What are the largest open-water waves?
According to the World Meteorological Organization, the largest open-water wave measured at 19 m (62.3 feet) and was detected in the North Atlantic on Feb. 17, 2013.
The most extreme rogue wave ever (an unusually tall wave more than twice as high as the surrounding swells that spontaneously appear in the open ocean) was recorded on Nov. 17, 2020, by a buoy near the Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Described as a "once in a millennium" occurrence. It was 17.6 m (58 feet) tall, making it more than three times as tall as surrounding swells.
The tallest wave ever surfed was apparently ridden on Oct. 29, 2020, at Nazaré, a town in western Portugal. Its height was 30.9 m (101.4-foot), but this record is not officially recognized by the World Surf League.
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According to the World Meteorological Organization, the largest open-water wave measured at 19 m (62.3 feet) and was detected in the North Atlantic on Feb. 17, 2013.
The most extreme rogue wave ever (an unusually tall wave more than twice as high as the surrounding swells that spontaneously appear in the open ocean) was recorded on Nov. 17, 2020, by a buoy near the Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Described as a "once in a millennium" occurrence. It was 17.6 m (58 feet) tall, making it more than three times as tall as surrounding swells.
The tallest wave ever surfed was apparently ridden on Oct. 29, 2020, at Nazaré, a town in western Portugal. Its height was 30.9 m (101.4-foot), but this record is not officially recognized by the World Surf League.
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What is a tidal bore?
Big waves occur not only in oceans but also in rivers.
❗️The largest river waves are recorded during a tidal bore, that is a phenomenon in which an incoming tide reverses the current of a river and forms a wave, or waves, of water that travel up the river.
The world's largest tidal bore regularly occurs in China's 🇨🇳 Qiantang River during the eighth month of the lunar calendar🗓.
The wave then normally reaches around 9 m (29.5 feet) high.
However, there are evidences that on Aug. 22, 2013, an additional surge from a typhoon caused the wave to reach around 20 m (65.6 feet) high and even injured 30 spectators of this remarkable natural water spectacle.
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Big waves occur not only in oceans but also in rivers.
❗️The largest river waves are recorded during a tidal bore, that is a phenomenon in which an incoming tide reverses the current of a river and forms a wave, or waves, of water that travel up the river.
The world's largest tidal bore regularly occurs in China's 🇨🇳 Qiantang River during the eighth month of the lunar calendar🗓.
The wave then normally reaches around 9 m (29.5 feet) high.
However, there are evidences that on Aug. 22, 2013, an additional surge from a typhoon caused the wave to reach around 20 m (65.6 feet) high and even injured 30 spectators of this remarkable natural water spectacle.
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Where and why are the largest artificial waves generated?
The largest artificial waves are made in the Netherlands🇳🇱 at the Delta Flume wave generator.
This facility, opened in 2015, has a 300 m long (984-foot) tank, which holds 9 million liters (2.4 million gallons) of water, and is capable to create waves with a maximum height of 5 m (16.4 feet).
The Delta Flume wave generator permits to test at full scale the effect of extreme waves on dikes, dunes, breakwaters and offshore structures and can be used for numerous projects: coastal, harbour and offshore structures.
It was conceived and constructed as a response to a considerable global demand for the realistic testing of hydraulic structures in particular situations.
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The largest artificial waves are made in the Netherlands🇳🇱 at the Delta Flume wave generator.
This facility, opened in 2015, has a 300 m long (984-foot) tank, which holds 9 million liters (2.4 million gallons) of water, and is capable to create waves with a maximum height of 5 m (16.4 feet).
The Delta Flume wave generator permits to test at full scale the effect of extreme waves on dikes, dunes, breakwaters and offshore structures and can be used for numerous projects: coastal, harbour and offshore structures.
It was conceived and constructed as a response to a considerable global demand for the realistic testing of hydraulic structures in particular situations.
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What are the essential features of a star?
⭐️ A star is a celestial body having its own light and energy.
⭐️ A star is a huge glittering ball of hot gas, mainly consisting of Hydrogen and Helium.
⭐️ Stars are giant, luminous spheres of plasma collapsed together by gravity.
⭐️ Stars are responsible for the manufacture of elements like Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.
⭐️ Star formation shapes the visual aspect of the universe and provides the sites for planets.
