Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Lord Curzon*
♟️The Bardhaman municipality, West Bengal has decided to erect a statue of an erstwhile maharaja in front of the landmark Curzon Gate in the city.
*💎About Curzon*
♟️He served as Under-Secretary of State for India (1891-1892), and for Foreign Affairs (1895-1898), before being appointed Viceroy of India in 1899.
♟️Of all the Viceroys of India, Curzon is possibly the most criticised — he is the man who partitioned Bengal in 1905, and triggered a wave of Bengali nationalism that contributed to the wider Indian national movement. He was also one of the more openly imperialist of viceroys, and a man who saw Britain’s rule over India as critical to the survival of the empire.
♟️In 1900, Curzon famously stated, “We could lose all our [white settlement] dominions and still survive, but if we lost India, our sun would sink to its setting.”
*💎Reforms by Lord Curzon*
*♟️Educational* Curzon brought in the Indian Universities Act of 1904,which brought all the universities in India under the control of the government.
*♟️Scientific* The Agriculture Research Institute in Pusa (Bihar – Bengal Presidency) was established.
*♟️Administrative* He instituted a Police Commission in 1902 under the chairmanship of Sir Andrew Frazer.
♟️During the Curzon regime, the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) was established which covered roughly the areas of the upper course of the River Indus.
*♟️Military* Imperial cadet corpswas set up which became an instrument for the Indianisation of the army later.
♟️The Bardhaman municipality, West Bengal has decided to erect a statue of an erstwhile maharaja in front of the landmark Curzon Gate in the city.
*💎About Curzon*
♟️He served as Under-Secretary of State for India (1891-1892), and for Foreign Affairs (1895-1898), before being appointed Viceroy of India in 1899.
♟️Of all the Viceroys of India, Curzon is possibly the most criticised — he is the man who partitioned Bengal in 1905, and triggered a wave of Bengali nationalism that contributed to the wider Indian national movement. He was also one of the more openly imperialist of viceroys, and a man who saw Britain’s rule over India as critical to the survival of the empire.
♟️In 1900, Curzon famously stated, “We could lose all our [white settlement] dominions and still survive, but if we lost India, our sun would sink to its setting.”
*💎Reforms by Lord Curzon*
*♟️Educational* Curzon brought in the Indian Universities Act of 1904,which brought all the universities in India under the control of the government.
*♟️Scientific* The Agriculture Research Institute in Pusa (Bihar – Bengal Presidency) was established.
*♟️Administrative* He instituted a Police Commission in 1902 under the chairmanship of Sir Andrew Frazer.
♟️During the Curzon regime, the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP) was established which covered roughly the areas of the upper course of the River Indus.
*♟️Military* Imperial cadet corpswas set up which became an instrument for the Indianisation of the army later.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Stages of Artificial Intelligence*
*💎Three Stages of AI*
♟️ANI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence)
⚜️“Weak AI”
⚜️Performs single, narrow tasks
⚜️No ability to generalise
⚜️Example: Siri, Alexa
*♟️AGI (Artificial General Intelligence)*
⚜️“Strong AI”
⚜️Human-like intelligence → can learn/understand any intellectual task
⚜️Can generalise knowledge
⚜️Does not yet exist
*♟️ASI (Artificial Superintelligence)*
⚜️Theoretical level
⚜️Surpasses human intelligence
⚜️Can solve problems beyond human capability.
*💎Three Stages of AI*
♟️ANI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence)
⚜️“Weak AI”
⚜️Performs single, narrow tasks
⚜️No ability to generalise
⚜️Example: Siri, Alexa
*♟️AGI (Artificial General Intelligence)*
⚜️“Strong AI”
⚜️Human-like intelligence → can learn/understand any intellectual task
⚜️Can generalise knowledge
⚜️Does not yet exist
*♟️ASI (Artificial Superintelligence)*
⚜️Theoretical level
⚜️Surpasses human intelligence
⚜️Can solve problems beyond human capability.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Government of India Act, 1919*
• The British government, not prepared to part with or even share its power with the Indians, once again resorted to the policy of ‘carrot and stick’. The carrot was represented by the insubstantial Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms, while measures such as the Rowlatt Act represented the stick.
Main Features
• Provincial Government
• Introduction of Dyarchy.
• Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and 70 percent of the members were to be elected.
• The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated.
