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Date: 06-02-2025
Company name: Wipro
Role: Data Scientist

01. What is the difference between IN and EXISTS in SQL?

Answer- Works on List result set Doesn’t work on subqueries resulting in Virtual tables with multiple columns Compares every value in the result list. Exists: Works on Virtual tables Is used with co-related queries Exits comparison when the match is found

02. What is a Random Forest?

Answer- A ‘random forest’ is a supervised machine learning algorithm that is generally used for classification problems. It operates by constructing multiple decision trees during the training phase. The random forest chooses the decision of the majority of the trees as the final decision.

03. What is the map() and filter() function in Python?

Answer- The map() function is a higher-order function. This function accepts another function and a sequence of ‘iterables’ as parameters and provides output after applying the function to each iterable in the sequence. The filter() function is used to generate an output list of values that return true when the function is called.

04. How is np.mean() different from np.average() in NumPy?

Answer- np.mean() method calculates the arithmetic mean and provides additional options for input and results. For example, it has the option to specify what data types have to be taken, where the result has to be placed etc. np.average() computes the weighted average if the weights parameter is specified. In the case of weighted average, instead of considering that each data point is contributing equally to the final average, it considers that some data points have more weightage than the others (unequal contribution).

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Date: 08-02-2025
Company name: Infosys
Role: Data Scientist

01. Can you explain the difference between a left join and a right join in SQL?

Answer- A left join returns all the rows from the left table and the matching rows from the right table. If there are no matching rows in the right table, the result will contain NULL values for those columns. A right join, on the other hand, returns all the rows from the right table and the matching rows from the left table.

02. Explain Categorical data in Pandas?

Answer- Categorical data is a discrete set of values for a particular outcome and has a fixed range. Also,
the data in the category need not be numerical, it can be textual in nature. Examples are
gender, social class, blood type, country affiliation, observation time, etc. There is no hard and
fast rule for how many values a categorical value should have. One should apply one’s domain
knowledge to make that determination on the data sets.

03. What Bayes' Theorem (Bayes Rule) is all about?

Answer- Often, we know how frequently some particular evidence is observed, given a known outcome. We have to use this known fact to compute the reverse, to compute the chance of that outcome happening, given the evidence. Conceptually, this is a way to go from P(Evidence | Known Outcome) to P(Outcome | Known Evidence). Bayes' theorem is a relatively simple, but fundamental result of probability theory that allows for the calculation of certain conditional probabilities. Conditional probabilities are just those probabilities that reflect the influence of one event on the probability of another.

04. What's the difference between Softmax and Sigmoid functions?

Answer-
Softmax function:

- Is used for multi-class classification in logistic regression models, when we have only one right answer or mutually exclusive outputs.
- Its probabilities sum will be 1.
- Is used in different layers of neural networks.
​
Sigmoid function:

- Is used for multi-label classification in logistic regression models, when we have more than one right answer or non-exclusive outputs.
- Its probability sum does not need to be 1.
- Is used as an activation function while building neural networks.


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Date: 11-02-2025
Company name: MuSigma
Role: Data Scientist

01. How does a Decision Tree handle continuous(numerical) features?

Answer- Decision Trees handle continuous features by converting these continuous features to a threshold-based boolean feature.
To decide The threshold value, we use the concept of Information Gain, choosing that threshold that maximizes the information gain

02. What are Loss Function and Cost Functions?

Answer- The loss function is to capture the difference between the actual and predicted values for a single record whereas cost functions aggregate the difference for the entire training dataset.
The Most commonly used loss functions are Mean-squared error and Hinge loss.

03. What is the difference between Python Arrays and lists?

Answer- Arrays in python can only contain elements of same data types i.e., data type of array should be homogeneous. It is a thin wrapper around C language arrays and consumes far less memory than lists.
Lists in python can contain elements of different data types i.e., data type of lists can be heterogeneous. It has the disadvantage of consuming large memory.

