Why do plants have different leaves?
๐ Everything about a leaf โ from the size, the thickness, the smoothness to its vein structure and segmentation โ is part of its function. Each of these characteristics is an adaptation or optimization that helps leaves fulfill its main purpose, which is photosynthesis, as well as absorb sunlight, distribute water, regulate heat loss, avoid pests, etc.
๐ Scientists say that the two major factors that influence leaf shape are evolutionary history and environment.
๐ฑ Plants from the same species can have very different-looking leaves in different climates.
๐ฟ๐ Researchers have found correlations such as latitude and shape (closer to the equator=simpler leaves), temperature and teeth (colder climate=more teeth), and moisture and size (wetter environment=larger leaves).
โ๏ธ๐งฌ Scientists have also identified a genetic mechanism responsible for leaf diversity that may offer new tools to help plants withstand different climate conditions.
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๐ Everything about a leaf โ from the size, the thickness, the smoothness to its vein structure and segmentation โ is part of its function. Each of these characteristics is an adaptation or optimization that helps leaves fulfill its main purpose, which is photosynthesis, as well as absorb sunlight, distribute water, regulate heat loss, avoid pests, etc.
๐ Scientists say that the two major factors that influence leaf shape are evolutionary history and environment.
๐ฑ Plants from the same species can have very different-looking leaves in different climates.
๐ฟ๐ Researchers have found correlations such as latitude and shape (closer to the equator=simpler leaves), temperature and teeth (colder climate=more teeth), and moisture and size (wetter environment=larger leaves).
โ๏ธ๐งฌ Scientists have also identified a genetic mechanism responsible for leaf diversity that may offer new tools to help plants withstand different climate conditions.
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๐23โค7๐ฅ3
How does a desert plant pull moisture from the air?
๐ธ When it comes to eking out a living without much water, some desert plants can grow deep-reaching roots to get a drink from far underground.
๐ธ But one dry-adapted plant turns to another source to gain moisture: the air.
๐ธ Spindly shrubs called athel tamarisks (Tamarix aphylla) draw salty water from the soil and excrete the salt from their leaves โฌ๏ธ. Then, at night, these crystals allow them to collect water from the air.
๐ธ Researchers found that this salt contained at least ten different materials, which together allowed it to pull water from the air at low humidities. One of these components was lithium sulfate, which could gather water at the lowest humidities.
๐ธ These natural salts are likely to be environmentally safe, and identifying them could help engineers improve practices for pulling moisture from the air in water-strapped regions.
โน๏ธ This finding is considered one of the most promising discoveries in 2023.
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๐ธ When it comes to eking out a living without much water, some desert plants can grow deep-reaching roots to get a drink from far underground.
๐ธ But one dry-adapted plant turns to another source to gain moisture: the air.
๐ธ Spindly shrubs called athel tamarisks (Tamarix aphylla) draw salty water from the soil and excrete the salt from their leaves โฌ๏ธ. Then, at night, these crystals allow them to collect water from the air.
๐ธ Researchers found that this salt contained at least ten different materials, which together allowed it to pull water from the air at low humidities. One of these components was lithium sulfate, which could gather water at the lowest humidities.
๐ธ These natural salts are likely to be environmentally safe, and identifying them could help engineers improve practices for pulling moisture from the air in water-strapped regions.
โน๏ธ This finding is considered one of the most promising discoveries in 2023.
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๐34โค6
What is the leading explanation for how the universe began?
๐ฅThe Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation for how the universe began.
๐ฅIt is the idea that the universe began as just a single point, then expanded and stretched to grow as large as it is right nowโand it is still stretching.
๐ฅThis idea belongs to a Belgian astronomer Georges Lemaรฎtre (1894-1966).
๐ฅโ๏ธ๐ โ๏ธThis theory says that at the very beginning the universe was just hot, tiny particles mixed with light and energy. As everything expanded and took up more space, it cooled down. The tiny particles formed atoms, which over lots of time came together to form stars and galaxies. The first stars created bigger atoms and groups of atoms. That led to more stars being born. At the same time, galaxies were crashing and grouping together. As new stars were being born and dying, then things like asteroids, comets, planets, and black holes formed.
๐ฅAccording to the theory, the universe could be 13.8 billion years old.
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๐ฅThe Big Bang Theory is the leading explanation for how the universe began.
๐ฅIt is the idea that the universe began as just a single point, then expanded and stretched to grow as large as it is right nowโand it is still stretching.
๐ฅThis idea belongs to a Belgian astronomer Georges Lemaรฎtre (1894-1966).
๐ฅโ๏ธ๐ โ๏ธThis theory says that at the very beginning the universe was just hot, tiny particles mixed with light and energy. As everything expanded and took up more space, it cooled down. The tiny particles formed atoms, which over lots of time came together to form stars and galaxies. The first stars created bigger atoms and groups of atoms. That led to more stars being born. At the same time, galaxies were crashing and grouping together. As new stars were being born and dying, then things like asteroids, comets, planets, and black holes formed.
