๐Which dog breeds live longest?
In a new study, scientists analysed 30,563 records of dog deaths from veterinary practices across the UK between 2016 and 2020 using the VetCompass database. The figures were categorised into 18 dog breeds recognised by the Kennel Club and also a group of crossbreed dogs.
๐ถ Jack Russell Terriers had the highest life expectancy at birth (12.72 years), followed by Yorkshire Terriers (12.54 years), Border Collies (12.10 years), and Springer Spaniels (11.92 years).
๐ Across all dog breeds, the average life expectancy at age 0 for male dogs was 11.1 years, four months shorter than the estimate for female dogs.
๐ Dogs that had been neutered had a higher life expectancy (11.98 years for females and 11.49 years for males) than those that were not neutered (10.50 years for females and 10.58 years for males).
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In a new study, scientists analysed 30,563 records of dog deaths from veterinary practices across the UK between 2016 and 2020 using the VetCompass database. The figures were categorised into 18 dog breeds recognised by the Kennel Club and also a group of crossbreed dogs.
๐ถ Jack Russell Terriers had the highest life expectancy at birth (12.72 years), followed by Yorkshire Terriers (12.54 years), Border Collies (12.10 years), and Springer Spaniels (11.92 years).
๐ Across all dog breeds, the average life expectancy at age 0 for male dogs was 11.1 years, four months shorter than the estimate for female dogs.
๐ Dogs that had been neutered had a higher life expectancy (11.98 years for females and 11.49 years for males) than those that were not neutered (10.50 years for females and 10.58 years for males).
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Which dog breeds have the lowest life expectancy?
According to the above mentioned study, flat-faced breeds such as French Bulldogs and Pugs have some of the lowest life expectancies.
French Bulldogs had the lowest life expectancy at birth (4.53 years). This is approximately three years less than other flat-faced breeds that showed low life expectancies at birth including English Bulldogs (7.39 years) and Pugs (7.65 years).
The authors believe that such a short life expectancy could result from the high health risks known to occur in these flat-faced breeds.
โ๏ธAs far as some practical results of this research are concerned, the authors conclude their work now enables dog life expectancies to be tracked at different ages, similarly to humans, and may improve predictions for different breeds. There could also be other practical benefits such as helping dog shelters to provide accurate estimates of a dogโs remaining life expectancy during rehoming.
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According to the above mentioned study, flat-faced breeds such as French Bulldogs and Pugs have some of the lowest life expectancies.
French Bulldogs had the lowest life expectancy at birth (4.53 years). This is approximately three years less than other flat-faced breeds that showed low life expectancies at birth including English Bulldogs (7.39 years) and Pugs (7.65 years).
The authors believe that such a short life expectancy could result from the high health risks known to occur in these flat-faced breeds.
โ๏ธAs far as some practical results of this research are concerned, the authors conclude their work now enables dog life expectancies to be tracked at different ages, similarly to humans, and may improve predictions for different breeds. There could also be other practical benefits such as helping dog shelters to provide accurate estimates of a dogโs remaining life expectancy during rehoming.
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How could a prehistoric domestic dog look like?๐ค
The Muge dog is one of the oldest almost complete dog skeletons recovered from the Muge shell middens, Portugal, in the 19th century.
Using modern technologies that take into account combined anatomical, veterinary, zooarchaeological, artistic and graphic aspects, researchers managed to to reconstruct the Muge dogโs head appearance.
The importance in reconstructing the face of one of these Mesolithic dogs is its antiquity (c. 7600 years cal BP), its completeness (almost complete skeleton) and its burial context, e.g. found within a human burial ground, at a depth of 4 m. The dog skeleton was very well preserved, likely meaning that it was buried by humans with care, which is interpreted as a strong emotional bond between humans and their dogs.
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The Muge dog is one of the oldest almost complete dog skeletons recovered from the Muge shell middens, Portugal, in the 19th century.
