Why are we celebrating the International Women’s Day on the 8th of March?
In 1917, on Sunday February 23 (according to the Julian calendar then in use in Russia), women began a strike for "bread and peace" in response to the death of over 2 million Russian soldiers in World War 1.
After the Russian revolution that took place the same year, the country adopted the Gregorian calendar, in which the 23rd of February corresponded to the 8th of March.
It was also in 1917 that communist government headed by Vladimir Lenin made this day an official holyday.
Remained predominantly a communist holiday till the late 1960s, in 1965 the 8th of March became also a non-working day in the Soviet Union.
International Women's Day was first officially recognised by the United Nations in 1977.
It has since been commemorated annually by the UN and much of the world, with each year's observance dedicated to a particular theme or issue in women's rights.
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In 1917, on Sunday February 23 (according to the Julian calendar then in use in Russia), women began a strike for "bread and peace" in response to the death of over 2 million Russian soldiers in World War 1.
After the Russian revolution that took place the same year, the country adopted the Gregorian calendar, in which the 23rd of February corresponded to the 8th of March.
It was also in 1917 that communist government headed by Vladimir Lenin made this day an official holyday.
Remained predominantly a communist holiday till the late 1960s, in 1965 the 8th of March became also a non-working day in the Soviet Union.
International Women's Day was first officially recognised by the United Nations in 1977.
It has since been commemorated annually by the UN and much of the world, with each year's observance dedicated to a particular theme or issue in women's rights.
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Can pretty face play some biological role?
The answer to this question could be found by a group of scientists who researched the correlation between attractiveness and health of a person.
During the experiments 159 photos of real people were shown to almost 500 volunteers who had to choose most attractive faces.
At the same time, the people in the pictures underwent different medical examinations.
As a result, researchers discovered that people whose faces were described as more attractive had on average a better immune system than others did.
This study suggests that attractiveness can have a biological role, signaling the health of the body and the "quality" of heredity.
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The answer to this question could be found by a group of scientists who researched the correlation between attractiveness and health of a person.
During the experiments 159 photos of real people were shown to almost 500 volunteers who had to choose most attractive faces.
At the same time, the people in the pictures underwent different medical examinations.
As a result, researchers discovered that people whose faces were described as more attractive had on average a better immune system than others did.
This study suggests that attractiveness can have a biological role, signaling the health of the body and the "quality" of heredity.
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What is a blood group?
Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a liquid called plasma.
Proteins found in plasma are called Antibodies and they are part of human body's natural defences. They recognise foreign substances, such as germs, and alert your immune system, which destroys them.
On the surface of red blood cells, there are protein molecules called Antigens.
A blood group (or blood type) is identified by the presence and absence of concrete antibodies and antigens in the blood and is determined by the genes inherited from both parents of an individual.
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Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in a liquid called plasma.
Proteins found in plasma are called Antibodies and they are part of human body's natural defences. They recognise foreign substances, such as germs, and alert your immune system, which destroys them.
On the surface of red blood cells, there are protein molecules called Antigens.
A blood group (or blood type) is identified by the presence and absence of concrete antibodies and antigens in the blood and is determined by the genes inherited from both parents of an individual.
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What are the main blood groups?
The main blood groups are classified with ABO and Rh systems.
ABO blood groups are governed by a single gene in 3 varieties: A, B and O. People with AB blood inherit an A gene from one parent and a B gene from the other.
Red blood cells sometimes have an antigen – RhD, which if present, makes a blood group RhD positive and if absent – RhD negative. Most people are RhD positive.
So, 8 main blood groups are:
• A+ (RhD positive) has A and RhD antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma
• A- (RhD negative) has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma
• B+ has B and RhD antigens with anti-A antibodies
• B- has B antigens with anti-A antibodies
• O+ has no A and B antigens, but has RhD antigen and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
• O- has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
• AB+ has A, B and RhD antigens, but no antibodies
• AB- has A and B antigens, but no antibodies
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The main blood groups are classified with ABO and Rh systems.
ABO blood groups are governed by a single gene in 3 varieties: A, B and O. People with AB blood inherit an A gene from one parent and a B gene from the other.