• Central Government
• No responsible government was envisaged in the Act for the government at the all-India level.
• A bicameral arrangement was introduced.
• The governor-general was to be the chief executive authority.
• The Act clarified that there would be a gradual development of self-governing institution in India and not self-determination of the people of India.
• The British government, not prepared to part with or even share its power with the Indians, once again resorted to the policy of ‘carrot and stick’. The carrot was represented by the insubstantial Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms, while measures such as the Rowlatt Act represented the stick.
Main Features
• Provincial Government
• Introduction of Dyarchy.
• Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and 70 percent of the members were to be elected.
• The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated.
• Central Government
• No responsible government was envisaged in the Act for the government at the all-India level.
• A bicameral arrangement was introduced.
• The governor-general was to be the chief executive authority.
• The Act clarified that there would be a gradual development of self-governing institution in India and not self-determination of the people of India.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Trans - Himalayas*
♟️Lies immediately north of Great himalayan ranges.
♟️Also known as Tibetan Himalaya because lies in Tibet.
♟️Average elevation - 3000m.
♟️Average width - 40km in extremities and about 225km in Central part.
♟️Distance of about 1000km in east - west direction.
♟️This contain Tethys sediments. Rocks of this region contain fossil marine sediments but underlain by Tetitiary granite.
♟️The Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram are main ranges.
♟️K2 lies here.
♟️Lies immediately north of Great himalayan ranges.
♟️Also known as Tibetan Himalaya because lies in Tibet.
♟️Average elevation - 3000m.
♟️Average width - 40km in extremities and about 225km in Central part.
♟️Distance of about 1000km in east - west direction.
♟️This contain Tethys sediments. Rocks of this region contain fossil marine sediments but underlain by Tetitiary granite.
♟️The Zaskar, Ladakh, Kailash and Karakoram are main ranges.
♟️K2 lies here.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)* – Personal liberty under Article 21.
*Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)* – Basic Structure Doctrine.
*I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)* – Amendability of Fundamental Rights.
*Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)* – Expanded the scope of Article 21.
*S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)* – Federalism and misuse of Article 356.
*Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)* – Reservations and the Mandal Commission.
*K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)* – Right to Privacy.
*Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)* – Decriminalization of homosexuality.
*Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)* – Triple Talaq invalid.
*Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)* – Reaffirmed the Basic Structure Doctrine..
*Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)* – Basic Structure Doctrine.
*I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)* – Amendability of Fundamental Rights.
*Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)* – Expanded the scope of Article 21.
*S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)* – Federalism and misuse of Article 356.
*Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)* – Reservations and the Mandal Commission.
*K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)* – Right to Privacy.
*Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)* – Decriminalization of homosexuality.
*Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)* – Triple Talaq invalid.
*Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)* – Reaffirmed the Basic Structure Doctrine..
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Ashoka Rock Edicts Features Inscribed in Edicts*
*♟️Major Rock Edict I :-* Prohibits animal slaughter Bans festive gatherings
*♟️Major Rock Edict II :-* Mentions the South Indian kingdoms such as Cholas, Pandya, Satyaputas and Keralaputras.
Deals with social welfare measures
*♟️Major Rock Edict III :-*
Liberty to Brahmanas Every five years Yukatas, Pradesikas along with Rajukas visit all the areas of the kingdom to spread Dhamma.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IV :-*
Preference of Dhammaghosa (Sound of peace) over Berighosa (Sound of wandrums).
Impact of Dhamma on society
*♟️Major Rock Edict V :-* Humane treatment of slaves by their masters Mentions about the appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict VI :-* Deals with the welfare measures King’s wish to know about the condition of the people
*♟️Major Rock Edict VII :-* Tolerance towards all religions and sects
*♟️Major Rock Edict VIII :-*
Mentions about Ashoka’s visit to Bodh Gaya and Bodhi tree Maintaining contact with rural people via Dharmayatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IX :-* Stresses on the moral conduct of people.
Avoiding expensive ceremonies
*♟️Major Rock Edict X :-* Condemns the desire for fame and glory
*♟️Major Rock Edict XI :-* Elaborate explanation of Dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XII :-* Appeal for developing tolerance towards all religious sects.
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIII :-* Explains about Kalinga war and conquest through dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIV :-* Deals with the purpose of engraving inscriptions in various parts of the country.