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⭐️ A star is a celestial body having its own light and energy.
⭐️ A star is a huge glittering ball of hot gas, mainly consisting of Hydrogen and Helium.
⭐️ Stars are giant, luminous spheres of plasma collapsed together by gravity.
⭐️ Stars are responsible for the manufacture of elements like Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.
⭐️ Star formation shapes the visual aspect of the universe and provides the sites for planets.
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What are the essential features of a planet?
A planet is a celestial body that orbits around a star.
It has an adequate mass for its own gravity to get on top of rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium to make it round.
Planets are smaller than stars.
In our Solar System ☀️ there are two categories of planets:
📍Inner planets, which are close to the Sun. These are Mercury, Venus, Earth🌍, and Mars.
📍Outer planets, which come after an asteroid belt and are at a farther distance from the Sun. These are Jupiter, Saturn🪐, Uranus, and Neptune.
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A planet is a celestial body that orbits around a star.
It has an adequate mass for its own gravity to get on top of rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium to make it round.
Planets are smaller than stars.
In our Solar System ☀️ there are two categories of planets:
📍Inner planets, which are close to the Sun. These are Mercury, Venus, Earth🌍, and Mars.
📍Outer planets, which come after an asteroid belt and are at a farther distance from the Sun. These are Jupiter, Saturn🪐, Uranus, and Neptune.
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What are the major observational differences between stars and planets?
When the night sky is clear, one can observe plenty of tiny dots, and some of them are stars while others are planets.
These are major observational distinguishing features of planets and stars.
✔️Twinkling.
Stars are constantly twinkling and shimmering while planets do not. Observed through a telescope, stars appear to shake around the edges.
✔️Brightness.
Planets are typically brighter than stars. The reason for differing brightness is because planets reflect the light of the sun, which is close to our planet, while the stars emit their own light.
✔️Shape.
Stars appear as a dot while planets appear spherical. Generally, stars are also bigger than planets.
✔️Movement.
A planet moves across the night sky while observing the rules followed by the sun and the moon. Therefore, a celestial body appearing to move in a straight line is more likely going to be a planet. Stars move in a circular pattern.
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When the night sky is clear, one can observe plenty of tiny dots, and some of them are stars while others are planets.
These are major observational distinguishing features of planets and stars.
✔️Twinkling.
Stars are constantly twinkling and shimmering while planets do not. Observed through a telescope, stars appear to shake around the edges.
✔️Brightness.
Planets are typically brighter than stars. The reason for differing brightness is because planets reflect the light of the sun, which is close to our planet, while the stars emit their own light.
✔️Shape.
Stars appear as a dot while planets appear spherical. Generally, stars are also bigger than planets.
✔️Movement.
A planet moves across the night sky while observing the rules followed by the sun and the moon. Therefore, a celestial body appearing to move in a straight line is more likely going to be a planet. Stars move in a circular pattern.
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What is a planet parade?
Although there is no scientific definition for the ‘planet parade’, it is being widely used in astronomy to denote an event that takes place when planets of the solar system are aligned in one straight line.
Another term for a planet parade is ‘appulse’.
The following types are distinguished:
🔭 Mini planet parade — 3️⃣ planets.
🔭 Small planet parade — 4️⃣ planets.
🔭 Large planet parade — 5️⃣ or 6️⃣ planets.
🔭 Great planet parade — all solar system’s planets (+ Pluto sometimes).
3 planets align on one side of the Sun simultaneously 2 times a year, 4 planets — once a year, 5 planets — once in every 19 years, and all 8 planets of the Solar system — once in about 170 years.
For inner planets, the best viewing conditions occur near their greatest elongations, and for outer planets — sometime before and after their oppositions.
In April and May 2022 several appulses, including a parade of 4 planets – Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn – can be observed.
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Although there is no scientific definition for the ‘planet parade’, it is being widely used in astronomy to denote an event that takes place when planets of the solar system are aligned in one straight line.
Another term for a planet parade is ‘appulse’.
The following types are distinguished:
🔭 Mini planet parade — 3️⃣ planets.
🔭 Small planet parade — 4️⃣ planets.
🔭 Large planet parade — 5️⃣ or 6️⃣ planets.
🔭 Great planet parade — all solar system’s planets (+ Pluto sometimes).