Red blood cells sometimes have an antigen – RhD, which if present, makes a blood group RhD positive and if absent – RhD negative. Most people are RhD positive.
So, 8 main blood groups are:
• A+ (RhD positive) has A and RhD antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma
• A- (RhD negative) has A antigens on the red blood cells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma
• B+ has B and RhD antigens with anti-A antibodies
• B- has B antigens with anti-A antibodies
• O+ has no A and B antigens, but has RhD antigen and both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
• O- has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
• AB+ has A, B and RhD antigens, but no antibodies
• AB- has A and B antigens, but no antibodies
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Who developed the ABO blood group system?
In 1900, Karl Landsteiner at the University of Vienna, through a series of experiments discovered why some blood transfusions were successful while others proved to be deadly.
By mixing red cells and serum of each of his staff, he demonstrated that the serum of some people agglutinated the red cells of others.
As a result, Landsteiner identified three types, called A, B and C (C was later re-named to O for the German “Ohne”, meaning “without”, or “Zero”, “null” in English). The fourth less frequent blood group AB, was discovered a year later.
For his discovery, which is known as ABO blood group system, in 1930, Landsteiner received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine.
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In 1900, Karl Landsteiner at the University of Vienna, through a series of experiments discovered why some blood transfusions were successful while others proved to be deadly.
By mixing red cells and serum of each of his staff, he demonstrated that the serum of some people agglutinated the red cells of others.
As a result, Landsteiner identified three types, called A, B and C (C was later re-named to O for the German “Ohne”, meaning “without”, or “Zero”, “null” in English). The fourth less frequent blood group AB, was discovered a year later.
For his discovery, which is known as ABO blood group system, in 1930, Landsteiner received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine.
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Why is blood group important for blood transfusion?
If you have a blood transfusion, it is vital that the blood you receive is well matched (compatible) with your own.
For example, if you receive blood from a person who is A positive and you are B positive then the anti-A antibodies in your plasma will attack the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of the donated blood. This causes the red cells of the donated blood to clump together. This can cause a serious or even fatal reaction in your body.
Therefore, before a blood transfusion is done, a donor bag of blood is selected with the same ABO and rhesus blood group as yourself.
Then, to make sure there is no incompatibility, a small sample of your blood is mixed with a small sample of the donor blood.
After a short time the mixed blood is looked at under a microscope to see if there has been any clumping of blood. If there is no clumping, then it is safe to transfuse the blood.
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If you have a blood transfusion, it is vital that the blood you receive is well matched (compatible) with your own.
For example, if you receive blood from a person who is A positive and you are B positive then the anti-A antibodies in your plasma will attack the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of the donated blood. This causes the red cells of the donated blood to clump together. This can cause a serious or even fatal reaction in your body.
Therefore, before a blood transfusion is done, a donor bag of blood is selected with the same ABO and rhesus blood group as yourself.
Then, to make sure there is no incompatibility, a small sample of your blood is mixed with a small sample of the donor blood.
After a short time the mixed blood is looked at under a microscope to see if there has been any clumping of blood. If there is no clumping, then it is safe to transfuse the blood.
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Who invented the first submarines?
Leonardo da Vinci, an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance, sketched a primitive submarine around 1515.
The first design for a submersible craft was drafted in 1578 by William Bourne, an English mathematician and former Royal Navy gunner.
In 1620, the first successful submarine was commissioned by the English Royal Navy, built by a Dutch engineer and inventor Cornelius Drebbel and tested in the Thames River, where it completed a three-hour journey.
American inventor David Bushnell developed the first military submarine in 1775, during the American Revolution.
Early subs were usually propelled by hand-operated cranks, and their offensive strategies centered around covertly confronting a surface ship, attaching explosives to the enemy's hull and escaping before the explosion.
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Leonardo da Vinci, an Italian polymath of the High Renaissance, sketched a primitive submarine around 1515.
The first design for a submersible craft was drafted in 1578 by William Bourne, an English mathematician and former Royal Navy gunner.