*♟️Major Rock Edict I :-* Prohibits animal slaughter Bans festive gatherings
*♟️Major Rock Edict II :-* Mentions the South Indian kingdoms such as Cholas, Pandya, Satyaputas and Keralaputras.
Deals with social welfare measures
*♟️Major Rock Edict III :-*
Liberty to Brahmanas Every five years Yukatas, Pradesikas along with Rajukas visit all the areas of the kingdom to spread Dhamma.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IV :-*
Preference of Dhammaghosa (Sound of peace) over Berighosa (Sound of wandrums).
Impact of Dhamma on society
*♟️Major Rock Edict V :-* Humane treatment of slaves by their masters Mentions about the appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict VI :-* Deals with the welfare measures King’s wish to know about the condition of the people
*♟️Major Rock Edict VII :-* Tolerance towards all religions and sects
*♟️Major Rock Edict VIII :-*
Mentions about Ashoka’s visit to Bodh Gaya and Bodhi tree Maintaining contact with rural people via Dharmayatras.
*♟️Major Rock Edict IX :-* Stresses on the moral conduct of people.
Avoiding expensive ceremonies
*♟️Major Rock Edict X :-* Condemns the desire for fame and glory
*♟️Major Rock Edict XI :-* Elaborate explanation of Dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XII :-* Appeal for developing tolerance towards all religious sects.
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIII :-* Explains about Kalinga war and conquest through dhamma
*♟️Major Rock Edict XIV :-* Deals with the purpose of engraving inscriptions in various parts of the country.
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
🌏Gulf of Eilat
♟️It is also known as Gulf of Aqaba which is the northeastern extension of the Red Sea.
♟️The northern portion of the Red Sea is divided by the Sinai Peninsula into the Gulf of Aqaba in the east and the Gulf of Suez in the west.
♟️It is located along the southeastern edge of the Sinai Peninsula and to the west of the Arabian Peninsula.
♟️It forms an integral part of the East African Rift System and was created by seismic activity along the Afro-Syrian Rift.
♟️The Tiran Strait connects the Gulf of Aqaba with the Red Sea. It also serves as a connecting point between the continents of Asia and Africa.
♟️It supports unique and diverse aquatic ecosystems and serves as a vital habitat for some of the world’s richest coral reefs.
♟️It is bordered by the countries of Israel, Jordan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
♟️Some of the major cities that are situated on the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba include Taba (Egypt), Eilat (Israel), and Aqaba (Jordan).
♟️It is also known as Gulf of Aqaba which is the northeastern extension of the Red Sea.
♟️The northern portion of the Red Sea is divided by the Sinai Peninsula into the Gulf of Aqaba in the east and the Gulf of Suez in the west.
♟️It is located along the southeastern edge of the Sinai Peninsula and to the west of the Arabian Peninsula.
♟️It forms an integral part of the East African Rift System and was created by seismic activity along the Afro-Syrian Rift.
♟️The Tiran Strait connects the Gulf of Aqaba with the Red Sea. It also serves as a connecting point between the continents of Asia and Africa.
♟️It supports unique and diverse aquatic ecosystems and serves as a vital habitat for some of the world’s richest coral reefs.
♟️It is bordered by the countries of Israel, Jordan, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
♟️Some of the major cities that are situated on the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba include Taba (Egypt), Eilat (Israel), and Aqaba (Jordan).
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Countries through which Tropic of Capricorn Passes*
*💎Trick:- CAB PNB Se Mumbai Aai.*
♟️C : Chile,
♟️A : Argentina,
♟️B : Brazil,
♟️P : Paraguay,
♟️N : Namibia,
♟️B : Botswana,
♟️S : South Africa,
♟️M : Mozambique,
♟️M : Madagascar,
♟️A: Australia.
*Hit 👍❤️👌To Appreciate our Consistent Efforts.*
*💎Trick:- CAB PNB Se Mumbai Aai.*
♟️C : Chile,
♟️A : Argentina,
♟️B : Brazil,
♟️P : Paraguay,
♟️N : Namibia,
♟️B : Botswana,
♟️S : South Africa,
♟️M : Mozambique,
♟️M : Madagascar,
♟️A: Australia.
*Hit 👍❤️👌To Appreciate our Consistent Efforts.*
🏆3❤2😍1
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
SWAYATT Initiative (Startups, Women and Youth Advantage through e-Transactions)
●Objective: To increase participation of women-led enterprises and youth in government procurement.
