabin, containing vanadium and the functional aim of which is still unknown.
3) Green. Many annelids like leeches, marine and segmented worms, have chlorocruorin in their blood that turns green when exposed to oxygen.
4) Blue. Spiders, crustaceans, octopuses and squids, mollusks have copper in their blood, which in reaction with oxygen becomes blue.
5) Purple. To transport oxygen brachiopods and some worms use hemerythrin, which, when oxygenated, turns violet-pink.
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The color of blood depends on different chemicals that special proteins of the blood contain. Because some of the chemicals change color while reacting with oxygen, the color of blood is revealed when oxygenated.
We know at least 5 colors of blood running through blood vessels of various animals.
1) Red. Most vertebrates including humans have red blood because of the iron in our plasma.
2) Yellow. Beetles, sea squirts and cucumbers have yellow blood because of vanabin, containing vanadium and the functional aim of which is still unknown.
3) Green. Many annelids like leeches, marine and segmented worms, have chlorocruorin in their blood that turns green when exposed to oxygen.
4) Blue. Spiders, crustaceans, octopuses and squids, mollusks have copper in their blood, which in reaction with oxygen becomes blue.
5) Purple. To transport oxygen brachiopods and some worms use hemerythrin, which, when oxygenated, turns violet-pink.
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Who has a thousand teeth?
Snails and slugs have evolved to eat just about everything; they are herbivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous, and detritivorous (eating decaying waste from plants and other animals).
There are specialist and generalist species that eat worms, vegetation, rotting vegetation, animal waste, fungus, and other snails.
Snails and slugs eat with a jaw and a flexible band of thousands of microscopic teeth, called radula.
Radulae scrape up, or rasp, food particles as the jaw cuts off larger pieces of food, like leaves, to be rasped by radulae.
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Snails and slugs have evolved to eat just about everything; they are herbivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous, and detritivorous (eating decaying waste from plants and other animals).
There are specialist and generalist species that eat worms, vegetation, rotting vegetation, animal waste, fungus, and other snails.
Snails and slugs eat with a jaw and a flexible band of thousands of microscopic teeth, called radula.
Radulae scrape up, or rasp, food particles as the jaw cuts off larger pieces of food, like leaves, to be rasped by radulae.
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Where is it possible to send a postcard underwater?
In Susami Bay, Japan, at the depth of 10 meters an underwater mailbox was set up in 1999.
In 2015, another underwater post box was installed by the Malaysian postal department at Palau Layang-Layang even deeper – at 40 meters below sea level.
The underwater post office in the town of Risor, on the southern Norwegian coast, is made out of a diving bell and is the only dry underwater post office in the world.
Established in 2003, the underwater post office the island nation of Vanuatu is located under 3 meters of water.
Normally, postcards sent from those underwater mailboxes are water-resistant or sealed in waterproof plastic bags.
The “Sea Floor” post office, in Bahamas, was the world’s first underwater post office but it existed only in 1939-1941.
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In Susami Bay, Japan, at the depth of 10 meters an underwater mailbox was set up in 1999.
In 2015, another underwater post box was installed by the Malaysian postal department at Palau Layang-Layang even deeper – at 40 meters below sea level.
The underwater post office in the town of Risor, on the southern Norwegian coast, is made out of a diving bell and is the only dry underwater post office in the world.
Established in 2003, the underwater post office the island nation of Vanuatu is located under 3 meters of water.
Normally, postcards sent from those underwater mailboxes are water-resistant or sealed in waterproof plastic bags.
The “Sea Floor” post office, in Bahamas, was the world’s first underwater post office but it existed only in 1939-1941.
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Do hippos live in South America?
Although hippos live in Africa, a group of these animals can be met in South America, particularly in Colombia.
Of course, hippopotamuses are an introduced species there.
In the late 1970s, four hippos, 1 male and 3 females, lived on the grounds of the private estate of Pablo Escobar, a Colombian drug lord and narcoterrorist.
After police killed him in 1993, Colombian authorities seized the property of the “King of Cocaine” but decided to simply leave hippos at the abandoned hacienda.
As a result, these big foreigners of the South-American fauna didn’t die but started to multiply.
For the moment there are around 100 hippos in the forests and rivers of Colombia.
But their future in the new habitat is uncertain, as the national officials, society and scientists don’t agree on the benefits or threats related to the presence of these huge animals in the country.
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Although hippos live in Africa, a group of these animals can be met in South America, particularly in Colombia.