In 1620, the first successful submarine was commissioned by the English Royal Navy, built by a Dutch engineer and inventor Cornelius Drebbel and tested in the Thames River, where it completed a three-hour journey.
American inventor David Bushnell developed the first military submarine in 1775, during the American Revolution.
Early subs were usually propelled by hand-operated cranks, and their offensive strategies centered around covertly confronting a surface ship, attaching explosives to the enemy's hull and escaping before the explosion.
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What is the biggest submarine ever built and remaining in service?
A Russian nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine known as Dmitriy Donskoy, TK-208, is the world's largest submarine.
Measuring at 175 meters, nearly 600 feet, the submarine has been in commission since 1980, with a few periods of significant refurbishment in its history.
In addition to the submarine's impressive length, it's also 25 meters wide, giving it quite the presence in the water.
The displacement of the ship is 48,000 tons and it is operated by a crew of 160 men.
The TK-208 was the foremost submarine in the Russian named Akula-class submarine line (NATO calls it Typhoon).
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A Russian nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine known as Dmitriy Donskoy, TK-208, is the world's largest submarine.
Measuring at 175 meters, nearly 600 feet, the submarine has been in commission since 1980, with a few periods of significant refurbishment in its history.
In addition to the submarine's impressive length, it's also 25 meters wide, giving it quite the presence in the water.
The displacement of the ship is 48,000 tons and it is operated by a crew of 160 men.
The TK-208 was the foremost submarine in the Russian named Akula-class submarine line (NATO calls it Typhoon).
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What was the first sustained flight of an aircraft?
Although multiple experiments with heavier-than-air powered and controlled flights were already carried out in the 19th century, only at the beginning of the 20th century such a flight was made.
On December 17 1903 near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in the US, brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright marked the beginning of the pioneer era of aviation.
Their aircraft, the Wright Flyer, made then the first sustained flight for a distance of about 6 kilometers (4 miles).
The airplane was preserved and is now exhibited at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
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Although multiple experiments with heavier-than-air powered and controlled flights were already carried out in the 19th century, only at the beginning of the 20th century such a flight was made.
On December 17 1903 near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in the US, brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright marked the beginning of the pioneer era of aviation.
Their aircraft, the Wright Flyer, made then the first sustained flight for a distance of about 6 kilometers (4 miles).
The airplane was preserved and is now exhibited at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
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What were the first supersonic aircrafts?
Able to fly faster that the speed of sound (or Mach 1), supersonic aircrafts started being developed in the second half of the 20th century.
The first flight exceeding the speed of sound by a manned aircraft in controlled level flight was performed on October 14, 1947 by the experimental Bell X-1 research rocket plane.
The first fighter capable of supersonic speed in level flight was the North American F-100 Super Sabre, that first flew in 1953 and then served in the United States Air Force from 1954 to 1971.
The Soviet supersonic passenger airliner, the Tupolev Tu-144, performed its first flight in December 1968 and was in operation until 1999.
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Able to fly faster that the speed of sound (or Mach 1), supersonic aircrafts started being developed in the second half of the 20th century.
The first flight exceeding the speed of sound by a manned aircraft in controlled level flight was performed on October 14, 1947 by the experimental Bell X-1 research rocket plane.
The first fighter capable of supersonic speed in level flight was the North American F-100 Super Sabre, that first flew in 1953 and then served in the United States Air Force from 1954 to 1971.
The Soviet supersonic passenger airliner, the Tupolev Tu-144, performed its first flight in December 1968 and was in operation until 1999.
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What is the biggest passenger airliner in the world?
The Airbus A380-800 is the largest passenger aircraft ever made, able to carry up to 853 people in a single class and 644 people in a two-tiered class.
The wide-body plane made its maiden flight on April 27th, 2005, and has a maximum range of 8,208 miles (about 13,200 km) and a cruising height of 43,100 feet (about 13 km).
It has a wingspan of 261.8 feet (79.8 meters), a length of 239.5 feet (73 meters) and a maximum take-off weight of more than 1.2 million pounds (540,000 kg).
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The Airbus A380-800 is the largest passenger aircraft ever made, able to carry up to 853 people in a single class and 644 people in a two-tiered class.