●Features
-Enables startups, women entrepreneurs, youth, Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs), Self Help Groups (SHGs), and last-mile sellers to participate directly in government procurement.
-Implemented through the Government e-Marketplace (GeM).
-Based on the principle of social inclusion in public procurement.
-Addresses three major challenges faced by emerging enterprises:Access to markets, Access to finance,Access to value addition
●Government e-Marketplace (GeM)
-Online platform for government procurement, Known as India’s National Procurement Portal
-Used by ministries, departments and PSUs to buy goods and services
●Developed by DGS&D (Ministry of Commerce & Industry) with support from National e-Governance Division (MeitY)
●Objective: To increase participation of women-led enterprises and youth in government procurement.
●Features
-Enables startups, women entrepreneurs, youth, Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs), Self Help Groups (SHGs), and last-mile sellers to participate directly in government procurement.
-Implemented through the Government e-Marketplace (GeM).
-Based on the principle of social inclusion in public procurement.
-Addresses three major challenges faced by emerging enterprises:Access to markets, Access to finance,Access to value addition
●Government e-Marketplace (GeM)
-Online platform for government procurement, Known as India’s National Procurement Portal
-Used by ministries, departments and PSUs to buy goods and services
●Developed by DGS&D (Ministry of Commerce & Industry) with support from National e-Governance Division (MeitY)
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
Superconductivity
✅ Discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1911)
✅ Property of certain materials to conduct direct current (DC) with zero electrical resistance when cooled below a critical temperature (Tc)
✅ Tc (Critical Temperature): Temperature at which material becomes superconducting
📍 Key Properties
✅ Zero Electrical Resistance: No energy loss during current flow → extremely efficient power transmission
✅ Meissner Effect: Complete expulsion of magnetic field from inside the superconductor (perfect diamagnetism)
📍 Applications
✅ Medical: MRI machines (strong stable magnetic fields)
✅ Science: Particle accelerators like LHC
✅ Transport: Maglev trains (magnetic levitation → frictionless movement)
✅ Energy: High-efficiency power cables & storage
✅ Technology: Quantum computing & advanced sensors
📍 Significance of New Research
➡️ Moving towards higher-temperature superconductivity reduces cooling cost
➡️ Enhances feasibility of large-scale real-world applications
✅ Discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1911)
✅ Property of certain materials to conduct direct current (DC) with zero electrical resistance when cooled below a critical temperature (Tc)
✅ Tc (Critical Temperature): Temperature at which material becomes superconducting
📍 Key Properties
✅ Zero Electrical Resistance: No energy loss during current flow → extremely efficient power transmission
✅ Meissner Effect: Complete expulsion of magnetic field from inside the superconductor (perfect diamagnetism)
📍 Applications
✅ Medical: MRI machines (strong stable magnetic fields)
✅ Science: Particle accelerators like LHC
✅ Transport: Maglev trains (magnetic levitation → frictionless movement)
✅ Energy: High-efficiency power cables & storage
✅ Technology: Quantum computing & advanced sensors
📍 Significance of New Research
➡️ Moving towards higher-temperature superconductivity reduces cooling cost
➡️ Enhances feasibility of large-scale real-world applications
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️LEADER OF THE HOUSE OF THE OPPOSITION*
♟️In each House of Parliament, there is the ‘Leader of the Opposition’. The leader of the largest Opposition party having not less than one-tenth seats of the total strength of the House is recognised as the leader of the Opposition in that House.
♟️In a parliamentary system of government, the leader of the opposition has a significant role to play. His main functions are to provide a constructive criticism of the policies of the government and to provide an alternative government. Therefore, the leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha were accorded statutory recognition in 1977.
♟️They are also entitled to the salary, allowances and other facilities equivalent to that of a cabinet minister.
♟️It was in 1969 that an official leader of the opposition was recognised for the first time. The same functionary in USA is known as the ‘minority leader’.
♟️In each House of Parliament, there is the ‘Leader of the Opposition’. The leader of the largest Opposition party having not less than one-tenth seats of the total strength of the House is recognised as the leader of the Opposition in that House.
♟️In a parliamentary system of government, the leader of the opposition has a significant role to play. His main functions are to provide a constructive criticism of the policies of the government and to provide an alternative government. Therefore, the leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha were accorded statutory recognition in 1977.
