What are some other interesting facts about beer?
๐บNowadays, beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage worldwide.
๐บThe English word `beer' takes its name from the Latin `bibere' meaning `to drink'.
๐บThe Spanish word for beer, โcerveza' comes from the Latin word `cerevisia' for `of beer', giving some indication of the long span human beings have been enjoying the drink.
๐บThe Slavic word โpivoโ for โbeerโ comes from the old Slavic verb โpitiโ also meaning โto drinkโ and originally meant โany drinkโ.
๐บIn ancient times, beer was highly appreciated in Mesopotamia and Egypt where the beverage was even prescribed for medical purposes, but the Greeks and Romans considered beer a low-class drink of barbarians, favoring wine.
๐บAccording to some evidences, Queen Cleopatra VII (c.69-30 BCE) lost popularity toward the end of her reign more for implementing a tax on beer (the first ever) than for her wars with Rome, which the beer tax went to help pay for.
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๐บNowadays, beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage worldwide.
๐บThe English word `beer' takes its name from the Latin `bibere' meaning `to drink'.
๐บThe Spanish word for beer, โcerveza' comes from the Latin word `cerevisia' for `of beer', giving some indication of the long span human beings have been enjoying the drink.
๐บThe Slavic word โpivoโ for โbeerโ comes from the old Slavic verb โpitiโ also meaning โto drinkโ and originally meant โany drinkโ.
๐บIn ancient times, beer was highly appreciated in Mesopotamia and Egypt where the beverage was even prescribed for medical purposes, but the Greeks and Romans considered beer a low-class drink of barbarians, favoring wine.
๐บAccording to some evidences, Queen Cleopatra VII (c.69-30 BCE) lost popularity toward the end of her reign more for implementing a tax on beer (the first ever) than for her wars with Rome, which the beer tax went to help pay for.
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What is the link between coffee and shopping?
According to a recent study, having a โ๏ธ before shopping may cause you to spend more money ๐ธ!
Researchers set up a pop-up cafรฉ at the entrances of stores in France and Spain. They offered shoppers coffee, decaf, or water. Half of the shoppers ordered a coffee that contained about 100 mg of caffeine while the others went for the safe option of decaf or water. After leaving the store shoppers shared their receipts with the researchers.
๐นShoppers who opted for caffeine ended up spending 50% more and bought an extra 30% more items than those who chose decaf options.
๐นCoffee drinkers also spent more money on non-essentials like candles and perfumes. While non-caffeinated shoppers stuck to the items they had their sights set on when they entered the store.
Scientists explain that being a powerful stimulant and leading to a higher energetic state, caffeine enhances impulsivity and decreases self-control.
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According to a recent study, having a โ๏ธ before shopping may cause you to spend more money ๐ธ!
Researchers set up a pop-up cafรฉ at the entrances of stores in France and Spain. They offered shoppers coffee, decaf, or water. Half of the shoppers ordered a coffee that contained about 100 mg of caffeine while the others went for the safe option of decaf or water. After leaving the store shoppers shared their receipts with the researchers.
๐นShoppers who opted for caffeine ended up spending 50% more and bought an extra 30% more items than those who chose decaf options.
๐นCoffee drinkers also spent more money on non-essentials like candles and perfumes. While non-caffeinated shoppers stuck to the items they had their sights set on when they entered the store.
Scientists explain that being a powerful stimulant and leading to a higher energetic state, caffeine enhances impulsivity and decreases self-control.
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What is a galaxy and what kinds of galaxies are there?
๐ญ Galaxies are vast cosmic islands of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter held together by gravity.
๐ญ Astronomers classify galaxies into three major categories: elliptical, spiral and irregular.
๐ญ These galaxies span a wide range of sizes, from dwarf galaxies containing as few as 100 million stars to giant galaxies with more than a trillion stars.
๐ญ Aside from these three classic categories, astronomers have also identified many unusually shaped galaxies that seem to be in a transitory phase of galactic development.
๐ญ Researchers also divide galaxies into normal and active.
