Which living creatures exert the most powerful bite force for its body size?
To determine an animal’s bite strength, some studies measure force, others measure pressure, and some take into account body mass in proportion to force. To compare bite forces in taxa of greatly differing body masses a bite force quotient (BFQ) is calculated as a regression of the quotient of an animal's bite force divided by its body mass.
The carnivorous mammal with the strongest bite for its body size is the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) ⬆️. Being only about the size of a big housecat, this marsupial with jaws that can open to an 80-degree angle, can produce a bite force of 553 newtons or about 56 kg of force and a BFQ of 181 (by comparison, the tiger’s BFQ is 127).
Some animals with a huge bite aren't even predators. The Galapagos large ground finch (Geospiza magnirostris) ⬆️ weighs only about 33 grams, but its beak can crack tough nuts and seeds with a force of 70 newtons.
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To determine an animal’s bite strength, some studies measure force, others measure pressure, and some take into account body mass in proportion to force. To compare bite forces in taxa of greatly differing body masses a bite force quotient (BFQ) is calculated as a regression of the quotient of an animal's bite force divided by its body mass.
The carnivorous mammal with the strongest bite for its body size is the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) ⬆️. Being only about the size of a big housecat, this marsupial with jaws that can open to an 80-degree angle, can produce a bite force of 553 newtons or about 56 kg of force and a BFQ of 181 (by comparison, the tiger’s BFQ is 127).
Some animals with a huge bite aren't even predators. The Galapagos large ground finch (Geospiza magnirostris) ⬆️ weighs only about 33 grams, but its beak can crack tough nuts and seeds with a force of 70 newtons.
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How did the dinosaur with the strongest bite look like?
🦖 T.rex (Tyrannosaurus rex) that stomped the Earth from about 68 million to 66 million years ago is a repeat science fiction star for a reason: its bite was ferocious and could deliver up to six tons of pressure or about 50,000-60,000 newtons.
🦖 In museum halls, paleo art, and feature films, T. rex has traditionally been depicted with lipless jaws, banana-size fangs and a sinister grin, as seen in the top two illustrations ⬆️. But now, new evidence suggests these animals had lipped mouths, like modern-day lizards.
🦈🆚🦖 Among prehistoric animals, a possible contender of T. rex for the most powerful bite could be the huge shark Megalodon (Otodus megalodon) that terrorized the seas from 15 million to 3.6 million years ago with a bite force of up to 182,200 newtons.
ℹ️ Nevertheless, for its body size, the mighty T. rex’s bite was far less impressive than the bite of a much smaller modern dinosaur — a tiny Galapagos finch.
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🦖 T.rex (Tyrannosaurus rex) that stomped the Earth from about 68 million to 66 million years ago is a repeat science fiction star for a reason: its bite was ferocious and could deliver up to six tons of pressure or about 50,000-60,000 newtons.
🦖 In museum halls, paleo art, and feature films, T. rex has traditionally been depicted with lipless jaws, banana-size fangs and a sinister grin, as seen in the top two illustrations ⬆️. But now, new evidence suggests these animals had lipped mouths, like modern-day lizards.
🦈🆚🦖 Among prehistoric animals, a possible contender of T. rex for the most powerful bite could be the huge shark Megalodon (Otodus megalodon) that terrorized the seas from 15 million to 3.6 million years ago with a bite force of up to 182,200 newtons.
ℹ️ Nevertheless, for its body size, the mighty T. rex’s bite was far less impressive than the bite of a much smaller modern dinosaur — a tiny Galapagos finch.
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Who made the first bridges?
ℹ️ The bridge is a structure that provides passage over obstacles (valleys, rough terrain, water) by spanning them with natural or human-made materials.
🔺 The ancient Assyrians and Egyptians could have been the first to introduce bridge building. Stone arches can be found over the entrance of the Great Pyramid of Giza (3200 to 4200 BC) but they were not true arches as they were made of single sloping stones meeting over an opening.
🔺 The first real evidence of bridge-building technology can be traced back to Babylonian society in about 4000BC. The river Euphrates was spanned in the center of the city of Babylon by a single brick arch, one furlong (220m) long and 10m wide ⬆️.