04. What is root cause analysis? What is a causation vs. a correlation?

Answer- Root cause analysis: a method of problem-solving used for identifying the root cause(s) of a problem Correlation measures the relationship between two variables, range from -1 to 1. Causation is when a first event appears to have caused a second event. Causation essentially looks at direct relationships while correlation can look at both direct and indirect relationships.


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Date: 13-02-2025
Company name: Numerator
Role: Data Scientist

01. How to remove values to a python array?

Answer- Array elements can be removed using pop() or remove() method. The difference between these two functions is that the former returns the deleted value whereas the latter does not.

02. What are the advantages and disadvantages of views in the database?

Answer- Advantages of Views:

As there is no physical location where the data in the view is stored, it generates output without wasting resources.
Data access is restricted as it does not allow commands like insertion, updation, and deletion.

Disadvantages of Views:

The view becomes irrelevant if we drop a table related to that view.
Much memory space is occupied when the view is created for large tables.

03. What is the lambda function in Python?

Answer- Python Lambda Functions are anonymous function means that the function is without a name. As we already know that the def keyword is used to define a normal function in Python. Similarly, the lambda keyword is used to define an anonymous function in Python.
Eg. lambda_cube = lambda y: y*y*y.

04. Explain the difference between the CART and ID3 Algorithms.

Answer- The CART algorithm produces only binary Trees: non-leaf nodes always have two children (i.e., questions only have yes/no answers).
On the contrary, other Tree algorithms such as ID3 can produce Decision Trees with nodes having more than two children


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01. What is the meaning of term weight initialization in neural networks?

Answer- In neural networking, weight initialization is one of the essential factors. A bad weight initialization prevents a network from learning. On the other side, a good weight initialization helps in giving a quicker convergence and a better overall error. Biases can be initialized to zero. The standard rule for setting the weights is to be close to zero without being too small.

02. What is the usage of the NVL() function?

Answer- The NVL() function is used to convert the NULL value to the other value. The function returns the value of the second parameter if the first parameter is NULL. If the first parameter is anything other than NULL, it is left unchanged. This function is used in Oracle, not in SQL and MySQL. Instead of NVL() function, MySQL have IFNULL() and SQL Server have ISNULL() function.

03. How to create a dictionary in Python?

Answer- In Python, a dictionary can be created by placing a sequence of elements within curly {} braces, separated by ‘comma’. Dictionary holds pairs of values, one being the Key and the other corresponding pair element being its Key:value. Values in a dictionary can be of any data type and can be duplicated, whereas keys can’t be repeated and must be immutable.

04. What is matplotlib and some of the basic plots in Matplotlib?

Answer- Matplotlib comes with a wide variety of plots. Plots help to understand trends, patterns, and to make correlations. They’re typically instruments for reasoning about quantitative information. Some of the basic plots are line plot, bar plot, scatter plot, etc.

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Date: 26-02-2025
Company name: Adecco
Role: Data Scientist

01. What is a stored procedure?

Answer- Stored Procedure is a function consists of many SQL statements to access the database system. Several SQL statements are consolidated into a stored procedure and execute them whenever and wherever required.

02. What is Dimensionality Reduction?

Answer- In the real world, Machine Learning models are built on top of features and parameters. These features can be multidimensional and large in number. Sometimes, the features may be irrelevant and it becomes a difficult task to visualize them. This is where dimensionality reduction is used to cut down irrelevant and redundant features with the help of principal variables. These principal variables conserve the features, and are a subgroup, of the parent variables.

03. What are Autoencoders?

Answer- An autoencoder is a kind of artificial neural network. It is used to learn efficient data codings in an unsupervised manner. It is utilised for learning a representation (encoding) for a set of data, mostly for dimensionality reduction, by training the network to ignore signal “noise”. Autoencoder also tries to generate a representation as close as possible to its original input from the reduced encoding.

04. What are some common Data Preparation Operations you would use for Time Series Data?

Answer-

a. Parsing time series information from various sources and formats.

b. Generating sequences of fixed-frequency dates and time spans.

c. Manipulating and converting date times with time zone information.

d. Resampling or converting a time series to a particular frequency.

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