Of course, hippopotamuses are an introduced species there.
In the late 1970s, four hippos, 1 male and 3 females, lived on the grounds of the private estate of Pablo Escobar, a Colombian drug lord and narcoterrorist.
After police killed him in 1993, Colombian authorities seized the property of the “King of Cocaine” but decided to simply leave hippos at the abandoned hacienda.
As a result, these big foreigners of the South-American fauna didn’t die but started to multiply.
For the moment there are around 100 hippos in the forests and rivers of Colombia.
But their future in the new habitat is uncertain, as the national officials, society and scientists don’t agree on the benefits or threats related to the presence of these huge animals in the country.
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How many times and for how long should one click the computer mouse to burn one calorie?
One calorie equals 4.2 joules.
Given that:
- the force of one click has a value of 0.5 newtons (the same force a human produces to support a mass of 50 grams)
- the distance the finger moves when clicking the button is 1 millimetre
Then multiplying that force by the distance equals 0.0005 joules.
Under these conditions, to burn one calorie you must click the mouse 10 million times.
If you clicked 10 times per second, you could burn that calorie in a mere 11.5 days.
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One calorie equals 4.2 joules.
Given that:
- the force of one click has a value of 0.5 newtons (the same force a human produces to support a mass of 50 grams)
- the distance the finger moves when clicking the button is 1 millimetre
Then multiplying that force by the distance equals 0.0005 joules.
Under these conditions, to burn one calorie you must click the mouse 10 million times.
If you clicked 10 times per second, you could burn that calorie in a mere 11.5 days.
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What is phytoremediation?
Phytoremediation is the use of plants and microorganisms to clean up soil, air, and water contaminated with hazardous waste.
The term is derived from the Greek phyto (plant) and Latin remedium (restoring balance).
One of the most hyper-accumulating plants used for this process is sunflower with its capacity to remove metal compounds from deep in the soil and transport them into the stem, leaves and flower head.
It can take up high concentration of toxic materials and is able to rid a place from radioactive metals in 3-4 years.
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Phytoremediation is the use of plants and microorganisms to clean up soil, air, and water contaminated with hazardous waste.
The term is derived from the Greek phyto (plant) and Latin remedium (restoring balance).
One of the most hyper-accumulating plants used for this process is sunflower with its capacity to remove metal compounds from deep in the soil and transport them into the stem, leaves and flower head.
It can take up high concentration of toxic materials and is able to rid a place from radioactive metals in 3-4 years.
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Can hot water freeze faster than cold?
Not always, but sometimes hot water freezes faster than cold water.
Noted by scientists since Aristotle’s time (4th century BC), this phenomenon is now known as the Mpemba effect after Erasto Mpemba, a schoolboy from Tanzania. He claimed in his science class that ice cream would freeze faster if it was heated first before being put in the freezer.
So far, there is no unique theory explaining this effect.
One of the recent hypotheses is that hot water cools faster because of the bigger difference in temperature between the water and the freezer. That may help hot water reach its freezing point quicker than cold water with its natural freezing point of at least 5°C lower.
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Not always, but sometimes hot water freezes faster than cold water.
Noted by scientists since Aristotle’s time (4th century BC), this phenomenon is now known as the Mpemba effect after Erasto Mpemba, a schoolboy from Tanzania. He claimed in his science class that ice cream would freeze faster if it was heated first before being put in the freezer.
So far, there is no unique theory explaining this effect.
One of the recent hypotheses is that hot water cools faster because of the bigger difference in temperature between the water and the freezer. That may help hot water reach its freezing point quicker than cold water with its natural freezing point of at least 5°C lower.
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Which countries will be the world’s 10 most populous by 2100?
By 2100, India can surpass China as the world’s most populous country.
7th today, Nigeria could become the 3rd in terms of population in 80 years.
4 of the 10 most populous countries in the world of our times could no longer be among the top 10 in 2100 left behind by rapidly growing nations in Africa.
Bangladesh, Brazil, Mexico and Russia who are among the world’s 10 most populous countries today, are projected to be overtaken by the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Egypt – none of which are currently in the top 10.
In experts’ opinion, Africa’s rapid population growth will become one of the dominant stories. Of the six countries that are projected to account for more than half of the world’s population growth by 2100, five are in Africa. Half the world’s babies will be born in Africa by 2100, up from three-in-ten today.
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By 2100, India can surpass China as the world’s most populous country.
7th today, Nigeria could become the 3rd in terms of population in 80 years.