🔺 In China, masonry arches were also known to have existed, documented at around 2000BC. Arches can be seen in the Great Wall of China (completed 214BC) for carrying it over rivers.
🔺 The Romans incorporated the true semicircular arch into their designs in about 500-600BC.
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ℹ️ The bridge is a structure that provides passage over obstacles (valleys, rough terrain, water) by spanning them with natural or human-made materials.
🔺 The ancient Assyrians and Egyptians could have been the first to introduce bridge building. Stone arches can be found over the entrance of the Great Pyramid of Giza (3200 to 4200 BC) but they were not true arches as they were made of single sloping stones meeting over an opening.
🔺 The first real evidence of bridge-building technology can be traced back to Babylonian society in about 4000BC. The river Euphrates was spanned in the center of the city of Babylon by a single brick arch, one furlong (220m) long and 10m wide ⬆️.
🔺 In China, masonry arches were also known to have existed, documented at around 2000BC. Arches can be seen in the Great Wall of China (completed 214BC) for carrying it over rivers.
🔺 The Romans incorporated the true semicircular arch into their designs in about 500-600BC.
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What is the oldest existing bridge?
The Arkadiko Bridge, also called the Kazarma Bridge, in modern Greece 🇬🇷 is believed to be the oldest existing bridge in the world.
⬆️ It is an arch bridge and one of the oldest of this type still used by the local population.
In Mycenaean (last phase of the Greek Bronze Age from 1600 – 1100 BCE) times, this bridge, built around 1300 – 1190 BCE, served as a highway in the area.
ℹ️ Besides the Arkadiko Bridge, among 🔟oldest bridges in the world,
🇹🇷4️⃣ are located in modern Turkey
Karamagara Bridge (built c.5th or 6th century CE)
Bridge near Limyra (built possibly c.3rd century CE)
Cendere Bridge (built c.200 CE)
Bridge Over River Meles/Caravan Bridge (built c.850 BCE)
🇮🇹2️⃣ in modern Italy
Ponte Sant’Angelo (built 134 CE)
Pons Fabricius (built 62 BCE)
🇮🇷1️⃣ in modern Iran – Band-e Kaisar (built c.260-270 CE)
🇪🇸1️⃣ in modern Spain – Alcántara Bridge (built 104-106 CE)
🏴1️⃣ in modern England – Tarr Steps (built possibly c.1000 BCE).
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The Arkadiko Bridge, also called the Kazarma Bridge, in modern Greece 🇬🇷 is believed to be the oldest existing bridge in the world.
⬆️ It is an arch bridge and one of the oldest of this type still used by the local population.
In Mycenaean (last phase of the Greek Bronze Age from 1600 – 1100 BCE) times, this bridge, built around 1300 – 1190 BCE, served as a highway in the area.
ℹ️ Besides the Arkadiko Bridge, among 🔟oldest bridges in the world,
🇹🇷4️⃣ are located in modern Turkey
Karamagara Bridge (built c.5th or 6th century CE)
Bridge near Limyra (built possibly c.3rd century CE)
Cendere Bridge (built c.200 CE)
Bridge Over River Meles/Caravan Bridge (built c.850 BCE)
🇮🇹2️⃣ in modern Italy
Ponte Sant’Angelo (built 134 CE)
Pons Fabricius (built 62 BCE)
🇮🇷1️⃣ in modern Iran – Band-e Kaisar (built c.260-270 CE)
🇪🇸1️⃣ in modern Spain – Alcántara Bridge (built 104-106 CE)
🏴1️⃣ in modern England – Tarr Steps (built possibly c.1000 BCE).
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Which country has the longest bridge?
🥇🇨🇳 China has the longest bridge in the world – the Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge ⬆️.
it has a length 164km (104 miles) and is part of the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway.
It was built at a cost of around $8.5bn ( $52m for each km of the bridge) and can withstand not only seismic activity, but also extreme weather, and even a hit from a 300,000-ton naval vessel.
