Why the first ballpoint pen didn’t write on paper?
🖊 The first patent for a ballpoint pen was obtained in 1888 by John J. Loud (1844-1916)⬆️, inventor, lawyer and...a leather tanner.
While tanning leather, he often needed to mark a point to cut. A pencil would be too faint and using a fountain pen made this process quite messy.
Looking for an alternative, he designed a writing tool that had a small rotating metal ball clutched in a socket.
This mechanism allowed the ball to cycle ink from the reservoir inside the pen to the surface as the ball spun around in its socket.
The inventor described this writing instrument as ‘an improved reservoir or fountain pen, especially useful, among other purposes, for marking on rough surfaces…where an ordinary pen could not be used.’
Loud’s first ballpoint pen was great when used on leather, but it was too rough on paper.
🖊⚔️🖋 That’s why this invention could not replace fountain pens at the end of the 19th century.
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🖊 The first patent for a ballpoint pen was obtained in 1888 by John J. Loud (1844-1916)⬆️, inventor, lawyer and...a leather tanner.
While tanning leather, he often needed to mark a point to cut. A pencil would be too faint and using a fountain pen made this process quite messy.
Looking for an alternative, he designed a writing tool that had a small rotating metal ball clutched in a socket.
This mechanism allowed the ball to cycle ink from the reservoir inside the pen to the surface as the ball spun around in its socket.
The inventor described this writing instrument as ‘an improved reservoir or fountain pen, especially useful, among other purposes, for marking on rough surfaces…where an ordinary pen could not be used.’
Loud’s first ballpoint pen was great when used on leather, but it was too rough on paper.
🖊⚔️🖋 That’s why this invention could not replace fountain pens at the end of the 19th century.
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What is another name for a ballpoint of a pen and why?
In many English-speaking countries another name for a 🖊 is “biro” after László Bíró (1899-1985)⬆️.
Mr.Bíró was a Jewish newspaper man and journalist, born in Hungary 🇭🇺.
Frustrated with the writing tools of their day, together with his brother György, László developed the concept of a ballpoint pen and in 1938 patented what is considered the modern 🖊 ⬆️.
The key element of Bíró’s invention was a special ink made with a paste instead of water that made the ballpoint possible.
So, the Biro Pen is the modern ballpoint pen.
After moving to Argentina 🇦🇷 in 1941, the Bíró Brothers launched the Bíró Pens of Argentina factory along with their new business partner, Juan Jorge Meyne. Biro Pens named the ballpoint pens Bíróme (a merger of the names Bíró and Meyne). To this day, pens in Argentina are still referred to as Bírómes⬆️.
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In many English-speaking countries another name for a 🖊 is “biro” after László Bíró (1899-1985)⬆️.
Mr.Bíró was a Jewish newspaper man and journalist, born in Hungary 🇭🇺.
Frustrated with the writing tools of their day, together with his brother György, László developed the concept of a ballpoint pen and in 1938 patented what is considered the modern 🖊 ⬆️.
The key element of Bíró’s invention was a special ink made with a paste instead of water that made the ballpoint possible.
So, the Biro Pen is the modern ballpoint pen.
After moving to Argentina 🇦🇷 in 1941, the Bíró Brothers launched the Bíró Pens of Argentina factory along with their new business partner, Juan Jorge Meyne. Biro Pens named the ballpoint pens Bíróme (a merger of the names Bíró and Meyne). To this day, pens in Argentina are still referred to as Bírómes⬆️.
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What is the most popular ballpoint pen in the world?
With the Biro Pen Laszlo Biro had never achieved mass market success, but the designs of his invention were licensed by a French manufacturer Marcel Bich (1914-1994) ⬆️ for two million dollars.
Bich invested in leading design and technologies of the time and presented his ballpoint pen in 1950.
In 1953 his Bic Company began to sell a plastic, cheap to manufacture, and incredibly usable writing instrument.
It was the Bic Cristal that achieved unsurmounted commercial success.
❗️Since it went into production in the 1950s, over 100 billion Bic Cristals have been sold, more than any other writing instrument in history.
After eighty years, the design of the most popular pen in the world remains mostly unchanged.
ℹ️ The Museum of Modern Art in New York City recognized the Bic Cristal's industrial design by introducing it into the museum's permanent collection ⬆️.
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With the Biro Pen Laszlo Biro had never achieved mass market success, but the designs of his invention were licensed by a French manufacturer Marcel Bich (1914-1994) ⬆️ for two million dollars.
Bich invested in leading design and technologies of the time and presented his ballpoint pen in 1950.
In 1953 his Bic Company began to sell a plastic, cheap to manufacture, and incredibly usable writing instrument.
It was the Bic Cristal that achieved unsurmounted commercial success.
❗️Since it went into production in the 1950s, over 100 billion Bic Cristals have been sold, more than any other writing instrument in history.
After eighty years, the design of the most popular pen in the world remains mostly unchanged.