4 of the 10 most populous countries in the world of our times could no longer be among the top 10 in 2100 left behind by rapidly growing nations in Africa.
Bangladesh, Brazil, Mexico and Russia who are among the world’s 10 most populous countries today, are projected to be overtaken by the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania and Egypt – none of which are currently in the top 10.
In experts’ opinion, Africa’s rapid population growth will become one of the dominant stories. Of the six countries that are projected to account for more than half of the world’s population growth by 2100, five are in Africa. Half the world’s babies will be born in Africa by 2100, up from three-in-ten today.
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Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?
This name is well known in the world of crypto.
It is likely to be a pseudonym for a person or a group of people who developed the first cryptocurrency in the world - bitcoin, authored the bitcoin white paper, and created and deployed bitcoin's original reference implementation.
It’s generally believed that the work on the bitcoin code began in 2007 and until mid-2010 Nakamoto continued to collaborate with other developers on the bitcoin software.
After 2010, the recognized involvement of Satoshi Nakamoto in the bitcoin project was stopped.
The identity of Satoshi Nakamoto is still unknown, but according to most of the versions this person is of non-Japanese descent.
Nakamoto could own between 750,000 and 1,100,000 bitcoin. As of November 2021, that puts his net worth at up to 73 billion US dollars, which would make him the 15th richest person in the world.
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This name is well known in the world of crypto.
It is likely to be a pseudonym for a person or a group of people who developed the first cryptocurrency in the world - bitcoin, authored the bitcoin white paper, and created and deployed bitcoin's original reference implementation.
It’s generally believed that the work on the bitcoin code began in 2007 and until mid-2010 Nakamoto continued to collaborate with other developers on the bitcoin software.
After 2010, the recognized involvement of Satoshi Nakamoto in the bitcoin project was stopped.
The identity of Satoshi Nakamoto is still unknown, but according to most of the versions this person is of non-Japanese descent.
Nakamoto could own between 750,000 and 1,100,000 bitcoin. As of November 2021, that puts his net worth at up to 73 billion US dollars, which would make him the 15th richest person in the world.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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Why is Saudi Arabia importing sand from Australia?
For its important construction projects Saudi Arabia needs a lot of concrete, which is manufactured with the use of sand.
However, not all types of sand are the same and for construction purposes it is better to use coarse-grained beach sand.
Desert sand can only be used for few works in construction, but certainly not for building foundations.
Saudi Arabia has a lack of beach sand and is importing it from Australia.
In Australia sand is also mined in desert inland, what makes a difference is that central Australia was once covered by the ocean.
Therefore, the sand in Australian central deserts is a typical beach sand, polished by water for millions of years, and is ideal for construction.
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For its important construction projects Saudi Arabia needs a lot of concrete, which is manufactured with the use of sand.
However, not all types of sand are the same and for construction purposes it is better to use coarse-grained beach sand.
Desert sand can only be used for few works in construction, but certainly not for building foundations.
Saudi Arabia has a lack of beach sand and is importing it from Australia.
In Australia sand is also mined in desert inland, what makes a difference is that central Australia was once covered by the ocean.
Therefore, the sand in Australian central deserts is a typical beach sand, polished by water for millions of years, and is ideal for construction.
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Why is Saudi Arabia importing camels from Australia?
Camel meat has always played a big part in the traditional diet in Saudi Arabia, where these animals are now mostly bred for racing.
The Saudis traditionally imported camels from North Africa, but various economic and political factors led them to look elsewhere.
Australia became the new commercial partner of the Saudis because today it has a population of more than 500,000 dromedary, one-humped camels.
Australia's camels were brought over from Northern India in the 19th century to cultivate its arid back country.
In the 20th century, when animals were largely replaced by machines, the entire population of 20,000 camels was let into the wild.
Since then the Australian dromedary have been successfully reproducing, and in some areas they have even become a nuisance.
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Camel meat has always played a big part in the traditional diet in Saudi Arabia, where these animals are now mostly bred for racing.
The Saudis traditionally imported camels from North Africa, but various economic and political factors led them to look elsewhere.
Australia became the new commercial partner of the Saudis because today it has a population of more than 500,000 dromedary, one-humped camels.
Australia's camels were brought over from Northern India in the 19th century to cultivate its arid back country.
In the 20th century, when animals were largely replaced by machines, the entire population of 20,000 camels was let into the wild.