In a normal galaxy (like our Milky Way):
๐ most light comes from stars
๐ intensity of the light peaks at visible wavelengths
๐ light is distributed throughout the galaxy
In an active galaxy:
๐ most light comes from gas
๐ intensity of the light peaks at radio wavelengths
๐ the nucleus is highly luminous
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๐ญ Galaxies are vast cosmic islands of stars, gas, dust, and dark matter held together by gravity.
๐ญ Astronomers classify galaxies into three major categories: elliptical, spiral and irregular.
๐ญ These galaxies span a wide range of sizes, from dwarf galaxies containing as few as 100 million stars to giant galaxies with more than a trillion stars.
๐ญ Aside from these three classic categories, astronomers have also identified many unusually shaped galaxies that seem to be in a transitory phase of galactic development.
๐ญ Researchers also divide galaxies into normal and active.
In a normal galaxy (like our Milky Way):
๐ most light comes from stars
๐ intensity of the light peaks at visible wavelengths
๐ light is distributed throughout the galaxy
In an active galaxy:
๐ most light comes from gas
๐ intensity of the light peaks at radio wavelengths
๐ the nucleus is highly luminous
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What are the main features of elliptical galaxies?
โ๏ธEllipticals, which account for about one-third of all galaxies, vary from nearly circular to very elongated.
โ๏ธThey possess comparatively little gas and dust, contain older stars and are not actively forming stars anymore.
โ๏ธThe largest and rarest of these, called giant ellipticals, are about 300,000 light-years across. Astronomers theorize that these are formed by the mergers of smaller galaxies.
โ๏ธMuch more common are dwarf ellipticals, which are only a few thousand light-years wide.
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โ๏ธEllipticals, which account for about one-third of all galaxies, vary from nearly circular to very elongated.
โ๏ธThey possess comparatively little gas and dust, contain older stars and are not actively forming stars anymore.
โ๏ธThe largest and rarest of these, called giant ellipticals, are about 300,000 light-years across. Astronomers theorize that these are formed by the mergers of smaller galaxies.
โ๏ธMuch more common are dwarf ellipticals, which are only a few thousand light-years wide.
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How astronomers describe spiral galaxies?
๐Spiral galaxies appear as flat, blue-white disks of stars, gas and dust with yellowish bulges in their centers.
๐These galaxies are divided into two groups: normal spirals and barred spirals.
๐In barred spirals, the bar of stars runs through the central bulge.
๐The arms of barred spirals usually start at the end of the bar instead of from the bulge.
๐Spirals are actively forming stars and comprise a large fraction of all the galaxies in the local universe.
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๐Spiral galaxies appear as flat, blue-white disks of stars, gas and dust with yellowish bulges in their centers.
๐These galaxies are divided into two groups: normal spirals and barred spirals.
๐In barred spirals, the bar of stars runs through the central bulge.
๐The arms of barred spirals usually start at the end of the bar instead of from the bulge.
๐Spirals are actively forming stars and comprise a large fraction of all the galaxies in the local universe.
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What do we know about irregular galaxies?
โซ๏ธIrregular galaxies, which have very little dust, are neither disk-like nor elliptical.
โซ๏ธAstronomers often see irregular galaxies as they peer deeply into the universe, which is equivalent to looking back in time.
โซ๏ธThese galaxies are abundant in the early universe, before spirals and ellipticals developed.
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โซ๏ธIrregular galaxies, which have very little dust, are neither disk-like nor elliptical.
โซ๏ธAstronomers often see irregular galaxies as they peer deeply into the universe, which is equivalent to looking back in time.
โซ๏ธThese galaxies are abundant in the early universe, before spirals and ellipticals developed.
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How does a galaxy pair look like?
This breathtaking Hubble image shows IC 4271, a pair of superimposed spiral galaxies.
IC 4271, also known as Arp 40, LEDA 47334 and IRAS 13271+3740, is located approximately 800 million light-years away in the constellation of Canes Venatici.
The smaller galaxy in IC 4271 is superimposed on the larger one, which is a type of active galaxy called a Seyfert galaxy.
โน๏ธ Seyfert galaxies are named for astronomer Carl K. Seyfert who, in 1943, published a paper about spiral galaxies with very bright emission lines.