♟️They are also entitled to the salary, allowances and other facilities equivalent to that of a cabinet minister.
♟️It was in 1969 that an official leader of the opposition was recognised for the first time. The same functionary in USA is known as the ‘minority leader’.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Tidal Flooding*
♟️Tidal flooding, also known as “nuisance flooding” or “sunny day flooding,” happens when high tides cause water levels to rise and flood low-lying coastal areas.
*♟️Causes* Changes in prevailing winds, shifts in ocean currents, and strong tidal forces (which occur during full or new moon) can all cause high tide flooding.
♟️High tide flooding falls into three levels of severity: minor, moderate, and major.
*💎Concerns*
♟️Tidal flooding disrupts daily life by flooding roads and services, damages infrastructure, and causes economic losses for businesses.
♟️It accelerates coastal erosion, harms habitats, and contaminates freshwater supplies with saltwater.
♟️Repeated flooding forces communities to relocate.
♟️Over time, rising sea levels due to climate change will make tidal flooding more frequent and severe.
♟️Tidal flooding, also known as “nuisance flooding” or “sunny day flooding,” happens when high tides cause water levels to rise and flood low-lying coastal areas.
*♟️Causes* Changes in prevailing winds, shifts in ocean currents, and strong tidal forces (which occur during full or new moon) can all cause high tide flooding.
♟️High tide flooding falls into three levels of severity: minor, moderate, and major.
*💎Concerns*
♟️Tidal flooding disrupts daily life by flooding roads and services, damages infrastructure, and causes economic losses for businesses.
♟️It accelerates coastal erosion, harms habitats, and contaminates freshwater supplies with saltwater.
♟️Repeated flooding forces communities to relocate.
♟️Over time, rising sea levels due to climate change will make tidal flooding more frequent and severe.
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Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
🛡️ *Evolution of Civil services in India*
♟️1. Cornwallis ( 1786-93) first to organise .
♟️ 2. Wellesley ( 1798-1805)
A. Fort William college for new recruits
B. 1806- Disapproved ( by Court of Directors)
C. East India College at Haileybury in England
♟️3. 1853- Open competition
♟️4. Indian Civil Service Act, 1861:
A. Age: 23 (1859), 22 ( 1860), 21 ( 1866), 19 ( 1878)
B. 1863- Satyendra Nath Tagore became first Indian to qualify
♟️5. Statutory civil service (1878-79: Lytton)
A. 1/6th covenanted post to Indians through nominations ( system failed and abolished)
♟️6. Aitchison Committee on Public Services ( 1886) - Dufferin
A. Drop covenanted and uncovenanted
B. Imperial Indian Civil service ( Exam- England), Provincial Civil Service ( exam- India),
Subordinate Civil Service ( Exam- India)
C. Raising Age limit to 23
♟️7. Montford Reforms 1919:
A. 1/3rd recruitment in India itself- to be raised annually by 1.5%
♟️8. Lee Commission 1924:
A. Direct recruit. To ICS on basis of 50:50 parity to be reached in 15 yrs
B. Public Service Commission to be established ( as laid in GoI Act,1919)
♟️9. GoI Act, 1935:
A. Establishment of Federal Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission.
♟️1. Cornwallis ( 1786-93) first to organise .
♟️ 2. Wellesley ( 1798-1805)
A. Fort William college for new recruits
B. 1806- Disapproved ( by Court of Directors)
C. East India College at Haileybury in England
♟️3. 1853- Open competition
♟️4. Indian Civil Service Act, 1861:
A. Age: 23 (1859), 22 ( 1860), 21 ( 1866), 19 ( 1878)
B. 1863- Satyendra Nath Tagore became first Indian to qualify
♟️5. Statutory civil service (1878-79: Lytton)
A. 1/6th covenanted post to Indians through nominations ( system failed and abolished)
♟️6. Aitchison Committee on Public Services ( 1886) - Dufferin
A. Drop covenanted and uncovenanted
B. Imperial Indian Civil service ( Exam- England), Provincial Civil Service ( exam- India),
Subordinate Civil Service ( Exam- India)
C. Raising Age limit to 23
♟️7. Montford Reforms 1919:
A. 1/3rd recruitment in India itself- to be raised annually by 1.5%
♟️8. Lee Commission 1924:
A. Direct recruit. To ICS on basis of 50:50 parity to be reached in 15 yrs
B. Public Service Commission to be established ( as laid in GoI Act,1919)
♟️9. GoI Act, 1935:
A. Establishment of Federal Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Public Accounts Committee(PAC)*
♟️It is a financial parliamentary committee.