ℹ️ The Museum of Modern Art in New York City recognized the Bic Cristal's industrial design by introducing it into the museum's permanent collection ⬆️.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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What are some amazing facts about pens?
📌 The viscous ink of a ballpoint pen is made of a paste containing about 25-40 percent dye that is suspended in oil. Thanks to this formula, developed and improved by all “fathers” of ballpoint pens, ink doesn’t leak or clog. It is one of important elements of commercial success of this type of writing instruments.
📌 Before an average ballpoint pen runs out of ink, it can write 45,000 words.
📌 The world's biggest ballpoint pen was designed by Acharya Makunuri Srinivasa from India in 2011. The pen weighs 37 kilograms and is 5.5 meters high. This pen ⬆️ is fully functional and holds the Guinness world record.
📌 The world’s smallest pen is the 'Nanofountain Probe’ ⬆️. Scientists normally use it for nanoscale on-chip patterning. The lines produced by this device are only 40 nanometers wide. It carries its own ink reservoir.
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📌 The viscous ink of a ballpoint pen is made of a paste containing about 25-40 percent dye that is suspended in oil. Thanks to this formula, developed and improved by all “fathers” of ballpoint pens, ink doesn’t leak or clog. It is one of important elements of commercial success of this type of writing instruments.
📌 Before an average ballpoint pen runs out of ink, it can write 45,000 words.
📌 The world's biggest ballpoint pen was designed by Acharya Makunuri Srinivasa from India in 2011. The pen weighs 37 kilograms and is 5.5 meters high. This pen ⬆️ is fully functional and holds the Guinness world record.
📌 The world’s smallest pen is the 'Nanofountain Probe’ ⬆️. Scientists normally use it for nanoscale on-chip patterning. The lines produced by this device are only 40 nanometers wide. It carries its own ink reservoir.
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What are Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules?
Bergmann's rule is one of the best-known generalizations in zoology.
It is generally defined as a within-species tendency in warm-blooded animals to have increasing body size with increasing latitude and decreasing ambient temperature.
Bergmann's rule states that among mammals and birds, individuals of a particular species in colder areas tend to have greater body mass than individuals in warmer areas.
This principle is named after a nineteenth-century German biologist, Karl Bergmann (1814-1865, ⬆️ on the left), who published observations along these lines in 1847.
A corollary of Bergmann's rule is Allen's rule, observed in 1877 by Joel Asaph Allen (1838-1921, ⬆️ on the right) which indicates a trend in terms of appendages of warm-blooded animals according to latitude. Allen's rule holds that individuals in populations of the same species have a tendency to have shorter limbs than the corresponding animals in warmer climates.
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Bergmann's rule is one of the best-known generalizations in zoology.
It is generally defined as a within-species tendency in warm-blooded animals to have increasing body size with increasing latitude and decreasing ambient temperature.
Bergmann's rule states that among mammals and birds, individuals of a particular species in colder areas tend to have greater body mass than individuals in warmer areas.
This principle is named after a nineteenth-century German biologist, Karl Bergmann (1814-1865, ⬆️ on the left), who published observations along these lines in 1847.
A corollary of Bergmann's rule is Allen's rule, observed in 1877 by Joel Asaph Allen (1838-1921, ⬆️ on the right) which indicates a trend in terms of appendages of warm-blooded animals according to latitude. Allen's rule holds that individuals in populations of the same species have a tendency to have shorter limbs than the corresponding animals in warmer climates.
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What are Bergmann’s rule’s explanation and examples?
The general explanation for Bergmann’s rule is attributed to the importance of the surface area to volume ratio. In order to reduce heat loss, warm-blooded animals in colder climates have an advantage in the reduction of the surface area to volume ratio.
For example, bears, wolves and foxes living in Northern parts of Eurasia are larger than sub-species from the Central and Southern Asia. Or Amur tigers from the Russian Far East are often twice larger than tigers from the Southeast Asia and Sumatra.
This phenomenon is sometimes considered a trend for animal species in general, not just warm-blooded animals.
Recent studies have indicated that turtles and salamanders also tend to follow Bergmann's rule, with exceptions concentrated within lizards and snakes.
But the generality of this rule still remains a question, as many exceptions to it are known. This reflects both the uncertainty in science and the diversity of nature.
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The general explanation for Bergmann’s rule is attributed to the importance of the surface area to volume ratio. In order to reduce heat loss, warm-blooded animals in colder climates have an advantage in the reduction of the surface area to volume ratio.
For example, bears, wolves and foxes living in Northern parts of Eurasia are larger than sub-species from the Central and Southern Asia. Or Amur tigers from the Russian Far East are often twice larger than tigers from the Southeast Asia and Sumatra.
This phenomenon is sometimes considered a trend for animal species in general, not just warm-blooded animals.
Recent studies have indicated that turtles and salamanders also tend to follow Bergmann's rule, with exceptions concentrated within lizards and snakes.
But the generality of this rule still remains a question, as many exceptions to it are known. This reflects both the uncertainty in science and the diversity of nature.
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What is Kleiber’s law?