๐ฅAccording to the theory, the universe could be 13.8 billion years old.
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๐29โค6๐2
Is it possible that the Big Bang never happened?
There some alternatives to the Big Bang Theory.
โ๏ธ The Steady State universe posits the continuous creation of matter throughout the universe to explain its apparent expansion. This type of universe would be infinite, with no beginning or end.
โ๏ธ The Eternal Inflation theory says that after the Big Bang, the universe expanded rapidly during a brief period called inflation that never stopped. A vast complex of all universes that could have different physical laws is called the multiverse.
โ๏ธ The Oscillating model of the universe involved an endless series of Big Bangs, followed by Big Crunches. The modern cyclic model involves colliding "branes" (a "membrane" within a higher-dimensional volume called the "bulk").
โ๏ธ Implications found in quantum gravity and string theory suggest a universe may be a flat hologram projected onto the surface of a sphere, or a completely digital simulation running on a vast computer.
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There some alternatives to the Big Bang Theory.
โ๏ธ The Steady State universe posits the continuous creation of matter throughout the universe to explain its apparent expansion. This type of universe would be infinite, with no beginning or end.
โ๏ธ The Eternal Inflation theory says that after the Big Bang, the universe expanded rapidly during a brief period called inflation that never stopped. A vast complex of all universes that could have different physical laws is called the multiverse.
โ๏ธ The Oscillating model of the universe involved an endless series of Big Bangs, followed by Big Crunches. The modern cyclic model involves colliding "branes" (a "membrane" within a higher-dimensional volume called the "bulk").
โ๏ธ Implications found in quantum gravity and string theory suggest a universe may be a flat hologram projected onto the surface of a sphere, or a completely digital simulation running on a vast computer.
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๐19โค1๐1๐ณ1
How James Webbโs discovery questioned the Big Bang Theory?
๐ In 2023, James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) discovered more than 700 ancient galaxies that could be between 370 million and 650 million years old, according to scientists, who studied the captured data. 93% of the newfound galaxies โฌ๏ธ had never been seen before.
โ๏ธ If the conclusion about the age of these galaxies is correct, this discovery questions and revolutionizes the Big Bang Theory and modern cosmology saying that galaxies need much more time to grow from โnothingโ.
โน๏ธ Some experts believe that the model of a cyclic oscillating universe may provide answers to these new questions. The main thermodynamic argument against this model has been that entropy, contained in black holes, should accumulate from cycle to cycle. But recent studies demonstrate that the continuous accumulation of entropy from cycle to cycle pertains to the surface of the big black hole without violating the second law of thermodynamics.
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๐ In 2023, James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) discovered more than 700 ancient galaxies that could be between 370 million and 650 million years old, according to scientists, who studied the captured data. 93% of the newfound galaxies โฌ๏ธ had never been seen before.
โ๏ธ If the conclusion about the age of these galaxies is correct, this discovery questions and revolutionizes the Big Bang Theory and modern cosmology saying that galaxies need much more time to grow from โnothingโ.
โน๏ธ Some experts believe that the model of a cyclic oscillating universe may provide answers to these new questions. The main thermodynamic argument against this model has been that entropy, contained in black holes, should accumulate from cycle to cycle. But recent studies demonstrate that the continuous accumulation of entropy from cycle to cycle pertains to the surface of the big black hole without violating the second law of thermodynamics.
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๐19โค6๐ฅ3๐1
Why is Science and Technology Day celebrated on April 10?
๐ ๐จ๐ปโ๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ท Since 1982, every April 10, the Day of Science and Technology is celebrated in honor of the Argentine scientist Bernardo Houssay (1887-1971) for his discoveries in Physiology and Medicine, particularly in the role of the pituitary gland in the regulation of the amount of sugar in the blood, through the metabolism of carbohydrates.
This date was established by Unesco in honor of the birth of the Argentine scientist born on April 10, 1887.
Bernardo Houssay was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1947, being the first Latin American to receive the Nobel Prize in Science.
Today, Houssayโs discoveries continue to be an example for researchers around the world to continue working on the advancement of science as a means to improve the quality of life of all human beings, since technology undoubtedly plays a fundamental role in all our societies.
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๐ ๐จ๐ปโ๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ท Since 1982, every April 10, the Day of Science and Technology is celebrated in honor of the Argentine scientist Bernardo Houssay (1887-1971) for his discoveries in Physiology and Medicine, particularly in the role of the pituitary gland in the regulation of the amount of sugar in the blood, through the metabolism of carbohydrates.
This date was established by Unesco in honor of the birth of the Argentine scientist born on April 10, 1887.
Bernardo Houssay was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1947, being the first Latin American to receive the Nobel Prize in Science.
Today, Houssayโs discoveries continue to be an example for researchers around the world to continue working on the advancement of science as a means to improve the quality of life of all human beings, since technology undoubtedly plays a fundamental role in all our societies.
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๐25โค10
Who was the first human in space?
Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (1934-1968) โฌ๏ธ was a Soviet Russian pilot and cosmonaut who became the first human in space.
๐๐ On April 12, 1961, he orbited Earth aboard the Vostok 1 space capsule, the first-ever crewed spacecraft.
"Vostok" means "East" in Russian, as opposed to the Western world, signifying the mission's importance in the Cold War-era space race between the USA and the USSR. The crewed part of the capsule was spherical, with an inside diameter of about 2 m (7 ft). The spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
In response to a statement from ground control that everything seemed to be working fine, Gagarin famously replied "Poyekhali!" โ an informal phrase meaning "Off we go!" in Russian.
As a result, he became an international celebrity and received many awards, both within and outside the Soviet Union.
Gagarin was known not only for his accomplishments but also for his charismatic personality and smile โฌ๏ธ.
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Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (1934-1968) โฌ๏ธ was a Soviet Russian pilot and cosmonaut who became the first human in space.
๐๐ On April 12, 1961, he orbited Earth aboard the Vostok 1 space capsule, the first-ever crewed spacecraft.
"Vostok" means "East" in Russian, as opposed to the Western world, signifying the mission's importance in the Cold War-era space race between the USA and the USSR. The crewed part of the capsule was spherical, with an inside diameter of about 2 m (7 ft). The spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome.
In response to a statement from ground control that everything seemed to be working fine, Gagarin famously replied "Poyekhali!" โ an informal phrase meaning "Off we go!" in Russian.
As a result, he became an international celebrity and received many awards, both within and outside the Soviet Union.
Gagarin was known not only for his accomplishments but also for his charismatic personality and smile โฌ๏ธ.
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๐34โค29
Ask Me
Who was the first human in space? Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (1934-1968) โฌ๏ธ was a Soviet Russian pilot and cosmonaut who became the first human in space. ๐๐ On April 12, 1961, he orbited Earth aboard the Vostok 1 space capsule, the first-ever crewed spacecraft.โฆ
How many words for space explorers?
๐จโ๐๐ฉโ๐ Today, there are a few terms defining space explorers/pilots, astronaut and cosmonaut being the most popular.
Cosmonaut
๐จโ๐๐๐ When the Soviet Union announced the first humanโs space flight of Yuri Gagarin, the whole world got to know the word cosmonaut, which was used to differentiate him from American astronauts.
The term cosmonaut (ะบะพัะผะพะฝะฐะฒั in Russian) is derived from two Greek words: โkosmos,โ meaning universe, and โnautes,โ meaning sailor. A cosmonaut is therefore effectively an individual who sails the universe.
According to experts, in the 1930s this word was introduced by Ary Sternfeld (1905-1980), a Soviet space exploration pioneer of Jewish and Polish origin, who also invented the word cosmonautics.
Cosmonaut was first used in literature in a science fiction novel โThe new Planetโ by a Soviet Russian writer Victor Saparin (1905-1970).
Astronaut
๐จโ๐๐๐ The word astronaut is similar to cosmonaut and is in fact older. While both incorporate the word โnautesโ for sailor, astronaut contains โastron,โ meaning star. Thus, astronauts are known as star sailors.
It was the British writer Percy Greg (1837-1889) who coined the word in 1880. Inspired by the stories of the mythical Argonauts, in his novel Across the Zodiac: The Story of a Wrecked Record he named a spaceship the Astronaut. The novel introduces the concept of apergy, an anti-gravitational energy that powers the spacecraft. In the book, the Astronaut flies to Mars with a real astronaut on board.
๐ฝ Another interesting fact is that the Greg's book contains what was probably the first alien language in any work of fiction. So it also provides the first translation from and into an alien language.
โ๏ธ Astronaut and cosmonaut are job titles and achievements.
Taikonaut
๐จโ๐๐๐จ๐ณ As China emerged as a significant economic and military power in Asia, it started its own space program. The Chinese space explorers are known as โTaikonautsโ. โTaikoโ in Chinese means space and the literal meaning of the word โtaikonautโ is space sailor.
Vyomanaut
๐จโ๐๐๐ฎ๐ณ India is another country with an impressive up-and-coming space program.
A person who travels in space for the Indian space program is called vyomanaut. The Greek word "nautes" for sailor is combined with the Sanskrit word for sky.
Spationaute
๐จโ๐๐๐ซ๐ท France also sends people into space and chooses to use the French word spationaute for their title. This word is a French take on the Latin word โspatiumโ for space and the Greek โnautโ for sailor.
โน๏ธ The word astronautics was coined by Robert Esnault-Pelterie (1881-1957), a French aircraft designer and spaceflight theorist.
๐๐ American or Russian, Astronaut or Cosmonaut, these brave man and women have been a key part in pushing the human race further into space. Many of the experiments they have conducted are contributing to learning more about space, our place in the universe and our future in the solar system.
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๐จโ๐๐ฉโ๐ Today, there are a few terms defining space explorers/pilots, astronaut and cosmonaut being the most popular.