Today astronomers know that about 10% of all galaxies may be Seyfert galaxies. They belong to the class of active galaxies โ galaxies that have supermassive black holes at their centers accreting material, which releases vast amounts of radiation.
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This breathtaking Hubble image shows IC 4271, a pair of superimposed spiral galaxies.
IC 4271, also known as Arp 40, LEDA 47334 and IRAS 13271+3740, is located approximately 800 million light-years away in the constellation of Canes Venatici.
The smaller galaxy in IC 4271 is superimposed on the larger one, which is a type of active galaxy called a Seyfert galaxy.
โน๏ธ Seyfert galaxies are named for astronomer Carl K. Seyfert who, in 1943, published a paper about spiral galaxies with very bright emission lines.
Today astronomers know that about 10% of all galaxies may be Seyfert galaxies. They belong to the class of active galaxies โ galaxies that have supermassive black holes at their centers accreting material, which releases vast amounts of radiation.
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How do galaxies interact?
While the distances between galaxies seem large, so too are galaxiesโ diameters.
Compared to stars, galaxies are relatively close to one another. They interact and even collide.
When galaxies collide, they pass through each other; their stars donโt crash into each other because of the immense distances between them.
However, gravitational interactions between colliding galaxies could create new waves of star formation, supernovas and even black holes.
Collisions do distort a galaxyโs shape and computer models show that collisions between spiral galaxies can eventually make ellipticals.
Here is a stunning visualization of a pair of colliding spiral galaxies. This galactic get-together show NGC 2207 and IC 2163, located about 130 million light years from Earth, in the constellation of Canis Major, that astronomers have been observing during several last decades.
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While the distances between galaxies seem large, so too are galaxiesโ diameters.
Compared to stars, galaxies are relatively close to one another. They interact and even collide.
When galaxies collide, they pass through each other; their stars donโt crash into each other because of the immense distances between them.
However, gravitational interactions between colliding galaxies could create new waves of star formation, supernovas and even black holes.
Collisions do distort a galaxyโs shape and computer models show that collisions between spiral galaxies can eventually make ellipticals.
Here is a stunning visualization of a pair of colliding spiral galaxies. This galactic get-together show NGC 2207 and IC 2163, located about 130 million light years from Earth, in the constellation of Canis Major, that astronomers have been observing during several last decades.
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What animals are helping paleontologists to discover new ancient species?
The answer to this question is ants ๐!
In North America, paleontologists have just discovered 10 new species of ancient mammals thanks to the tiny mound-building insects.
The scientific success involves natural activities of harvester ants โฌ๏ธ who gather seeds and live in large sediment mounds โฌ๏ธ.
Constructing their mounds, ๐ act as the worldโs smallest fossil collectors.
Examining 19 harvester ant mounds, researchers recently found more than 6,000 microfossils โฌ๏ธ โ each no more than a few millimeters wide โ from ancient mammals.
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The answer to this question is ants ๐!
In North America, paleontologists have just discovered 10 new species of ancient mammals thanks to the tiny mound-building insects.
The scientific success involves natural activities of harvester ants โฌ๏ธ who gather seeds and live in large sediment mounds โฌ๏ธ.
Constructing their mounds, ๐ act as the worldโs smallest fossil collectors.
Examining 19 harvester ant mounds, researchers recently found more than 6,000 microfossils โฌ๏ธ โ each no more than a few millimeters wide โ from ancient mammals.
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What are 5 amazing facts about ants?
1๏ธโฃ There are over 12,000 ant species worldwide that can be found on every single continent except Antarctica.
Ranging from the ant you might find near your house to the ants building underground fortresses in the rainforest, to flying ants!
2๏ธโฃ The bullet ant is said to have the most painful sting in the world!
Living in humid jungle conditions, their sting has been compared to being hit by a bullet!
3๏ธโฃ Ants are the longest living insects.
Unlike some bugs who might only live for days or even hours, the queen ant of one particular species โ the Pogonomyrmex Owyheei โ can live up to 30 years!
4๏ธโฃ The ant is one of the worldโs strongest creatures in relation to its size
A single ant can carry 50 times its own bodyweight!