Today, China can be called a country of longest bridges, as, among 🔟 longest bridges in the world, 6️⃣ are located in continental China.
Besides the Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge, China has
Cangde Grand Bridge (1️⃣1️⃣6️⃣ km, #️⃣3️⃣ in the world)
Tianjin Grand Bridge (1️⃣1️⃣3️⃣ km, #️⃣4️⃣in the world)
Weinan Weihe Grand Bridge (7️⃣9️⃣ km, #️⃣5️⃣in the world)
Beijing Grand Bridge (4️⃣8️⃣ km, #️⃣7️⃣in the world)
Wuhan Metro Bridge (3️⃣7️⃣ km, #️⃣9️⃣in the world)
ℹ️ At last count in 2021, China has a whopping 961,100 road bridges, and that's not including other types of transport.
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🥇🇨🇳 China has the longest bridge in the world – the Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge ⬆️.
it has a length 164km (104 miles) and is part of the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway.
It was built at a cost of around $8.5bn ( $52m for each km of the bridge) and can withstand not only seismic activity, but also extreme weather, and even a hit from a 300,000-ton naval vessel.
Today, China can be called a country of longest bridges, as, among 🔟 longest bridges in the world, 6️⃣ are located in continental China.
Besides the Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge, China has
Cangde Grand Bridge (1️⃣1️⃣6️⃣ km, #️⃣3️⃣ in the world)
Tianjin Grand Bridge (1️⃣1️⃣3️⃣ km, #️⃣4️⃣in the world)
Weinan Weihe Grand Bridge (7️⃣9️⃣ km, #️⃣5️⃣in the world)
Beijing Grand Bridge (4️⃣8️⃣ km, #️⃣7️⃣in the world)
Wuhan Metro Bridge (3️⃣7️⃣ km, #️⃣9️⃣in the world)
ℹ️ At last count in 2021, China has a whopping 961,100 road bridges, and that's not including other types of transport.
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Why are many children fussy eaters?
A new study demonstrates that at the age of six, children become extra fussy, particularly about the texture of their meal. The researchers asked 485 children between the ages of 5 and 12 to choose between six different foods with and without lumps, seeds and pieces of fruit in them ⬆️. In 76% of the instances, 6-year-olds opted for foods without lumps, the highest preference rate observed across the age groups.
According to researchers, food neophobia – a fear and rejection of eating new or unfamiliar foods – may be the main explanation for such children's eating behavior. Food neophobia is thought to be a protective function against dangerous foods, which seems to be particularly important for 6-7 aged children when they start to become more mobile and independent.
However, the study showed that the "anti-chunk phase" gradually goes the other way in 7–12-year-olds, even if parents often need to offer new foods up to 15 times.
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A new study demonstrates that at the age of six, children become extra fussy, particularly about the texture of their meal. The researchers asked 485 children between the ages of 5 and 12 to choose between six different foods with and without lumps, seeds and pieces of fruit in them ⬆️. In 76% of the instances, 6-year-olds opted for foods without lumps, the highest preference rate observed across the age groups.
According to researchers, food neophobia – a fear and rejection of eating new or unfamiliar foods – may be the main explanation for such children's eating behavior. Food neophobia is thought to be a protective function against dangerous foods, which seems to be particularly important for 6-7 aged children when they start to become more mobile and independent.
However, the study showed that the "anti-chunk phase" gradually goes the other way in 7–12-year-olds, even if parents often need to offer new foods up to 15 times.
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What supercontinents have existed throughout Earth’s history?
📌 The continents we live on today are moving, and over hundreds of millions of years they get pulled apart and smashed together again. Occasionally, this tectonic plate-fueled process brings most of the world's landmasses together to form a massive supercontinent.
📌 There's no strict definition for a supercontinent, but researchers say it should include around 75% of the available landmass.
Supercontinents are also defined as single connected continents made up of all or most of the land on the surface of Earth.
📌 Recently, thanks to research into the mineral distribution and carbon dating, scientists can piece together what past supercontinents might have looked like, how they formed and how they broke apart.