3 planets align on one side of the Sun simultaneously 2 times a year, 4 planets — once a year, 5 planets — once in every 19 years, and all 8 planets of the Solar system — once in about 170 years.
For inner planets, the best viewing conditions occur near their greatest elongations, and for outer planets — sometime before and after their oppositions.
In April and May 2022 several appulses, including a parade of 4 planets – Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn – can be observed.
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When and where was the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation performed?
In December 1967, at Groote Schuur Hospital 🏥 in Cape Town, South Africa🇿🇦, a surgeon Christiaan Barnard performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation.
It was 53-year-old Louis Washkansky who received the first human heart transplant from Denise Darvall, a 25-year-old woman, fatally injured in a car accident.
Washkansky’s new heart functioned normally, but 18 days after the revolutionary medical operation the man died from double pneumonia as the drugs that were given to him to suppress his immune system and keep his body from rejecting the heart left him more susceptible to sickness.
In the 1970s, the development of better anti-rejection drugs made transplantation more viable. Dr. Barnard continued to operate, and many of his patients were living up to five years with their new hearts.
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In December 1967, at Groote Schuur Hospital 🏥 in Cape Town, South Africa🇿🇦, a surgeon Christiaan Barnard performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation.
It was 53-year-old Louis Washkansky who received the first human heart transplant from Denise Darvall, a 25-year-old woman, fatally injured in a car accident.
Washkansky’s new heart functioned normally, but 18 days after the revolutionary medical operation the man died from double pneumonia as the drugs that were given to him to suppress his immune system and keep his body from rejecting the heart left him more susceptible to sickness.
In the 1970s, the development of better anti-rejection drugs made transplantation more viable. Dr. Barnard continued to operate, and many of his patients were living up to five years with their new hearts.
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When and where was the first artificial heart successfully implanted?
In December 1982, at the University of Utah, in the US🇺🇸, a Seattle dentist Barney Clark became the first human to receive a permanent artificial heart, a device known as Jarvik-7.
Jarvik-7 was made of plastic and metal and intended for permanent implantation in a human being.
The engineered organ comprised two plastic pumps powered by compressed air, which required the patient to be hooked up at all times to a rolling console the size and weight of a refrigerator. It could pump blood through the body at 40 to 120 pulses per minute, but it replaced the telltale heartbeat with a soft clicking sound followed by a whoosh.
The artificial heart was designed by a team consisting of Robert Jarvik☝️ (whose name the device received), William DeVries☝️, who performed the operation, and Willem Johan Kolff.
The patient lived for another 112 days on the mechanical organ.
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In December 1982, at the University of Utah, in the US🇺🇸, a Seattle dentist Barney Clark became the first human to receive a permanent artificial heart, a device known as Jarvik-7.
Jarvik-7 was made of plastic and metal and intended for permanent implantation in a human being.
The engineered organ comprised two plastic pumps powered by compressed air, which required the patient to be hooked up at all times to a rolling console the size and weight of a refrigerator. It could pump blood through the body at 40 to 120 pulses per minute, but it replaced the telltale heartbeat with a soft clicking sound followed by a whoosh.
The artificial heart was designed by a team consisting of Robert Jarvik☝️ (whose name the device received), William DeVries☝️, who performed the operation, and Willem Johan Kolff.
The patient lived for another 112 days on the mechanical organ.
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What are allotransplantation and xenotransplantation?
Allotransplantation (“allo” means "other" in Greek) is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species. The transplant is called an allograft, allogenic transplant, or homograft, so all human tissues and organs when transplanted from one person to another are scientifically called allografts.
Allotransplantation is different to xenotransplantation (“xenos” is the Greek root meaning "foreign"), or heterologous transplant, which is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs, called xenografts or xenotransplants, from one species to another. For example, 🐖pigs’ heart valves transplanted into a human is a xenotranplantation.
Xenotransplantation, when human cells are implanted into animals🐁🐒, is a research technique frequently used by scientists in pre-clinical studies , for instance in oncology.
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Allotransplantation (“allo” means "other" in Greek) is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs to a recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species. The transplant is called an allograft, allogenic transplant, or homograft, so all human tissues and organs when transplanted from one person to another are scientifically called allografts.