♟️It was set up first in 1921 under Government of India act 1919.
♟️It consists of 22 members (15-Lok Sabha , 7- Rajya Sabha). A minister cannot be its member.
♟️The term of office of the members is one year. The members are elected by the Parliament every year from amongst its members.
♟️Its chairman is appointed by Speaker of LS.
*💎FUNCTION :*
♟️To examine the annual audit reports of the CAG. CAG acts as a guide, friend, philosopher of the committee.
*💎Limitations :*
♟️It is not concerned with the questions of policy in broader sense.
♟️Its recommendations are advisory and not binding on the ministries.
♟️It conducts a post-mortem examination of accounts.
♟️It is a financial parliamentary committee.
♟️It was set up first in 1921 under Government of India act 1919.
♟️It consists of 22 members (15-Lok Sabha , 7- Rajya Sabha). A minister cannot be its member.
♟️The term of office of the members is one year. The members are elected by the Parliament every year from amongst its members.
♟️Its chairman is appointed by Speaker of LS.
*💎FUNCTION :*
♟️To examine the annual audit reports of the CAG. CAG acts as a guide, friend, philosopher of the committee.
*💎Limitations :*
♟️It is not concerned with the questions of policy in broader sense.
♟️Its recommendations are advisory and not binding on the ministries.
♟️It conducts a post-mortem examination of accounts.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
🛡️ *Government Securities (G-Sec)*
♟️A Tradable instrument issued by the Central Government or the State Governments.
♟️A G-Sec is a type of debt instrument issued by the government to borrow money from the public to finance its Fiscal Deficit.
*💎Kinds*
♟️ *Short* Term (usually called treasury bills, with original maturities of less than one year
♟️ *Long* Term (usually called Government bonds or dated securities with original maturity of one year or more)
💎 *Issuer*
♟️Central Government - issues both, treasury bills & bonds or dated securities
♟️State Government - Only bonds or dated securities [State Development Loans (SDLs)]
♟️G-Secs carry practically no risk of default and, hence, are called risk-free gilt-edged instruments.
♟️ *Issue Mechanism* The RBI conducts Open Market Operations (OMOs) for sale or purchase of G-secs to adjust money supply conditions.
♟️A Tradable instrument issued by the Central Government or the State Governments.
♟️A G-Sec is a type of debt instrument issued by the government to borrow money from the public to finance its Fiscal Deficit.
*💎Kinds*
♟️ *Short* Term (usually called treasury bills, with original maturities of less than one year
♟️ *Long* Term (usually called Government bonds or dated securities with original maturity of one year or more)
💎 *Issuer*
♟️Central Government - issues both, treasury bills & bonds or dated securities
♟️State Government - Only bonds or dated securities [State Development Loans (SDLs)]
♟️G-Secs carry practically no risk of default and, hence, are called risk-free gilt-edged instruments.
♟️ *Issue Mechanism* The RBI conducts Open Market Operations (OMOs) for sale or purchase of G-secs to adjust money supply conditions.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
🏵Noise Pollution
🛡Section 2 (a) of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 considers noise as an ‘air pollutant’.
🛡Noise pollution and its sources are regulated under The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 under The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
🛡Under the Act, there is a defined ambient acceptable noise level, restrictions on the use of loudspeakers, sound-emitting construction equipment, horns, bursting of crackers, and so on
🛡Section 2 (a) of the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 considers noise as an ‘air pollutant’.
🛡Noise pollution and its sources are regulated under The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 under The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
🛡Under the Act, there is a defined ambient acceptable noise level, restrictions on the use of loudspeakers, sound-emitting construction equipment, horns, bursting of crackers, and so on
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Countries Along the Tropics & Equator with Mnemonics*
*💎Tropic of Cancer (16 Countries)*
*💎Mnemonic:- ESTONIA WC plays BBL in MMMMU*
♟️Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Oman, Niger, India, Algeria, Western Sahara, China, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Libya, Mali, Myanmar, Mexico, Mauritania, UAE.
*💎Tropic of Capricorn (10 Countries)*
*💎Mnemonic:- CAB PNB Se Mumbai Aai*
♟️Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Australia.