Using modern technologies that take into account combined anatomical, veterinary, zooarchaeological, artistic and graphic aspects, researchers managed to to reconstruct the Muge dogโs head appearance.
The importance in reconstructing the face of one of these Mesolithic dogs is its antiquity (c. 7600 years cal BP), its completeness (almost complete skeleton) and its burial context, e.g. found within a human burial ground, at a depth of 4 m. The dog skeleton was very well preserved, likely meaning that it was buried by humans with care, which is interpreted as a strong emotional bond between humans and their dogs.
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How many hours of sleep are people losing because of climate change?
Danish researchers analyzed data from sleep-tracking wristbands used by 48,000 people in 68 countries between 2015 and 2017.
They then paired the sleep data with local weather data, revealing that unusually hot nights are causing people to fall asleep later, rise earlier and sleep less.
โ๏ธThe evidence suggests that people are losing an average of 44 hours of sleep each year.
By 2100, the researchers estimate people will lose 58 hours of sleep a year if emissions go unchecked. In a lower-emissions future, the figure drops to 50 hours.
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Danish researchers analyzed data from sleep-tracking wristbands used by 48,000 people in 68 countries between 2015 and 2017.
They then paired the sleep data with local weather data, revealing that unusually hot nights are causing people to fall asleep later, rise earlier and sleep less.
โ๏ธThe evidence suggests that people are losing an average of 44 hours of sleep each year.
By 2100, the researchers estimate people will lose 58 hours of sleep a year if emissions go unchecked. In a lower-emissions future, the figure drops to 50 hours.
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What is the map of the world according to population density?
Based on the data from the Gridded Population of the World collection (GPWv4) which models human population based on census reports, and the United Nation's World Population Prospects report, here is โThe Humanity Globe' - an awesome visualization showing the world according to population density.
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Based on the data from the Gridded Population of the World collection (GPWv4) which models human population based on census reports, and the United Nation's World Population Prospects report, here is โThe Humanity Globe' - an awesome visualization showing the world according to population density.
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What is โthe most widespread known clone on Earthโ?
โณ๏ธ A recent genetic study found that the underwater field of green seagrass that lives off Australiaโs western coast is a single organism.
โณ๏ธ The organism, 180 square kilometers in size, has survived by making copies, or clones, of itself for over 4,500 years.
โณ๏ธ According to scientists, this seagrass meadow is not only the worldโs largest plant, but also โthe most widespread known clone on Earth.โ
๐ Although the meadow of Poseidonโs ribbon weed is very large, it faces risks. Ten years ago, the seagrass covered an area of around 18 square kilometers more than it does today. But storms and rising ocean temperatures linked to climate change have recently killed almost one tenth of the ancient seagrass bed.
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โณ๏ธ A recent genetic study found that the underwater field of green seagrass that lives off Australiaโs western coast is a single organism.
โณ๏ธ The organism, 180 square kilometers in size, has survived by making copies, or clones, of itself for over 4,500 years.
โณ๏ธ According to scientists, this seagrass meadow is not only the worldโs largest plant, but also โthe most widespread known clone on Earth.โ
๐ Although the meadow of Poseidonโs ribbon weed is very large, it faces risks. Ten years ago, the seagrass covered an area of around 18 square kilometers more than it does today. But storms and rising ocean temperatures linked to climate change have recently killed almost one tenth of the ancient seagrass bed.
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Who is the worldโs oldest living land animal?
๐ขHis name is Jonathan, and he's a Seychelles giant tortoise (Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa).
Jonathan is estimated to have been born in 1832, which means he turned, or turns, 190 years old in 2022.
This 190-year-old tortoise is in combination the oldest tortoise ever beating the previous record of Tu'i Malila, a radiated tortoise (Astrochelys radiata) that lived to at least 188 years old before dying in 1965.
โ๏ธJonathan lives on St. Helena, an island in the South Atlantic Ocean, where he arrived in 1882 when he was about 50 years old.