Cosmonaut
๐จโ๐๐๐ When the Soviet Union announced the first humanโs space flight of Yuri Gagarin, the whole world got to know the word cosmonaut, which was used to differentiate him from American astronauts.
The term cosmonaut (ะบะพัะผะพะฝะฐะฒั in Russian) is derived from two Greek words: โkosmos,โ meaning universe, and โnautes,โ meaning sailor. A cosmonaut is therefore effectively an individual who sails the universe.
According to experts, in the 1930s this word was introduced by Ary Sternfeld (1905-1980), a Soviet space exploration pioneer of Jewish and Polish origin, who also invented the word cosmonautics.
Cosmonaut was first used in literature in a science fiction novel โThe new Planetโ by a Soviet Russian writer Victor Saparin (1905-1970).
Astronaut
๐จโ๐๐๐ The word astronaut is similar to cosmonaut and is in fact older. While both incorporate the word โnautesโ for sailor, astronaut contains โastron,โ meaning star. Thus, astronauts are known as star sailors.
It was the British writer Percy Greg (1837-1889) who coined the word in 1880. Inspired by the stories of the mythical Argonauts, in his novel Across the Zodiac: The Story of a Wrecked Record he named a spaceship the Astronaut. The novel introduces the concept of apergy, an anti-gravitational energy that powers the spacecraft. In the book, the Astronaut flies to Mars with a real astronaut on board.
๐ฝ Another interesting fact is that the Greg's book contains what was probably the first alien language in any work of fiction. So it also provides the first translation from and into an alien language.
โ๏ธ Astronaut and cosmonaut are job titles and achievements.
Taikonaut
๐จโ๐๐๐จ๐ณ As China emerged as a significant economic and military power in Asia, it started its own space program. The Chinese space explorers are known as โTaikonautsโ. โTaikoโ in Chinese means space and the literal meaning of the word โtaikonautโ is space sailor.
Vyomanaut
๐จโ๐๐๐ฎ๐ณ India is another country with an impressive up-and-coming space program.
A person who travels in space for the Indian space program is called vyomanaut. The Greek word "nautes" for sailor is combined with the Sanskrit word for sky.
Spationaute
๐จโ๐๐๐ซ๐ท France also sends people into space and chooses to use the French word spationaute for their title. This word is a French take on the Latin word โspatiumโ for space and the Greek โnautโ for sailor.
โน๏ธ The word astronautics was coined by Robert Esnault-Pelterie (1881-1957), a French aircraft designer and spaceflight theorist.
๐๐ American or Russian, Astronaut or Cosmonaut, these brave man and women have been a key part in pushing the human race further into space. Many of the experiments they have conducted are contributing to learning more about space, our place in the universe and our future in the solar system.
Subscribe- t.me/askmenow
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What is the mission that reached the dark side of the moon?
๐ฎ๐ณ๐Launched in July 2023 โฌ๏ธ, India's Chandrayaan-3 moon lander was the first mission to reach the lunar south pole โ an unexplored region where reservoirs of frozen water are believed to exist.โฆ
๐ฎ๐ณ๐Launched in July 2023 โฌ๏ธ, India's Chandrayaan-3 moon lander was the first mission to reach the lunar south pole โ an unexplored region where reservoirs of frozen water are believed to exist.โฆ
๐17โค11๐ณ3
What are the different types of deserts?
๐ Based on their geographical positions, and dominant weather patterns, desert ecosystems can be divided into six types.
๐ด Subtropical Deserts
are found between 15-30 degrees both to the north and south of the equator along the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, respectively.
๐ก Coastal Deserts
are located on the coasts of the continents found between 20-30-degree latitude, and cold ocean currents contribute to their formation.
๐ฃ Cold Winter/Semi-arid Deserts
are located near the edges of other deserts and in the continental dry areas.
๐ Rain Shadow Deserts
exist near the leeward slopes of some mountain ranges. Leeward slopes face away from prevailing winds.
๐ค Interior/Inland Deserts
are found in the heart of continents and exist because no moisture-laden winds reach them.
โช๏ธ Polar Deserts
are located in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, and most of their water is locked in glaciers and ice sheets year-round.
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๐ Based on their geographical positions, and dominant weather patterns, desert ecosystems can be divided into six types.
๐ด Subtropical Deserts
are found between 15-30 degrees both to the north and south of the equator along the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, respectively.
๐ก Coastal Deserts
are located on the coasts of the continents found between 20-30-degree latitude, and cold ocean currents contribute to their formation.
๐ฃ Cold Winter/Semi-arid Deserts
are located near the edges of other deserts and in the continental dry areas.
๐ Rain Shadow Deserts
exist near the leeward slopes of some mountain ranges. Leeward slopes face away from prevailing winds.
๐ค Interior/Inland Deserts
are found in the heart of continents and exist because no moisture-laden winds reach them.
โช๏ธ Polar Deserts
are located in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, and most of their water is locked in glaciers and ice sheets year-round.