Since then the Australian dromedary have been successfully reproducing, and in some areas they have even become a nuisance.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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What is Africa’s “Great Green Wall”?
Africa’s “Great Green Wall” initiative is a proposed 8,000-kilometer line of trees meant to hold back the Sahara from expanding southward.
The project was launched in 2007 by the African Union, and aims to plant 100 million hectares of trees along the Sahel, the semiarid zone lining the desert’s southern edge, by 2030.
11 countries selected as intervention zones for the Great Green Wall are: Burkina Faso, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sudan.
The project is now roughly 15 percent complete.
According to simulations made recently by scientists, the completed tree line could as much as double rainfall within the Sahel and would also decrease average summer temperatures throughout much of northern Africa and into the Mediterranean. At the same time the study found that temperatures in the hottest parts of the desert would become even hotter.
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Africa’s “Great Green Wall” initiative is a proposed 8,000-kilometer line of trees meant to hold back the Sahara from expanding southward.
The project was launched in 2007 by the African Union, and aims to plant 100 million hectares of trees along the Sahel, the semiarid zone lining the desert’s southern edge, by 2030.
11 countries selected as intervention zones for the Great Green Wall are: Burkina Faso, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Sudan.
The project is now roughly 15 percent complete.
According to simulations made recently by scientists, the completed tree line could as much as double rainfall within the Sahel and would also decrease average summer temperatures throughout much of northern Africa and into the Mediterranean. At the same time the study found that temperatures in the hottest parts of the desert would become even hotter.
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What are the longest words in English?
“Methionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylarginyl...isoleucine”, the chemical name of “titin” (also known as “connectin”) is the largest known protein and is considered to be the longest word in English. It has 189,819 letters.
According the Oxford English Dictionary, the longest word is “pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis” at 45 letters long. It is a lung disease caused by the inhalation of silica or quartz dust.
Among other longest words one can find a 34 letters long “supercalifragilisticexpialidocious”, made famous by Mary Poppins.
The 21 letter word “incomprehensibilities” is known as the longest used in common language.
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“Methionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylarginyl...isoleucine”, the chemical name of “titin” (also known as “connectin”) is the largest known protein and is considered to be the longest word in English. It has 189,819 letters.
According the Oxford English Dictionary, the longest word is “pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis” at 45 letters long. It is a lung disease caused by the inhalation of silica or quartz dust.
Among other longest words one can find a 34 letters long “supercalifragilisticexpialidocious”, made famous by Mary Poppins.
The 21 letter word “incomprehensibilities” is known as the longest used in common language.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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What are the earliest human-made hybrid-animals?
Cuneiform tablets and seals of Mesopotamia dating back to the late third millennium B.C. document intentional breeding of highly valued equids called “kungas” for use in diplomacy, ceremony, and warfare.
Their precise zoological classification, however, has never been conclusively determined.
But in the early 2000s from a royal burial complex dating back to 2600 B.C. at Umm el-Marra in northern Syria scientists excavated dozens of equine skeletons.
The animals, whose physical features didn’t match any known equine species, appear to be these “kungas”.
After sequencing the genomes of one of these ~4500-year-old equids, the researchers concluded that they were hybrids between female domestic donkeys and male hemippes (Syrian wild ass).
This discovery makes “kungas” the oldest evidence of humans creating hybrid animals.
But as this mystery was solved after the last hemippe perished, it’s impossible to make "kungas" again.
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Cuneiform tablets and seals of Mesopotamia dating back to the late third millennium B.C. document intentional breeding of highly valued equids called “kungas” for use in diplomacy, ceremony, and warfare.
Their precise zoological classification, however, has never been conclusively determined.
But in the early 2000s from a royal burial complex dating back to 2600 B.C. at Umm el-Marra in northern Syria scientists excavated dozens of equine skeletons.
The animals, whose physical features didn’t match any known equine species, appear to be these “kungas”.
After sequencing the genomes of one of these ~4500-year-old equids, the researchers concluded that they were hybrids between female domestic donkeys and male hemippes (Syrian wild ass).
This discovery makes “kungas” the oldest evidence of humans creating hybrid animals.
But as this mystery was solved after the last hemippe perished, it’s impossible to make "kungas" again.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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What were the most drinking nations in 2021?
Evaluating how much alcohol was consumed by different nations in 2021, experts asked respondents from different countries 3 questions.
In terms of frequency of drinking, French people appeared to be the leaders, consuming alcohol on average 132 days a year. New Zealand, whose citizens drink 120 times yearly, is in the second place, and the Netherlands came third with 112 times, followed by Hungary (109) and the UK (107).