โผ๏ธA photograph of Jonathan dated between 1882 and 1886 shows him fully grown, which suggests he was at least 50 years old when it was taken, so he could be older than 190 years today.
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๐ขHis name is Jonathan, and he's a Seychelles giant tortoise (Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa).
Jonathan is estimated to have been born in 1832, which means he turned, or turns, 190 years old in 2022.
This 190-year-old tortoise is in combination the oldest tortoise ever beating the previous record of Tu'i Malila, a radiated tortoise (Astrochelys radiata) that lived to at least 188 years old before dying in 1965.
โ๏ธJonathan lives on St. Helena, an island in the South Atlantic Ocean, where he arrived in 1882 when he was about 50 years old.
โผ๏ธA photograph of Jonathan dated between 1882 and 1886 shows him fully grown, which suggests he was at least 50 years old when it was taken, so he could be older than 190 years today.
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Why do ๐ขturtles live so long?
There's an evolutionary answer and a biological answer to this question.
โ๏ธThe evolutionary answer is relatively straightforward: some natural enemies of turtles, like snakes๐, birds๐ฆ and raccoons๐ฆ, love to eat turtle eggs. To pass on their genes, turtles have to live a long time and breed frequently, sometimes multiple times per year, laying a lot of eggs.
โ๏ธAs far as the biological answer is concerned, scientists consider that giant tortoises and a few other turtle species seem to be able to protect themselves from the long-term effects of cell damage. They do this by quickly killing off damaged cells, using a process called apoptosis, or programmed cell death.
โ๏ธIt is particularly a fact that turtles exhibit a lower rate of telomere shortening compared with shorter-lived animals. This means turtles are more resistant to certain kinds of damage that can arise from DNA-replication errors.
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There's an evolutionary answer and a biological answer to this question.
โ๏ธThe evolutionary answer is relatively straightforward: some natural enemies of turtles, like snakes๐, birds๐ฆ and raccoons๐ฆ, love to eat turtle eggs. To pass on their genes, turtles have to live a long time and breed frequently, sometimes multiple times per year, laying a lot of eggs.
โ๏ธAs far as the biological answer is concerned, scientists consider that giant tortoises and a few other turtle species seem to be able to protect themselves from the long-term effects of cell damage. They do this by quickly killing off damaged cells, using a process called apoptosis, or programmed cell death.
โ๏ธIt is particularly a fact that turtles exhibit a lower rate of telomere shortening compared with shorter-lived animals. This means turtles are more resistant to certain kinds of damage that can arise from DNA-replication errors.
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What animals live longer than turtles?
There are at least two animals who can live longer than ๐ข.
The first one is Hydra, belonging to a group of symmetrical invertebrates that includes also jellyfish, sea anemones and corals. The hydra is best-known for its unusual ability to continually regenerate parts of its body, making the creature biologically immortal.
Among vertebrates, itโs the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus)๐ฆ who has an estimated maximum life span of 272 years.
Greenland sharks live in deep waters of the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans.
Growing very slowly, they can reach up to 7.3 meters long (24 feet).
โน๏ธ The exact life span of these longest-living animals with a backbone is in fact unknown. The estimations of their age made by researchers in 2016 had a margin of error of some 120 years. So it is not excluded that some sharks can live even longer than three centuries.
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There are at least two animals who can live longer than ๐ข.
The first one is Hydra, belonging to a group of symmetrical invertebrates that includes also jellyfish, sea anemones and corals. The hydra is best-known for its unusual ability to continually regenerate parts of its body, making the creature biologically immortal.
Among vertebrates, itโs the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus)๐ฆ who has an estimated maximum life span of 272 years.
Greenland sharks live in deep waters of the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans.
Growing very slowly, they can reach up to 7.3 meters long (24 feet).
โน๏ธ The exact life span of these longest-living animals with a backbone is in fact unknown. The estimations of their age made by researchers in 2016 had a margin of error of some 120 years. So it is not excluded that some sharks can live even longer than three centuries.