📌 Scientists believe that new supercontinents are forming and splitting up about every 400 to 500 million years.
📌 Although all models of early Earth’s plate tectonics are very theoretical, researchers can generally agree that there have been a total of seven or eight supercontinents ⬇️ and are relatively sure of at least three (Columbia, Rodinia and Pangaea).
🟤 The first and earliest supercontinent to have existed is Vaalbara that is suspected to have formed 3.6 billion years ago.
🟤 The supercontinent Ur formed approximately 3 billion years ago.
🟤 The supercontinent Kenorland came together between about 2.72 and 2.45 billion years ago.
🟤 The supercontinent Columbia, also called Nuna or Hudsonland, formed about 1.7 billion years ago and broke up approximately 1.5 billion years ago.
🟤 The supercontinent Rodinia existed from around 1 billion years ago to 700 million years ago.
🟤 The supercontinent Gondwana formed around 530 million years ago and was the largest landmass on Earth for more than 200 million years.
🟤 The supercontinent Pannotia may have briefly existed around 560 million years ago.
🟤 The most recent supercontinent, Pangaea, formed around 320 million years ago and broke up around 175 million years ago.
📌 The first supercontinents may have formed from the same cratons – stable blocks of Earth’s crust that form the center of a continent. These cratons can now be found in different parts of modern continents.
📌 Since subduction and seafloor melt replace plate tectonic material, nearly all of the land that makes up the Earth’s crust is less than 200 million years old, so it is still difficult to find evidence of the supercontinents before Pangaea.
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📌 The continents we live on today are moving, and over hundreds of millions of years they get pulled apart and smashed together again. Occasionally, this tectonic plate-fueled process brings most of the world's landmasses together to form a massive supercontinent.
📌 There's no strict definition for a supercontinent, but researchers say it should include around 75% of the available landmass.
Supercontinents are also defined as single connected continents made up of all or most of the land on the surface of Earth.
📌 Recently, thanks to research into the mineral distribution and carbon dating, scientists can piece together what past supercontinents might have looked like, how they formed and how they broke apart.
📌 Scientists believe that new supercontinents are forming and splitting up about every 400 to 500 million years.
📌 Although all models of early Earth’s plate tectonics are very theoretical, researchers can generally agree that there have been a total of seven or eight supercontinents ⬇️ and are relatively sure of at least three (Columbia, Rodinia and Pangaea).
🟤 The first and earliest supercontinent to have existed is Vaalbara that is suspected to have formed 3.6 billion years ago.
🟤 The supercontinent Ur formed approximately 3 billion years ago.
🟤 The supercontinent Kenorland came together between about 2.72 and 2.45 billion years ago.
🟤 The supercontinent Columbia, also called Nuna or Hudsonland, formed about 1.7 billion years ago and broke up approximately 1.5 billion years ago.
🟤 The supercontinent Rodinia existed from around 1 billion years ago to 700 million years ago.
🟤 The supercontinent Gondwana formed around 530 million years ago and was the largest landmass on Earth for more than 200 million years.
🟤 The supercontinent Pannotia may have briefly existed around 560 million years ago.
🟤 The most recent supercontinent, Pangaea, formed around 320 million years ago and broke up around 175 million years ago.
📌 The first supercontinents may have formed from the same cratons – stable blocks of Earth’s crust that form the center of a continent. These cratons can now be found in different parts of modern continents.
📌 Since subduction and seafloor melt replace plate tectonic material, nearly all of the land that makes up the Earth’s crust is less than 200 million years old, so it is still difficult to find evidence of the supercontinents before Pangaea.
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Ask Me
How many continents in the world?
In fact, the answer to this question is unequivocal, and there are 5️⃣ popular models.
7 continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia/Oceania, Europe, North America, South America. Most popularly accepted model, commonly…
In fact, the answer to this question is unequivocal, and there are 5️⃣ popular models.
7 continents: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia/Oceania, Europe, North America, South America. Most popularly accepted model, commonly…
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Why was the first supercontinent named Vaalbara?