The wide-body plane made its maiden flight on April 27th, 2005, and has a maximum range of 8,208 miles (about 13,200 km) and a cruising height of 43,100 feet (about 13 km).
It has a wingspan of 261.8 feet (79.8 meters), a length of 239.5 feet (73 meters) and a maximum take-off weight of more than 1.2 million pounds (540,000 kg).
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What is the biggest cargo aircraft ever developed?
The An-225 was the biggest and heaviest aircraft ever built, with a maximum takeoff weight of 640-700 tons.
It still holds the record for total airlifted payload at 559,580 pounds, as well as airlifted single-item payload at 418,830 pounds.
With the length of 275 ft (84 meters), the six engines plane has the longest wingspan of any plane currently flying - 290 feet (88.4 meters).
It was designed in the 1980s by the Soviet Union Antonov Design Bureau to carry the Buran spaceplane (the Soviet version of the space shuttle) as well as the Energia rocket boosters.
The An-225 first flew on 21 December 1988.
Initially, two planes of the kind were laid down, but only one of them was built and went into service.
Being moored in Ukraine, the only existing copy of the plane was significantly damaged on the 25th of February 2022 during the fight with the Russian troops over the Antonov airport.
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The An-225 was the biggest and heaviest aircraft ever built, with a maximum takeoff weight of 640-700 tons.
It still holds the record for total airlifted payload at 559,580 pounds, as well as airlifted single-item payload at 418,830 pounds.
With the length of 275 ft (84 meters), the six engines plane has the longest wingspan of any plane currently flying - 290 feet (88.4 meters).
It was designed in the 1980s by the Soviet Union Antonov Design Bureau to carry the Buran spaceplane (the Soviet version of the space shuttle) as well as the Energia rocket boosters.
The An-225 first flew on 21 December 1988.
Initially, two planes of the kind were laid down, but only one of them was built and went into service.
Being moored in Ukraine, the only existing copy of the plane was significantly damaged on the 25th of February 2022 during the fight with the Russian troops over the Antonov airport.
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Where in the world pyramids can be found?
When most of us think of a pyramid, we imagine Egypt where those massive triangular tombs have become the symbol of the country.
Besides Egypt, here are the countries where pyramids are scattered around the world:
- Sudan
- Nigeria
- Iraq
- China
- Mexico
- Peru
- Guatemala
Ancient temple pyramids can also be found in India, Cambodia and Indonesia.
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When most of us think of a pyramid, we imagine Egypt where those massive triangular tombs have become the symbol of the country.
Besides Egypt, here are the countries where pyramids are scattered around the world:
- Sudan
- Nigeria
- Iraq
- China
- Mexico
- Peru
- Guatemala
Ancient temple pyramids can also be found in India, Cambodia and Indonesia.
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What is the country with the biggest number of pyramids?
Despite the common belief, Egypt isn’t the pyramid capital of the world.
Sudan has up to 255 known pyramids, compared to Egypt’s 138.
The pyramids in Sudan weren’t created by ancient Egyptians who wandered further south, but were built by members of the Kingdom of Kush, an ancient civilization that ruled areas along the Nile River from 1070 BC to 350 AD.
While the Kushites started building pyramids about 500 years after the Egyptians, both cultures used them to entomb their dead.
Kushite pyramids reach up to 30 metres high, while the height of the largest Egyptian pyramid is 138 metres.
The ancient city of Meroë in the middle of modern day Sudan is home to almost 200 pyramids - the biggest concentration of Kushite pyramids in the country and the biggest concentration of pyramids in the world.
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Despite the common belief, Egypt isn’t the pyramid capital of the world.
Sudan has up to 255 known pyramids, compared to Egypt’s 138.
The pyramids in Sudan weren’t created by ancient Egyptians who wandered further south, but were built by members of the Kingdom of Kush, an ancient civilization that ruled areas along the Nile River from 1070 BC to 350 AD.
While the Kushites started building pyramids about 500 years after the Egyptians, both cultures used them to entomb their dead.
Kushite pyramids reach up to 30 metres high, while the height of the largest Egyptian pyramid is 138 metres.