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How old are the first wildfires on Earth?
๐ฅScientists have found traces of the oldest forest fires thanks to deposits of ancient charcoal from Wales๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ท๓ ฌ๓ ณ๓ ฟ and Poland๐ต๐ฑ.
๐ฅ๐ฅThey estimate that the first wildfires on our planet date back to 430 million years ago, in the mid-Silurian of the Paleozoic era.
๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅAccording to researchers, these fires could burn down very short vegetation as well as rare knee-high or waist-high plants that grew in the regions with enough humidity.
๐คAmazing fact is that the Silurian period landscape was dominated not by plants, but by ancient fungal prototaxites. Not much is known about the fungus, but it is believed that it could grow up to nine meters (almost 30 feet) in height.
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๐ฅScientists have found traces of the oldest forest fires thanks to deposits of ancient charcoal from Wales๐ด๓ ง๓ ข๓ ท๓ ฌ๓ ณ๓ ฟ and Poland๐ต๐ฑ.
๐ฅ๐ฅThey estimate that the first wildfires on our planet date back to 430 million years ago, in the mid-Silurian of the Paleozoic era.
๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฅAccording to researchers, these fires could burn down very short vegetation as well as rare knee-high or waist-high plants that grew in the regions with enough humidity.
๐คAmazing fact is that the Silurian period landscape was dominated not by plants, but by ancient fungal prototaxites. Not much is known about the fungus, but it is believed that it could grow up to nine meters (almost 30 feet) in height.
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What are active and passive vocabularies?
๐๐Active vocabulary is made up of terms already in use and understood by an individual in speech and writing. These are used on a regular basis and are fundamental to a person's address. A person can use them with no noticeable effort. The active vocabulary words in an adult is estimated as 20,000 words.
๐๐Passive vocabulary refers to terms that learners understand but are not able to use. They are words stored in the verbal memory and are partially understood, but not well enough for active use. Passive vocabulary is usually more than the active one and is estimated to be 40,000 words for an adult.
๐คIt is also proven that the first 25 words are used in 33% of everyday writing, first 100 words in 50% of adult and student writing and the first 1,000 words in 89% of daily writing and speaking.
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๐๐Active vocabulary is made up of terms already in use and understood by an individual in speech and writing. These are used on a regular basis and are fundamental to a person's address. A person can use them with no noticeable effort. The active vocabulary words in an adult is estimated as 20,000 words.
๐๐Passive vocabulary refers to terms that learners understand but are not able to use. They are words stored in the verbal memory and are partially understood, but not well enough for active use. Passive vocabulary is usually more than the active one and is estimated to be 40,000 words for an adult.
๐คIt is also proven that the first 25 words are used in 33% of everyday writing, first 100 words in 50% of adult and student writing and the first 1,000 words in 89% of daily writing and speaking.
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How many words are necessary to understand common texts in English?
โน๏ธIt makes no doubt that having a vocabulary of 40,000 words is not necessary for communicating.
โน๏ธโน๏ธAccording to experts, 3๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃwords provides coverage for around 9๏ธโฃ5๏ธโฃ% of common texts (such as news items, blogs, etc.).
โน๏ธโน๏ธโน๏ธThatโs still just 7.5% of the average passive vocabulary of a native speaker: 3,000 vs. 40,000 words in the passive vocabulary of an English-speaking adult.
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โน๏ธIt makes no doubt that having a vocabulary of 40,000 words is not necessary for communicating.
โน๏ธโน๏ธAccording to experts, 3๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃ0๏ธโฃwords provides coverage for around 9๏ธโฃ5๏ธโฃ% of common texts (such as news items, blogs, etc.).
โน๏ธโน๏ธโน๏ธThatโs still just 7.5% of the average passive vocabulary of a native speaker: 3,000 vs. 40,000 words in the passive vocabulary of an English-speaking adult.
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