Allotransplantation is different to xenotransplantation (“xenos” is the Greek root meaning "foreign"), or heterologous transplant, which is the transplantation of living cells, tissues or organs, called xenografts or xenotransplants, from one species to another. For example, 🐖pigs’ heart valves transplanted into a human is a xenotranplantation.
Xenotransplantation, when human cells are implanted into animals🐁🐒, is a research technique frequently used by scientists in pre-clinical studies , for instance in oncology.
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▶️ Enjoy the migration history of ancient humans around our planet packed in 4️⃣0️⃣ seconds!
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What is the new autonomous world land speed record?
🏎 On April 27, 2022, a team PoliMOVE from Politecnico di Milano (Italy) and the University of Alabama (USA) operated an autonomous racecar the Dallara AV-21 at Space Florida’s Launch & Landing Facility at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral.
✔️ The average speed of 309.3 km/h (192.2 mph) was measured over a 1 km stretch in opposite directions during consecutive runs, as required by the FIA International Sporting Code.
✔️ The peak speed achieved by PoliMOVE’s car was 311.9 km/h (193.8 mph).
❗️It’s the new autonomous world land speed record.
This experiment broke the previous record of 282.42 km/h (175.49 mph) by 26.88 km/h (16.71 mph).
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🏎 On April 27, 2022, a team PoliMOVE from Politecnico di Milano (Italy) and the University of Alabama (USA) operated an autonomous racecar the Dallara AV-21 at Space Florida’s Launch & Landing Facility at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral.
✔️ The average speed of 309.3 km/h (192.2 mph) was measured over a 1 km stretch in opposite directions during consecutive runs, as required by the FIA International Sporting Code.
✔️ The peak speed achieved by PoliMOVE’s car was 311.9 km/h (193.8 mph).
❗️It’s the new autonomous world land speed record.
This experiment broke the previous record of 282.42 km/h (175.49 mph) by 26.88 km/h (16.71 mph).
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What is memory and its major processes?
Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve informationℹ️
There are 3️⃣ major processes involved in memory:
✔️encoding,
✔️storage,
✔️retrieval.
Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information. However, this is not a flawless process. Sometimes people forget or misremember things. Things could be not properly encoded in memory in the first place.
Memory problems are often relatively minor annoyances like forgetting birthdays. However, they can also be a sign of serious diseases, like Alzheimer's and other kinds of dementia. These conditions affect a person's quality of life and ability to function.
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Memory refers to the processes that are used to acquire, store, retain, and later retrieve informationℹ️
There are 3️⃣ major processes involved in memory:
✔️encoding,
✔️storage,
✔️retrieval.
Human memory involves the ability to both preserve and recover information. However, this is not a flawless process. Sometimes people forget or misremember things. Things could be not properly encoded in memory in the first place.
Memory problems are often relatively minor annoyances like forgetting birthdays. However, they can also be a sign of serious diseases, like Alzheimer's and other kinds of dementia. These conditions affect a person's quality of life and ability to function.
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What are the types of memory?
Researchers normally describe 4️⃣ kinds of memory.
📌Sensory memory is a very brief recall (about 3 seconds) of a sensory experience. Some compare sensory memory to a quick snapshot of what you just experienced that quickly disappears.
📌Short-Term Memory is that brief period of time where you can recall information you were just exposed to. It often encompasses periods from 30 seconds to several days, depending on who is using the term.
📌Working memory can be defined as the ability of our brains to keep a limited amount of information available long enough to use it. This type helps process thoughts and plans, as well as carries out ideas, combining information from your short-term memory and long-term memory.
📌Long-term memory encompasses memories that range from a few days to decades. In order for successful learning to take place, information has to move from the sensory or the short-term memory to the long-term memory.
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Researchers normally describe 4️⃣ kinds of memory.
📌Sensory memory is a very brief recall (about 3 seconds) of a sensory experience. Some compare sensory memory to a quick snapshot of what you just experienced that quickly disappears.
📌Short-Term Memory is that brief period of time where you can recall information you were just exposed to. It often encompasses periods from 30 seconds to several days, depending on who is using the term.
📌Working memory can be defined as the ability of our brains to keep a limited amount of information available long enough to use it. This type helps process thoughts and plans, as well as carries out ideas, combining information from your short-term memory and long-term memory.