The earliest and the most theoretical, the supercontinent Vaalbara is postulated to have existed about 3,5 billion years ago, in the early Archean Eon.
The name "Vaalbara" comes from the last four letters in the names of two cratons: the Kaapvaal craton in Southern Africa ⬆️ and the Pilbara craton in Western Australia ⬆️. Paleomagnetic data indicate that about 3.8 billion years ago they were very close to each other.
Containing some of the oldest rock on the surface of the planet, the Kaapvaal and Pilbara cratons also show evidence of four large meteorite impacts between 3.2 and 3.5 billion years ago.
There are three lesser-known cratons in East Antarctica that were probably included in the land mass of Vaalbara.
Geological evidence from the time of Vaalbara indicates that intracrustal melting and recycling must have been a major part of the early days of continent building. The planet must have been hot.
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The earliest and the most theoretical, the supercontinent Vaalbara is postulated to have existed about 3,5 billion years ago, in the early Archean Eon.
The name "Vaalbara" comes from the last four letters in the names of two cratons: the Kaapvaal craton in Southern Africa ⬆️ and the Pilbara craton in Western Australia ⬆️. Paleomagnetic data indicate that about 3.8 billion years ago they were very close to each other.
Containing some of the oldest rock on the surface of the planet, the Kaapvaal and Pilbara cratons also show evidence of four large meteorite impacts between 3.2 and 3.5 billion years ago.
There are three lesser-known cratons in East Antarctica that were probably included in the land mass of Vaalbara.
Geological evidence from the time of Vaalbara indicates that intracrustal melting and recycling must have been a major part of the early days of continent building. The planet must have been hot.
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Where are the largest parts of the supercontinent Ur located today?
The largest parts of the possible supercontinent Ur that survive today are located in India, according to experts. This photo ⬆️ shows rock from eastern India, laid down during the Archean Eon. That rock is on the edge of the Eparchean Unconformity, a zone that shows a major time gap between the rock on one side and the rock on the other (a similar unconformity is found in the basement rock of the Grand Canyon).
The specifics of Ur are also very theoretical, and despite its supercontinent status, the land mass would have been smaller than modern-day Australia. This is how Ur could look like ⬆️.
This supercontinent is called Ur from the German prefix “ur” which means “original”, “fountainhead”.
Scientists believe that Ur formed from the same cratons as Vaalbara. So areas of Ur are also parts of Australia and Africa (Madagascar). But it is not believed that Ur is not a continuation of Vaalbara nor a successor.
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The largest parts of the possible supercontinent Ur that survive today are located in India, according to experts. This photo ⬆️ shows rock from eastern India, laid down during the Archean Eon. That rock is on the edge of the Eparchean Unconformity, a zone that shows a major time gap between the rock on one side and the rock on the other (a similar unconformity is found in the basement rock of the Grand Canyon).
The specifics of Ur are also very theoretical, and despite its supercontinent status, the land mass would have been smaller than modern-day Australia. This is how Ur could look like ⬆️.
This supercontinent is called Ur from the German prefix “ur” which means “original”, “fountainhead”.
Scientists believe that Ur formed from the same cratons as Vaalbara. So areas of Ur are also parts of Australia and Africa (Madagascar). But it is not believed that Ur is not a continuation of Vaalbara nor a successor.
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At the time of which supercontinent could the first eukaryotes emerge?
The first eukaryotic organisms could emerge in the world’s oceans at the time of the supercontinent Kenorland, researchers suggest.
This supercontinent was formed in the Neoarchean era.
The name was given in accordance with the Kenoran orogeny – a Proterozoic phase of mountain building affecting the shield area in what is now the Lake Superior region of Canada.
Kenorland formed after the merger of several cratons (including Kaapvaal and Pilbara). The core of it came together around the junction of the Laurentia, Baltica, Western Australia and Kalaharia cratons and most of the Nena craton.
It is believed that Kenorland was only in the law latitudes.
⬆️ This is how this supercontinent could look like, marked continents and cratons being parts of it.
As Kenorland split apart, geologic events and the rise of oxygen-producing, single-celled life created the conditions for the Earth’s first glaciers.