The next question was about “feeling drunk”. Here, Australians took the lead, getting drunk almost 27 times a year. Denmark and Finland share the second place with 23,8 times annually. A bit less often in 2021 got hammered the inhabitants of the US and the UK.
In the category of “feeling regret” the survey revealed new leaders. People from Ireland (28,4 times) and Poland (28,3) felt the most regret after drinking alcohol. 25-28 annual regrets were recorded in New Zealand, Romania, Spain, Italy, Canada and Hungary.
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Evaluating how much alcohol was consumed by different nations in 2021, experts asked respondents from different countries 3 questions.
In terms of frequency of drinking, French people appeared to be the leaders, consuming alcohol on average 132 days a year. New Zealand, whose citizens drink 120 times yearly, is in the second place, and the Netherlands came third with 112 times, followed by Hungary (109) and the UK (107).
The next question was about “feeling drunk”. Here, Australians took the lead, getting drunk almost 27 times a year. Denmark and Finland share the second place with 23,8 times annually. A bit less often in 2021 got hammered the inhabitants of the US and the UK.
In the category of “feeling regret” the survey revealed new leaders. People from Ireland (28,4 times) and Poland (28,3) felt the most regret after drinking alcohol. 25-28 annual regrets were recorded in New Zealand, Romania, Spain, Italy, Canada and Hungary.
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Can dogs understand that humans are speaking different languages?
To answer this question scientists scanned the brain of dogs while they were listening to audio records first in a language of their master and then in a “foreign” language.
It was found that one of the brain regions — the secondary auditory cortex — showed different neurological responses to the language that dogs were used to, and to the one, that they hadn’t heard before.
Moreover, the older the dog in the experiment was, the better they were able to distinguish between the two languages.
The research also revealed that dogs react differently to normal speech and to non-speech, that is human speech sounds that made no sense.
Scientists are now trying to establish whether this ability is dogs’ specialty, or it is a common occurrence among non-human species.
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To answer this question scientists scanned the brain of dogs while they were listening to audio records first in a language of their master and then in a “foreign” language.
It was found that one of the brain regions — the secondary auditory cortex — showed different neurological responses to the language that dogs were used to, and to the one, that they hadn’t heard before.
Moreover, the older the dog in the experiment was, the better they were able to distinguish between the two languages.
The research also revealed that dogs react differently to normal speech and to non-speech, that is human speech sounds that made no sense.
Scientists are now trying to establish whether this ability is dogs’ specialty, or it is a common occurrence among non-human species.
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Does the size of an image matter for remembering it?
In their recent study scientists say yes.
Across experiments where participants viewed images freely without the task of memorising them, larger images were remembered about 1.5 times better than smaller ones, and the effect was proportional to the image size.
It can be explained by the fact that bigger images require more visual system processing resources. That leads to stronger registration into memory than that of smaller images processed by fewer brain resources.
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In their recent study scientists say yes.
Across experiments where participants viewed images freely without the task of memorising them, larger images were remembered about 1.5 times better than smaller ones, and the effect was proportional to the image size.
It can be explained by the fact that bigger images require more visual system processing resources. That leads to stronger registration into memory than that of smaller images processed by fewer brain resources.
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Does every star have planets?
The answer of astronomers is “no”, but they add that it is a question of whether a planet was detected near a star of not.
Since 1992 when astronomers discovered the first planet outside the solar system, telescopes have spotted thousands of so-called exoplanets orbiting different stars.
Scientists now know that some stars — like the sun, as well as red dwarf stars many light-years away — are home to more than half a dozen planets, while others have none.
But what makes one star host so many planets while others fly solo?
Scientists think it may depend on the way the star was formed.
A ring of dust particles that usually surrounds young stars when they are shaping can eventually form planets.
But that model is not always the case.
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The answer of astronomers is “no”, but they add that it is a question of whether a planet was detected near a star of not.
Since 1992 when astronomers discovered the first planet outside the solar system, telescopes have spotted thousands of so-called exoplanets orbiting different stars.
Scientists now know that some stars — like the sun, as well as red dwarf stars many light-years away — are home to more than half a dozen planets, while others have none.
But what makes one star host so many planets while others fly solo?
Scientists think it may depend on the way the star was formed.
A ring of dust particles that usually surrounds young stars when they are shaping can eventually form planets.
But that model is not always the case.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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