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๐22โค1๐ฅ1
Ask Me
What are the different types of deserts? ๐ Based on their geographical positions, and dominant weather patterns, desert ecosystems can be divided into six types. ๐ด Subtropical Deserts are found between 15-30 degrees both to the north and south of the equatorโฆ
What are some key characteristics of different deserts?
๐ด Subtropical Deserts are the hottest of all deserts.
Temperature: Reaches above 50ยฐC during the day, which decreases very sharply during the night, owing to low humidity.
Yearly rainfall: Quite scarce, as the weather could be so extreme that raindrops evaporate before reaching the ground. Inland areas of Sahara receive less than 1.5 cm rainfall, which is one of the driest places on the planet.
Soil type: Coarse-textured and rocky with no subsurface water.
Plants that grow here: Mainly shrubs and small trees which are adapted to prevent loss of moisture; examples include creosote bush, mesquite tree, yuccas, ocotillo, sotol, ephedras, and agaves.
Animals found here: Nocturnal, and mainly carnivorous, animals here hide during hot daytime hours, becoming active during the night-time when it gets colder. Examples include mammals, insects, reptiles, arachnids.
Examples of subtropical deserts: Sahara desert in Africa is the largest of all subtropical deserts. Some other deserts of this group include the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa, and the Tanami Desert of Northern Australia.
๐ก Coastal Deserts are characterized by cold winters and relatively long and warm summers.
Temperature: Between 13-24ยฐC during summer, with maximum range being about 35ยฐC. During winter, it stays around 5ยฐC or lower.
Annual rainfall: About 8-13 centimeters, which is more, compared to both the subtropical and coastal deserts.
Soil type: Fine-textured with a high content of salt and other nutrients.
Plants that grow here: Those growing here have roots that are close to the surface to absorb rainwater. Examples include saltbush, buckwheat bush, little leaf horsebrush, black sage, and Chrysothamnus.
Animals found here: Mammals, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and insects.
Examples of coastal deserts: The Atacama Desert in South America (driest place in the planet), the Namib Desert, and The Western Sahara desert of Africa.
๐ฃ Cold Winter/Semi-arid Deserts are characterized by long dry summer and mild, wet winters.
Temperature: Between 21-27ยฐC in summer, which can go up to 38ยฐC; evenings are cooler by about 10 degrees. During winter, the temperature ranges between 2-4ยฐC, which can go down to 40ยฐC.
Annual rainfall: Between 2-4 cm in average.
Soil type: Sandy, fine-textured with loose rock fragments and low salt content
Plants that grow here: Mainly, cactus, as well as creosote bush, bur sage, whitethorn, mesquite, lyceums, and jujube. The leaves of cacti are transformed into spines to reduce loss of water.
Animals found here: Mammals, insects, reptiles and birds. During day time, these animals hide in the shadows of shrubs or in the burrows to protect themselves from intense heat.
Examples of cold winter deserts: Gobi desert in Central Asia, Patagonian desert in Southern America.
โช๏ธ Polar Deserts are characterized by long cold winters and short warm summers. Winter witnesses relatively higher rainfall than summer.
Temperature: Ranges between 21-26ยฐC (during summer), and between 2-4ยฐC in winter.
Yearly rainfall: Between 15-26 cm in average
Soil type: Salty and contains silt. Soil is porous, where the alluvial fan is found.
Plants that grow here: Mostly algae, lichens, and some fungi. Short grasses, birches, willows, and mosses might grow in moist areas.
Animals found here: Mammals, birds, few amphibians, reptiles and insect species.
Examples of Polar deserts: The Antarctic, which covers 14.2 million square kilometers (5.5 million square miles), is the worldโs largest polar desert and the world's largest desert.
The second-largest polar desert is the Arctic.
โน๏ธ Deserts are arid ecosystems that receive fewer than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of precipitation a year.
โน๏ธ Deserts cover about one-fifth of the total land area on earth.
โน๏ธ Gobi desert can be also classified as a rain shadow and an inland desert.
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๐ด Subtropical Deserts are the hottest of all deserts.
Temperature: Reaches above 50ยฐC during the day, which decreases very sharply during the night, owing to low humidity.
Yearly rainfall: Quite scarce, as the weather could be so extreme that raindrops evaporate before reaching the ground. Inland areas of Sahara receive less than 1.5 cm rainfall, which is one of the driest places on the planet.
Soil type: Coarse-textured and rocky with no subsurface water.
Plants that grow here: Mainly shrubs and small trees which are adapted to prevent loss of moisture; examples include creosote bush, mesquite tree, yuccas, ocotillo, sotol, ephedras, and agaves.
Animals found here: Nocturnal, and mainly carnivorous, animals here hide during hot daytime hours, becoming active during the night-time when it gets colder. Examples include mammals, insects, reptiles, arachnids.
Examples of subtropical deserts: Sahara desert in Africa is the largest of all subtropical deserts. Some other deserts of this group include the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa, and the Tanami Desert of Northern Australia.