📌Long-term memory encompasses memories that range from a few days to decades. In order for successful learning to take place, information has to move from the sensory or the short-term memory to the long-term memory.
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How the brain changes with age?
Just as our bodies change as we age, changes are happening in our brains 🧠 as well.
🟢 The normal aging process brings subtle changes in cognitive abilities: committing new information to memory and recalling names and numbers can take longer. The ability to hold a piece of information in mind declines and certain aspects of attention can become more difficult with age.
🟢 At the structural level, the overall volume of the brain begins to shrink when we’re in our 30s or 40s, with the rate of shrinkage increasing around age 60. The volume loss isn’t nevertheless uniform throughout the brain.
🟢 Changes contributing to the shrinkage and cortical thinning of the aging brain happen at the level of individual neurons. The formation of new neurons — a process called neurogenesis — also declines with age.
🟢 As we age, our brains may also generate fewer chemical messengers, synthesizing less dopamine and serotonin.
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Just as our bodies change as we age, changes are happening in our brains 🧠 as well.
🟢 The normal aging process brings subtle changes in cognitive abilities: committing new information to memory and recalling names and numbers can take longer. The ability to hold a piece of information in mind declines and certain aspects of attention can become more difficult with age.
🟢 At the structural level, the overall volume of the brain begins to shrink when we’re in our 30s or 40s, with the rate of shrinkage increasing around age 60. The volume loss isn’t nevertheless uniform throughout the brain.
🟢 Changes contributing to the shrinkage and cortical thinning of the aging brain happen at the level of individual neurons. The formation of new neurons — a process called neurogenesis — also declines with age.
🟢 As we age, our brains may also generate fewer chemical messengers, synthesizing less dopamine and serotonin.
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What is a “last in, first out” theory of brain aging?
Studying age-related changes researches formed a hypothesis that the areas of the 🧠 that experience the most dramatic changes with age are also among the last to mature in adolescence.
📍This theory was later confirmed and received the working name of “last in, first out”.
ℹ️ The phenomenon is explained by the fact that the first of the brain’s long-distance fibers to develop are the projection fibers connecting the cortex to lower parts of the brain and spinal cord. Fibers connecting diffuse areas within a single hemisphere — called association fibers — are the last to reach maturity and show the steepest functional declines with age.
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Studying age-related changes researches formed a hypothesis that the areas of the 🧠 that experience the most dramatic changes with age are also among the last to mature in adolescence.
📍This theory was later confirmed and received the working name of “last in, first out”.
ℹ️ The phenomenon is explained by the fact that the first of the brain’s long-distance fibers to develop are the projection fibers connecting the cortex to lower parts of the brain and spinal cord. Fibers connecting diffuse areas within a single hemisphere — called association fibers — are the last to reach maturity and show the steepest functional declines with age.
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What is the best physical activity to reverse aging of the brain?
Scientists are learning every day how adopting a healthy lifestyle can delay or minimize the negative consequences of brain aging.
Analyzing the role of different physical activities, German researchers decided to compare conventional fitness to…dancing 💃🕺🏻.
❗️The conclusions were impressive: compared to conventional physical exercises, dancing led to larger volume increases in more brain areas, including the cingulate cortex, insula, corpus callosum and sensorimotor cortex.
❗️Only dancing was associated with an increase in plasma Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, a key mediator of neuronal plasticity in the adult) levels.
✅ Scientists assume that these positive structural brain changes can later lead to cognitive benefits.
✅ Challenging dance programs are thus highly recommended as an effective measure to counteract detrimental effects of aging on the brain.
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Scientists are learning every day how adopting a healthy lifestyle can delay or minimize the negative consequences of brain aging.
Analyzing the role of different physical activities, German researchers decided to compare conventional fitness to…dancing 💃🕺🏻.
❗️The conclusions were impressive: compared to conventional physical exercises, dancing led to larger volume increases in more brain areas, including the cingulate cortex, insula, corpus callosum and sensorimotor cortex.
❗️Only dancing was associated with an increase in plasma Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, a key mediator of neuronal plasticity in the adult) levels.
✅ Scientists assume that these positive structural brain changes can later lead to cognitive benefits.
✅ Challenging dance programs are thus highly recommended as an effective measure to counteract detrimental effects of aging on the brain.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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