In the 1930s the Swiss born biologist Max Kleiber (1893-1976) ⬆️ studied how much energy different animals expend at rest, and noticed something curious. A human weighs about 10 times more than a cat. But rather than expending 10 times the energy of a resting tabby, we only spend 6 times as much.
❗️Kleiber was thus the first to notice that energy expenditure follows a 3/4 power law. What this means is that if you double the size of an animal, it will use about 2^3/4, or about 1.7 times as much energy.
ℹ️ In a sense, this law states that larger animals have a more efficient metabolism than the small ones.
ℹ️ According to some modern scientists, Kleiber’s law works as long as it is limited to describing only individual groups of organisms, such as bacteria, fish and mammals. But as soon as we switch from one group to another – for instance from bacteria to invertebrates, it can be no longer applied.
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In the 1930s the Swiss born biologist Max Kleiber (1893-1976) ⬆️ studied how much energy different animals expend at rest, and noticed something curious. A human weighs about 10 times more than a cat. But rather than expending 10 times the energy of a resting tabby, we only spend 6 times as much.
❗️Kleiber was thus the first to notice that energy expenditure follows a 3/4 power law. What this means is that if you double the size of an animal, it will use about 2^3/4, or about 1.7 times as much energy.
ℹ️ In a sense, this law states that larger animals have a more efficient metabolism than the small ones.
ℹ️ According to some modern scientists, Kleiber’s law works as long as it is limited to describing only individual groups of organisms, such as bacteria, fish and mammals. But as soon as we switch from one group to another – for instance from bacteria to invertebrates, it can be no longer applied.
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What is deep-sea gigantism?
While on land larger animals can be met in areas with cold climate, a similar trend is observed among see creatures depending on the depth.
The tendency of the sea creatures to be larger in deep-sea waters than representatives of the same species living in the shallow waters is defined as deep sea-gigantism.
The abnormal growth in the size of deep-sea animals can be explained by the principles of the Bergmann’s rule and the Kleiber’s law. In colder deep-sea waters animals tend to increase the body mass and metabolism efficiency.
One of the most common illustrations of deep-sea gigantism is the colossal squid ⬆️ that is believed to be able to weigh up to 700 kg (over 1,500 pounds) and grow to the length of 14 meters (45 feet). Other examples are Japanese spider crabs ⬆️ (that can grow to gigantic sizes of about twelve meters and weigh around 20 kilograms), giant isopods, sea slugs, sponges, worms, sea spiders.
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While on land larger animals can be met in areas with cold climate, a similar trend is observed among see creatures depending on the depth.
The tendency of the sea creatures to be larger in deep-sea waters than representatives of the same species living in the shallow waters is defined as deep sea-gigantism.
The abnormal growth in the size of deep-sea animals can be explained by the principles of the Bergmann’s rule and the Kleiber’s law. In colder deep-sea waters animals tend to increase the body mass and metabolism efficiency.
One of the most common illustrations of deep-sea gigantism is the colossal squid ⬆️ that is believed to be able to weigh up to 700 kg (over 1,500 pounds) and grow to the length of 14 meters (45 feet). Other examples are Japanese spider crabs ⬆️ (that can grow to gigantic sizes of about twelve meters and weigh around 20 kilograms), giant isopods, sea slugs, sponges, worms, sea spiders.
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What are Gloger’s and Rensch's rules?
Gloger's rule is an ecogeographical rule that links animal coloration with climatic variation.
It is named after Constantin W.L. Gloger (1803-1863)⬆️, a German zoologist, who in 1833 was one of the first to describe correlations between the pigmentation of animals and temperature.
ℹ️ In its modern version, the rule states: birds and mammals should be darker in humid and warm areas compared to colder and drier areas.
The term ‘Gloger's rule' was coined by a German biologist Bernhard Rensch (1900-1990) ⬆️ (on the right) in 1929.
Rensch's rule explains the relationship between the extent of sexual size dimorphism between genders.
Across species within a lineage, size dimorphism will increase with increasing body size when the male is the larger sex, and decrease with increasing body size when the female is the larger sex.
Examples of phylogenetic lineages that appear to follow this rule include primates, pinnipeds, and artiodactyls.
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Gloger's rule is an ecogeographical rule that links animal coloration with climatic variation.
It is named after Constantin W.L. Gloger (1803-1863)⬆️, a German zoologist, who in 1833 was one of the first to describe correlations between the pigmentation of animals and temperature.
ℹ️ In its modern version, the rule states: birds and mammals should be darker in humid and warm areas compared to colder and drier areas.
The term ‘Gloger's rule' was coined by a German biologist Bernhard Rensch (1900-1990) ⬆️ (on the right) in 1929.
Rensch's rule explains the relationship between the extent of sexual size dimorphism between genders.
Across species within a lineage, size dimorphism will increase with increasing body size when the male is the larger sex, and decrease with increasing body size when the female is the larger sex.
Examples of phylogenetic lineages that appear to follow this rule include primates, pinnipeds, and artiodactyls.
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