๐ก Coastal Deserts are characterized by cold winters and relatively long and warm summers.
Temperature: Between 13-24ยฐC during summer, with maximum range being about 35ยฐC. During winter, it stays around 5ยฐC or lower.
Annual rainfall: About 8-13 centimeters, which is more, compared to both the subtropical and coastal deserts.
Soil type: Fine-textured with a high content of salt and other nutrients.
Plants that grow here: Those growing here have roots that are close to the surface to absorb rainwater. Examples include saltbush, buckwheat bush, little leaf horsebrush, black sage, and Chrysothamnus.
Animals found here: Mammals, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and insects.
Examples of coastal deserts: The Atacama Desert in South America (driest place in the planet), the Namib Desert, and The Western Sahara desert of Africa.
๐ฃ Cold Winter/Semi-arid Deserts are characterized by long dry summer and mild, wet winters.
Temperature: Between 21-27ยฐC in summer, which can go up to 38ยฐC; evenings are cooler by about 10 degrees. During winter, the temperature ranges between 2-4ยฐC, which can go down to 40ยฐC.
Annual rainfall: Between 2-4 cm in average.
Soil type: Sandy, fine-textured with loose rock fragments and low salt content
Plants that grow here: Mainly, cactus, as well as creosote bush, bur sage, whitethorn, mesquite, lyceums, and jujube. The leaves of cacti are transformed into spines to reduce loss of water.
Animals found here: Mammals, insects, reptiles and birds. During day time, these animals hide in the shadows of shrubs or in the burrows to protect themselves from intense heat.
Examples of cold winter deserts: Gobi desert in Central Asia, Patagonian desert in Southern America.
โช๏ธ Polar Deserts are characterized by long cold winters and short warm summers. Winter witnesses relatively higher rainfall than summer.
Temperature: Ranges between 21-26ยฐC (during summer), and between 2-4ยฐC in winter.
Yearly rainfall: Between 15-26 cm in average
Soil type: Salty and contains silt. Soil is porous, where the alluvial fan is found.
Plants that grow here: Mostly algae, lichens, and some fungi. Short grasses, birches, willows, and mosses might grow in moist areas.
Animals found here: Mammals, birds, few amphibians, reptiles and insect species.
Examples of Polar deserts: The Antarctic, which covers 14.2 million square kilometers (5.5 million square miles), is the worldโs largest polar desert and the world's largest desert.
The second-largest polar desert is the Arctic.
โน๏ธ Deserts are arid ecosystems that receive fewer than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of precipitation a year.
โน๏ธ Deserts cover about one-fifth of the total land area on earth.
โน๏ธ Gobi desert can be also classified as a rain shadow and an inland desert.
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What is the main cause of the shocking decline in Europeโs bird populations?
๐ฆ๐๐ช๐บ A study, which is considered to be one of the landmark scientific articles in 2023, revealed a shocking decline of 550 million birds across Europe over four decades.
โ๏ธ Overall, bird numbers have fallen by 25%, the figure being almost 60% in the case of farmland bird species.
โ๏ธ The study identifies the spread of intensive monoculture farming, driven by increased pesticide and fertilizer use, as the primary culprit.
โ๏ธ Fertilizers and pesticides leave soil devoid of invertebrates โ a vital source of nutrition for many birds, and contaminate seeds, which can eventually kill birds. Monoculture farming also generates homogeneous landscapes that lack plant diversity, offering birds neither refuge nor varied vegetation and fruit to feed on.
โ๏ธ The study also gauged how significant climate change, urbanization and changes in forest cover have been in bird population decline across Europe.
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๐ฆ๐๐ช๐บ A study, which is considered to be one of the landmark scientific articles in 2023, revealed a shocking decline of 550 million birds across Europe over four decades.
โ๏ธ Overall, bird numbers have fallen by 25%, the figure being almost 60% in the case of farmland bird species.
โ๏ธ The study identifies the spread of intensive monoculture farming, driven by increased pesticide and fertilizer use, as the primary culprit.
โ๏ธ Fertilizers and pesticides leave soil devoid of invertebrates โ a vital source of nutrition for many birds, and contaminate seeds, which can eventually kill birds. Monoculture farming also generates homogeneous landscapes that lack plant diversity, offering birds neither refuge nor varied vegetation and fruit to feed on.
โ๏ธ The study also gauged how significant climate change, urbanization and changes in forest cover have been in bird population decline across Europe.
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How much does the humanโs immune system weigh?
๐ An average individualโs immune system consists of approximately 1.8 trillion cells, a new research has found.
๐ In a 73-kilogram man in his 20s, those immune cells collectively weigh about 1.2 kilograms or 2.6 pounds โ which is about the same as one pineapple, or six hamsters.
๐ A female adult weighing 60 kilograms would probably have around 1.5 trillion immune cells, adding to a total of 1 kilogram. A child aged 10 years would have slightly fewer again: 1 trillion immune cells, weighing 600 grams.