The ancient city of Meroë in the middle of modern day Sudan is home to almost 200 pyramids - the biggest concentration of Kushite pyramids in the country and the biggest concentration of pyramids in the world.
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What is the oldest pyramid in the world?
The Pyramid of Djoser (or Zoser), is widely believed to be the oldest pyramid in the world.
It dates back to around 2630 BC.
The construction on the Great Pyramid of Giza began in 2560 BC, roughly 70 years later.
Like all Egyptian pyramids, the Djoser pyramid was built for a ruler. King Djoser was the second ruler of Egypt’s third dynasty and held the throne for an estimated 19 years.
The king’s monument was built by a great architect, named Imhotep. He was the chief minister to Djoser and left behind a legacy. If the name sounds familiar, it may be because the architect become known as the Egyptian god of wisdom and medicine — now listed among few other actual, historical people who were named deities.
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The Pyramid of Djoser (or Zoser), is widely believed to be the oldest pyramid in the world.
It dates back to around 2630 BC.
The construction on the Great Pyramid of Giza began in 2560 BC, roughly 70 years later.
Like all Egyptian pyramids, the Djoser pyramid was built for a ruler. King Djoser was the second ruler of Egypt’s third dynasty and held the throne for an estimated 19 years.
The king’s monument was built by a great architect, named Imhotep. He was the chief minister to Djoser and left behind a legacy. If the name sounds familiar, it may be because the architect become known as the Egyptian god of wisdom and medicine — now listed among few other actual, historical people who were named deities.
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What is the tallest pyramid in the world?
The most famous and the tallest pyramid, the Great Pyramid (also known as the Pyramid of Cheops) is located in Giza, Egypt.
Its height is 138.5 metres and its base is measured at 230.3 metres.
This pyramid is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and the only one that has stayed mostly intact.
It was built around 2600 BC as the tomb for the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu (Cheops). It remains the tallest pyramid in the world, and for 3,800 years after it was finished, it was also the world’s tallest building.
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The most famous and the tallest pyramid, the Great Pyramid (also known as the Pyramid of Cheops) is located in Giza, Egypt.
Its height is 138.5 metres and its base is measured at 230.3 metres.
This pyramid is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and the only one that has stayed mostly intact.
It was built around 2600 BC as the tomb for the Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu (Cheops). It remains the tallest pyramid in the world, and for 3,800 years after it was finished, it was also the world’s tallest building.
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What is the world’s largest pyramid?
Perhaps surprisingly to some, but the Pyramid of Cheops is not the largest in the world.
This title belongs to the Great Pyramid of Cholula in Puebla, Mexico.
The Great Pyramid of Cholula is a temple to the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl in Mexico.
It was built in stages between the third century BC and the ninth century AD by the Toltec-Chichimec people, who settled in what is modern-day Puebla in the twelfth century.
The structure was named Tlachihualtepetl, or “the mountain built-by-hand”.
It has the height of 55 metres and the base of 450 metres.
With this base covering an area of almost 50 acres, Cholula isn’t close to being one of the tallest pyramids in the world but it is by far the biggest by volume.
It is the largest monument ever built and its volume is a staggering 4.45 million cubic metres, almost twice that of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
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Perhaps surprisingly to some, but the Pyramid of Cheops is not the largest in the world.
This title belongs to the Great Pyramid of Cholula in Puebla, Mexico.
The Great Pyramid of Cholula is a temple to the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl in Mexico.
It was built in stages between the third century BC and the ninth century AD by the Toltec-Chichimec people, who settled in what is modern-day Puebla in the twelfth century.
The structure was named Tlachihualtepetl, or “the mountain built-by-hand”.
It has the height of 55 metres and the base of 450 metres.
With this base covering an area of almost 50 acres, Cholula isn’t close to being one of the tallest pyramids in the world but it is by far the biggest by volume.
It is the largest monument ever built and its volume is a staggering 4.45 million cubic metres, almost twice that of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
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When the last ancient pyramids were built?
According to scientists, the last pyramid in ancient Egypt was built between 1550 and 1525 B.C., during the rule of Pharaoh Ahmose.