*💎Equator (13 Countries)*
*💎Mnemonic:- ECB SaoTomo GCC UKS MIKi*
♟️Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Republic of Congo, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesia, Kiribati.
> *_Hit 👍🏻❤️ To Appreciate Our Consistent Efforts_*
*💎Tropic of Cancer (16 Countries)*
*💎Mnemonic:- ESTONIA WC plays BBL in MMMMU*
♟️Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Oman, Niger, India, Algeria, Western Sahara, China, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Libya, Mali, Myanmar, Mexico, Mauritania, UAE.
*💎Tropic of Capricorn (10 Countries)*
*💎Mnemonic:- CAB PNB Se Mumbai Aai*
♟️Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Mozambique, Madagascar, Australia.
*💎Equator (13 Countries)*
*💎Mnemonic:- ECB SaoTomo GCC UKS MIKi*
♟️Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Republic of Congo, DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Maldives, Indonesia, Kiribati.
> *_Hit 👍🏻❤️ To Appreciate Our Consistent Efforts_*
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Question Hour*
♟️The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is slotted for this.
♟️During this time, the members ask questions and the ministers usually give answers. The questions are of three kinds, namely, starred, unstarred and short notice.
♟️A starred question (distinguished by an asterisk) requires an oral answer and hence supplementary questions can follow.
♟️An unstarred question, on the other hand, requires a written answer and hence, supplementary questions cannot follow.
♟️A short notice question is one that is asked by giving a notice of less than ten days. It is answered orally.
♟️The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is slotted for this.
♟️During this time, the members ask questions and the ministers usually give answers. The questions are of three kinds, namely, starred, unstarred and short notice.
♟️A starred question (distinguished by an asterisk) requires an oral answer and hence supplementary questions can follow.
♟️An unstarred question, on the other hand, requires a written answer and hence, supplementary questions cannot follow.
♟️A short notice question is one that is asked by giving a notice of less than ten days. It is answered orally.
Forwarded from UPSC Prelims Notes MCQs Quiz
*🛡️Important case laws related to Constitution of India:*
*1 S.R.Bommai v.UOI:* (1994)
Federalism I Secularism Artilcle 356 and floor test.
S. R. Bommai case was a landmark judgment of the Supreme Court of India, where the Court discussed provisions of Article 356 of the Constitution of India and related issues. This case had a huge impact on Centre-State Relations. The judgement attempted to curb misuse of Article 356 of the Constitution of India, which allowed President's rule to be imposed on state governments.
*2 Samsher Singh v. State of punjab: (1974)*
Function of President/Governor with aid and advice of
Council of Ministers
*3 Maneka Gandhi v. UOI: (1978)*
Article 21 Right to travel abroad
(Article 14, 19 and 21)
*4 Indra Sawhney v. UOI: (1992)*
SCC - Mandal Commission
*5 C. Golaknath case (1967):*
Validity of the First and Seventeenth Amendments and described the scope of Article 13
*6 Kesvananda Bharti case (1973):*
Basic Structure of the Indian Constitution
*7 Menaka Gandhi case (1978):*
Significant towards the transformation of the judicial review
*8 Waman Rao Case (1981):*
Validity of 9th Schedule.
*1 S.R.Bommai v.UOI:* (1994)
Federalism I Secularism Artilcle 356 and floor test.
S. R. Bommai case was a landmark judgment of the Supreme Court of India, where the Court discussed provisions of Article 356 of the Constitution of India and related issues. This case had a huge impact on Centre-State Relations. The judgement attempted to curb misuse of Article 356 of the Constitution of India, which allowed President's rule to be imposed on state governments.
*2 Samsher Singh v. State of punjab: (1974)*
Function of President/Governor with aid and advice of
Council of Ministers
*3 Maneka Gandhi v. UOI: (1978)*
Article 21 Right to travel abroad
(Article 14, 19 and 21)
*4 Indra Sawhney v. UOI: (1992)*
SCC - Mandal Commission
*5 C. Golaknath case (1967):*
Validity of the First and Seventeenth Amendments and described the scope of Article 13
*6 Kesvananda Bharti case (1973):*
Basic Structure of the Indian Constitution
*7 Menaka Gandhi case (1978):*
Significant towards the transformation of the judicial review
*8 Waman Rao Case (1981):*
Validity of 9th Schedule.
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