โน๏ธ Lymphocytes make up 40% of the total number of immune cells and 15% of their mass. Similarly, neutrophils account for comparable proportions. Notably, macrophages constitute 10% of immune cells but contribute nearly 50% of the total cellular mass due to their large size.
โ๏ธ This knowledge gives an integrative quantitative view of the immune system and facilitates the development of models.
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๐ An average individualโs immune system consists of approximately 1.8 trillion cells, a new research has found.
๐ In a 73-kilogram man in his 20s, those immune cells collectively weigh about 1.2 kilograms or 2.6 pounds โ which is about the same as one pineapple, or six hamsters.
๐ A female adult weighing 60 kilograms would probably have around 1.5 trillion immune cells, adding to a total of 1 kilogram. A child aged 10 years would have slightly fewer again: 1 trillion immune cells, weighing 600 grams.
โน๏ธ Lymphocytes make up 40% of the total number of immune cells and 15% of their mass. Similarly, neutrophils account for comparable proportions. Notably, macrophages constitute 10% of immune cells but contribute nearly 50% of the total cellular mass due to their large size.
โ๏ธ This knowledge gives an integrative quantitative view of the immune system and facilitates the development of models.
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What is emotion?
Emotion is a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior.
These complex psychological states involve 3๏ธโฃ distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response โฌ๏ธ.
Emotionality is associated with a range of psychological phenomena, including temperament, personality, mood, and motivation.
Emotions can be categorized based on whether they are primary or secondary.
๐ธ Primary emotions are the emotions that humans experience universally. There are different theories as to what these specific emotions are, but they often include happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise โฌ๏ธ.
๐ธ Secondary emotions stem fromโand are variations ofโprimary emotions. Sometimes, we have secondary emotions in response to our primary emotions (i.e., "I'm frustrated that I'm so sad"). Secondary emotions may include frustration, pride, envy, and jealousy.
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Emotion is a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior.
These complex psychological states involve 3๏ธโฃ distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response โฌ๏ธ.
Emotionality is associated with a range of psychological phenomena, including temperament, personality, mood, and motivation.
Emotions can be categorized based on whether they are primary or secondary.
๐ธ Primary emotions are the emotions that humans experience universally. There are different theories as to what these specific emotions are, but they often include happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise โฌ๏ธ.
๐ธ Secondary emotions stem fromโand are variations ofโprimary emotions. Sometimes, we have secondary emotions in response to our primary emotions (i.e., "I'm frustrated that I'm so sad"). Secondary emotions may include frustration, pride, envy, and jealousy.
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What is emotion? Emotion is a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior. These complex psychological states involve 3๏ธโฃ distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological responseโฆ
How are universal emotions described?
During the 1970s, psychologist Paul Eckman (1934-) identified 6๏ธโฃ basic emotions that he suggested were universally experienced in all human cultures.
Happiness
tends to be the one that people strive for the most and is often defined as a pleasant emotional state that is characterized by feelings of contentment, joy, gratification, satisfaction, and well-being. It is often expressed by smiling or speaking in an upbeat tone of voice and a relaxed stance. The realities of what actually contributes to happiness can be complex and highly individualized.
Sadness
is often defined as a transient emotional state characterized by feelings of disappointment, grief, hopelessness, disinterest, and dampened mood. It can be expressed by crying, dampened mood, lethargy, quietness, withdrawal from others.
Fear
is a powerful emotion that can also play an important role in survival. It can increase heart rate, cause racing thoughts, or trigger the fight-or-flight response. It can be a reaction to actual or perceived threats. Some people enjoy the adrenaline rush that accompanies fear in the form of watching scary movies, riding roller coasters, or skydiving. Some people may be more sensitive to fear and certain situations or objects may be more likely to trigger this emotion.
โน๏ธ The fight-or-flight response, also known as the acute stress response, refers to the physiological reaction that occurs when in the presence of something mentally or physically terrifying. This response is triggered by the release of hormones that prepare your body to either stay and deal with a threat or to run away to safety.
Disgust
can be triggered by a physical experience, such as seeing or smelling rotting food, blood, or poor hygiene. Moral disgust may occur when someone sees another person doing something they find immoral or distasteful.
Anger
can be characterized by feelings of hostility, agitation, frustration, and antagonism towards others. It can be expressed with facial expressions like frowning, yelling, or violent behavior. Like fear, anger can play a part in your body's fight or flight response.
Surprise
is usually quite brief and is characterized by a physiological startle response following something unexpected. This type of emotion can be positive, negative, or neutral. Surprise is another type of emotion that can trigger the fight or flight response.
โ๏ธ Eckman later added a number of other emotions to his list but suggested that unlike his original six emotions, not all of these could necessarily be encoded through facial expressions. Some of the emotions he later identified included:
Amusement
Contempt
Contentment
Embarrassment
Excitement
Guilt
Pride in achievement
Relief
Satisfaction
Shame
โ๏ธ In everyday language, people often use the terms emotions, feelings, and moods interchangeably, but they actually mean different things.