The pyramid was discovered in Abydos, one of the oldest cities of ancient Egypt, located near the modern day Egyptian towns of El Arabia, El Madfuna and El Balyana south of Sohag.
The construction, which was in fact part of a whole pyramid complex, was likely dedicated to Queen Tetisheri, the grandmother of Ahmose.
In the Americas, that contain more pyramid structures than the rest of the planet combined, ancient Mesoamerican civilizations kept building pyramids until circa 1500 AD, when conquistadors arrived in those lands.
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According to scientists, the last pyramid in ancient Egypt was built between 1550 and 1525 B.C., during the rule of Pharaoh Ahmose.
The pyramid was discovered in Abydos, one of the oldest cities of ancient Egypt, located near the modern day Egyptian towns of El Arabia, El Madfuna and El Balyana south of Sohag.
The construction, which was in fact part of a whole pyramid complex, was likely dedicated to Queen Tetisheri, the grandmother of Ahmose.
In the Americas, that contain more pyramid structures than the rest of the planet combined, ancient Mesoamerican civilizations kept building pyramids until circa 1500 AD, when conquistadors arrived in those lands.
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What color is the snow?
It’s spring time in the Northern hemisphere and fall in the Southern, but in some parts of our planet one can still, already, and even always find snow.
Dreaming of Christmas, one's mind usually comes up with pictures of the white color of snow.
But this vision isn’t strictly accurate as snow is in fact translucent.
It’s the reflection of light that makes it appear white. Many planes of snowflakes scatter the light in many directions, diffusing the entire colour spectrum.
Snow can also demonstrate a wide variety of spectacular hues. Dust, pollution or cryophilic (cold-loving) fresh-water algae can colour it black, orange or blue.
Pink or “watermelon snow”, caused by algae containing astaxanthin, a chemical similar to the one found in carrots, was mentioned in the early writings of Aristotle.
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It’s spring time in the Northern hemisphere and fall in the Southern, but in some parts of our planet one can still, already, and even always find snow.
Dreaming of Christmas, one's mind usually comes up with pictures of the white color of snow.
But this vision isn’t strictly accurate as snow is in fact translucent.
It’s the reflection of light that makes it appear white. Many planes of snowflakes scatter the light in many directions, diffusing the entire colour spectrum.
Snow can also demonstrate a wide variety of spectacular hues. Dust, pollution or cryophilic (cold-loving) fresh-water algae can colour it black, orange or blue.
Pink or “watermelon snow”, caused by algae containing astaxanthin, a chemical similar to the one found in carrots, was mentioned in the early writings of Aristotle.
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How snowflakes are forming and how big they can be?
When the air is colder than 0° Celsius (32° Fahrenheit), snow crystals begin to form from water vapor high in the atmosphere.
As more water vapor condenses and freezes on these crystals, they form the beautiful shapes we call snowflakes!
According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the largest snowflake in the world was 15 inches wide and 8 inches thick. This was recorded on January 28, 1887 by Matt Coleman at Fort Keogh, Montana. He said that the snowflake was “larger than a milk pan”.
While many have doubted such reports and pointed out the lack of corroborating evidence, scientists now claim there’s nothing to stop flakes growing that big.
As flake size isn’t part of the meteorological measuring designations for snow, these massive flakes may well be out there, but just unreported, unseen or broken up by wind currents as they descend.
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When the air is colder than 0° Celsius (32° Fahrenheit), snow crystals begin to form from water vapor high in the atmosphere.
As more water vapor condenses and freezes on these crystals, they form the beautiful shapes we call snowflakes!
According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the largest snowflake in the world was 15 inches wide and 8 inches thick. This was recorded on January 28, 1887 by Matt Coleman at Fort Keogh, Montana. He said that the snowflake was “larger than a milk pan”.
While many have doubted such reports and pointed out the lack of corroborating evidence, scientists now claim there’s nothing to stop flakes growing that big.
As flake size isn’t part of the meteorological measuring designations for snow, these massive flakes may well be out there, but just unreported, unseen or broken up by wind currents as they descend.
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