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The first eukaryotic organisms could emerge in the world’s oceans at the time of the supercontinent Kenorland, researchers suggest.
This supercontinent was formed in the Neoarchean era.
The name was given in accordance with the Kenoran orogeny – a Proterozoic phase of mountain building affecting the shield area in what is now the Lake Superior region of Canada.
Kenorland formed after the merger of several cratons (including Kaapvaal and Pilbara). The core of it came together around the junction of the Laurentia, Baltica, Western Australia and Kalaharia cratons and most of the Nena craton.
It is believed that Kenorland was only in the law latitudes.
⬆️ This is how this supercontinent could look like, marked continents and cratons being parts of it.
As Kenorland split apart, geologic events and the rise of oxygen-producing, single-celled life created the conditions for the Earth’s first glaciers.
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How big was the supercontinent Columbia?
At peak accumulation, about 1.8 billion years ago, virtually all of Earth's land mass was joined to the supercontinent Columbia creating a surface estimated to have been about 12,900 km from North to South and about 4,800 km in its widest part from West to East.
It is named "Columbia" because scientists posited that the landmass connected what is now eastern India with the Columbia basalts region in what is now North America.
These are two images how this supercontinent could look like ⬆️.
Scientists believe that once sutured together, Columbia was long-lived, existing for more than 500 million years.
The landmass of this supercontinent began to fragment around 1.6 billion years ago because of increased magma plume activity in the Earth's mantle. The breakup was slow and could last from 1.6 to 1.2 billion years ago.
According to researchers, during the time of Columbia, the first plants colonized land in the form of red algae.
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At peak accumulation, about 1.8 billion years ago, virtually all of Earth's land mass was joined to the supercontinent Columbia creating a surface estimated to have been about 12,900 km from North to South and about 4,800 km in its widest part from West to East.
It is named "Columbia" because scientists posited that the landmass connected what is now eastern India with the Columbia basalts region in what is now North America.
These are two images how this supercontinent could look like ⬆️.
Scientists believe that once sutured together, Columbia was long-lived, existing for more than 500 million years.
The landmass of this supercontinent began to fragment around 1.6 billion years ago because of increased magma plume activity in the Earth's mantle. The breakup was slow and could last from 1.6 to 1.2 billion years ago.
According to researchers, during the time of Columbia, the first plants colonized land in the form of red algae.
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Why was one of the supercontinents called Rodinia and what modern continent was likely the core of it?
The giant land formation after Columbia was called Rodinia from the Russian “родина” (“rodina” means “motherland”) or “родить” (“rodit” means “to give birth”).
The ocean of that time — Mirovia comes also from the Russian word “мир” (“mir” means “world”) or “мировой” (“mirovoi” means “worldwide”, “global”).
Researchers don't know exactly how big Rodinia was, but North America was likely the core of it.
This is how Rodinia could look like from the South Pole ⬆️.
According to scientists, during Rodinia’s existence, the first multicellular organisms began to appear in oceans around the world.
Some researchers also believe that the theory of “Snowball Earth” refers to the period the breakup of this supercontinent.
ℹ️ The Snowball Earth is a geohistorical hypothesis that in the distant past ice smothered the entire planet, from the poles to the equator at least twice.
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The giant land formation after Columbia was called Rodinia from the Russian “родина” (“rodina” means “motherland”) or “родить” (“rodit” means “to give birth”).
The ocean of that time — Mirovia comes also from the Russian word “мир” (“mir” means “world”) or “мировой” (“mirovoi” means “worldwide”, “global”).
Researchers don't know exactly how big Rodinia was, but North America was likely the core of it.
This is how Rodinia could look like from the South Pole ⬆️.
According to scientists, during Rodinia’s existence, the first multicellular organisms began to appear in oceans around the world.
Some researchers also believe that the theory of “Snowball Earth” refers to the period the breakup of this supercontinent.
ℹ️ The Snowball Earth is a geohistorical hypothesis that in the distant past ice smothered the entire planet, from the poles to the equator at least twice.
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