๐ Emotions are reactions to stimuli, but feelings are what we experience as a result of emotions.
๐ An emotion is normally quite short-lived, but intense.
๐ Emotions are also likely to have a definite and identifiable cause.
๐ Feelings are influenced by our perception of the situation, which is why the same emotion can trigger different feelings among people experiencing it.
๐ A mood can be described as a temporary emotional state.
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During the 1970s, psychologist Paul Eckman (1934-) identified 6๏ธโฃ basic emotions that he suggested were universally experienced in all human cultures.
Happiness
tends to be the one that people strive for the most and is often defined as a pleasant emotional state that is characterized by feelings of contentment, joy, gratification, satisfaction, and well-being. It is often expressed by smiling or speaking in an upbeat tone of voice and a relaxed stance. The realities of what actually contributes to happiness can be complex and highly individualized.
Sadness
is often defined as a transient emotional state characterized by feelings of disappointment, grief, hopelessness, disinterest, and dampened mood. It can be expressed by crying, dampened mood, lethargy, quietness, withdrawal from others.
Fear
is a powerful emotion that can also play an important role in survival. It can increase heart rate, cause racing thoughts, or trigger the fight-or-flight response. It can be a reaction to actual or perceived threats. Some people enjoy the adrenaline rush that accompanies fear in the form of watching scary movies, riding roller coasters, or skydiving. Some people may be more sensitive to fear and certain situations or objects may be more likely to trigger this emotion.
โน๏ธ The fight-or-flight response, also known as the acute stress response, refers to the physiological reaction that occurs when in the presence of something mentally or physically terrifying. This response is triggered by the release of hormones that prepare your body to either stay and deal with a threat or to run away to safety.
Disgust
can be triggered by a physical experience, such as seeing or smelling rotting food, blood, or poor hygiene. Moral disgust may occur when someone sees another person doing something they find immoral or distasteful.
Anger
can be characterized by feelings of hostility, agitation, frustration, and antagonism towards others. It can be expressed with facial expressions like frowning, yelling, or violent behavior. Like fear, anger can play a part in your body's fight or flight response.
Surprise
is usually quite brief and is characterized by a physiological startle response following something unexpected. This type of emotion can be positive, negative, or neutral. Surprise is another type of emotion that can trigger the fight or flight response.
โ๏ธ Eckman later added a number of other emotions to his list but suggested that unlike his original six emotions, not all of these could necessarily be encoded through facial expressions. Some of the emotions he later identified included:
Amusement
Contempt
Contentment
Embarrassment
Excitement
Guilt
Pride in achievement
Relief
Satisfaction
Shame
โ๏ธ In everyday language, people often use the terms emotions, feelings, and moods interchangeably, but they actually mean different things.
๐ Emotions are reactions to stimuli, but feelings are what we experience as a result of emotions.
๐ An emotion is normally quite short-lived, but intense.
๐ Emotions are also likely to have a definite and identifiable cause.
๐ Feelings are influenced by our perception of the situation, which is why the same emotion can trigger different feelings among people experiencing it.
๐ A mood can be described as a temporary emotional state.
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What are the major theories of emotion?
The major theories of emotion can be grouped into 3๏ธโฃ categories:
โฆ๏ธPhysiological theories: responses within the body are responsible for emotions.
โฆ๏ธNeurological theories: activity within the brain leads to emotional responses.
โฆ๏ธCognitive theories: thoughts and other mental activities play an essential role in forming emotions.
Scientists also proposed 6๏ธโฃ main theories of emotion:
๐บEvolutionary/Darwin theory: emotions exist because they serve an adaptive role.
๐บThe James-Lange theory: physical responses are responsible for emotion.
๐บThe Cannon-Bard theory: people experience emotional and physiological responses at the same time, with each response acting independently.
๐บThe Schachter-Singer theory: thoughts are responsible for emotions.
๐บThe cognitive appraisal/Lazarus theory: brain first appraises a situation, and the resulting response is an emotion.
๐บThe facial-feedback theory: emotions are directly tied to facial muscles.
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The major theories of emotion can be grouped into 3๏ธโฃ categories:
โฆ๏ธPhysiological theories: responses within the body are responsible for emotions.
โฆ๏ธNeurological theories: activity within the brain leads to emotional responses.
โฆ๏ธCognitive theories: thoughts and other mental activities play an essential role in forming emotions.
Scientists also proposed 6๏ธโฃ main theories of emotion:
๐บEvolutionary/Darwin theory: emotions exist because they serve an adaptive role.
๐บThe James-Lange theory: physical responses are responsible for emotion.
๐บThe Cannon-Bard theory: people experience emotional and physiological responses at the same time, with each response acting independently.
๐บThe Schachter-Singer theory: thoughts are responsible for emotions.
๐บThe cognitive appraisal/Lazarus theory: brain first appraises a situation, and the resulting response is an emotion.
๐บThe facial-feedback theory: emotions are directly tied to facial muscles.
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