5๏ธโฃ Ants hold the record for the fastest movement in the animal kingdom
The aptly named species of trap jaw ant, can close its jaws at 225 km/h (140mph), which it uses to kill its prey or injure predators.
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1๏ธโฃ There are over 12,000 ant species worldwide that can be found on every single continent except Antarctica.
Ranging from the ant you might find near your house to the ants building underground fortresses in the rainforest, to flying ants!
2๏ธโฃ The bullet ant is said to have the most painful sting in the world!
Living in humid jungle conditions, their sting has been compared to being hit by a bullet!
3๏ธโฃ Ants are the longest living insects.
Unlike some bugs who might only live for days or even hours, the queen ant of one particular species โ the Pogonomyrmex Owyheei โ can live up to 30 years!
4๏ธโฃ The ant is one of the worldโs strongest creatures in relation to its size
A single ant can carry 50 times its own bodyweight!
5๏ธโฃ Ants hold the record for the fastest movement in the animal kingdom
The aptly named species of trap jaw ant, can close its jaws at 225 km/h (140mph), which it uses to kill its prey or injure predators.
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What is a formicary?
A formicary is another word for an ant colony.
The formicary, is made up of one or more egg-laying queens and a large amount of female โworkerโ ants who tend to her, build and maintain the nest, forage for food and care for the young.
Male ants have wings and their only function is to mate with the queen.
โ๏ธThe largest antโs nest ever found was over 3,700 miles wide! Found in Argentina in 2000, the ginormous colony housed 33 ant populations which had merged into one giant supercolony, with millions of nests and billions of workers!
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A formicary is another word for an ant colony.
The formicary, is made up of one or more egg-laying queens and a large amount of female โworkerโ ants who tend to her, build and maintain the nest, forage for food and care for the young.
Male ants have wings and their only function is to mate with the queen.
โ๏ธThe largest antโs nest ever found was over 3,700 miles wide! Found in Argentina in 2000, the ginormous colony housed 33 ant populations which had merged into one giant supercolony, with millions of nests and billions of workers!
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How do ants communicate?
It is known that ๐ donโt have ears, and some of them even donโt have eyes.
โช๏ธAnts โlistenโ by feeling vibrations from the ground through their feet, and eye-less ants such as the driver ant species can communicate by using their antennae.
โช๏ธThey can also send chemical signals (called pheromones) released through their body to send messages to other ants.
โช๏ธThey send out warnings when dangerโs near, leave trails of pheromones leading to food sources and even use them to attract a mate โ a sort of ant love potion.
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It is known that ๐ donโt have ears, and some of them even donโt have eyes.
โช๏ธAnts โlistenโ by feeling vibrations from the ground through their feet, and eye-less ants such as the driver ant species can communicate by using their antennae.
โช๏ธThey can also send chemical signals (called pheromones) released through their body to send messages to other ants.
โช๏ธThey send out warnings when dangerโs near, leave trails of pheromones leading to food sources and even use them to attract a mate โ a sort of ant love potion.
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Which ant species is the most โexpensiveโ for humans?
Red imported fire ants hold the title of the most โexpensiveโ ants for the human society.๐๐ธ
Originally native to South America and accidentally introduced in Northern America, Australia, New Zealand, several Asian and Caribbean countries, this species has a painful bite which causes a burning sensation โ hence the name โfire antโ ๐ฅ๐.
Theyโve also been known to cause damage to farmerโs crops.
So contacts with red imported fire ants result in millions in veterinary and medical bills, causing annually over 3 billion ๐ฒ worth of economic damage!๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ฐ
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Red imported fire ants hold the title of the most โexpensiveโ ants for the human society.๐๐ธ
Originally native to South America and accidentally introduced in Northern America, Australia, New Zealand, several Asian and Caribbean countries, this species has a painful bite which causes a burning sensation โ hence the name โfire antโ ๐ฅ๐.
Theyโve also been known to cause damage to farmerโs crops.
So contacts with red imported fire ants result in millions in veterinary and medical bills, causing annually over 3 billion ๐ฒ worth of economic damage!๐ฐ๐ฐ๐ฐ
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