The sensation of fatigue in the muscles after prolonged strenuous physical work is caused by ____.
(A) The accumulation of lactic acid
(B) The depletion of glucose
(C) Minor wear and tear of muscle fibres
(D) A decrease in the supply of oxygen

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Largest Lakes by Surface Area
[Caspian Sea Excluded in all facts]

1-Lake Superior – North America
2-Lake Victoria – Africa
3-Lake Huron – North America
4-Lake Michigan – North America

Largest Lakes by Volume
1-Baikal – Asia
2-Tanganyika – Africa
3-Superior – North America
Deepest Lakes in the World
1-Lake Baikal – Asia
2-Lake Tanganyika

UPSC PressNote-CSP-23

Important instructions for CSE Pre 2023

All the best ✌️👍

🔰 Salient Features of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment 🔰
================================

🔹 The 73rd Constitutional Amendment added Part IX titled “The Panchayats” to the Constitution.

🔹 Basic unit of democratic system-Gram Sabhas (villages) comprising all the adult members registered as voters.

🔹 Three-tier system of panchayats at village, intermediate block/taluk/mandal and district levels except in States with population is below 20 lakhs (Article 243B).

🔹 Seats at all levels to be filled by direct elections (Article 243C (2)).

🔹 Reservation of Seats:
➨ Seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) and the chairpersons of the Panchayats at all levels also shall be reserved for SCs and STs in proportion to their population.
➨ One-third of the total number of seats to be reserved for women.
➨ One-third offices of chairpersons at all levels reserved for women (Article 243D).

🔹 Duration:
➨ Uniform five year term and elections to constitute new bodies to be completed before the expiry of the term.
➨ In the event of dissolution, elections compulsorily within six months (Article 243E).

🔹 Independent Election Commission in each State for superintendence, direction and control of the electoral rolls (Article 243K).

🔹 Power of Panchayats: Panchayats have been authorised to prepare plans for economic development and social justice in respect of subjects illustrated in Eleventh Schedule (Article 243G).

🔹 Source of Revenue (Article 243H): State legislature may authorise the Panchayats with
➨ Budgetary allocation from State Revenue.
➨ Share of revenue of certain taxes.
➨ Collection and retention of the revenue it raises.

🔹 Establish a Finance Commission in each State to determine the principles on the basis of which adequate financial resources would be ensured for panchayats and municipalities (Article 243I).

🔹 Exemptions:
➨ The Act does not apply to the states of Nagaland, Meghalaya and Mizoram and certain other areas because of socio-cultural and administrative considerations. These areas include:
➖the Scheduled areas and the tribal areas (under Schedule VI of the Constitution) in the states.
➖the hill areas of Manipur for which district councils exist,
➖Darjeeling district of West Bengal for which Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council exists.
➨ However, the Parliament has extended the provisions of Part IX to Vth schedule areas through an Act called the Provisions of Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996.
➖At present, 10 States namely Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan and Telangana have Fifth Schedule Area.


🔹 Source: PIB 🔹

42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added four new Directive Principles to the original list. Those DPSPs are:

1⃣ Article 39 - To secure opportunities for healthy development of children.

2⃣ Article 39A - To promote equal justice and to provide free legal aid to the poor.

3⃣ Article 43A - To take steps to secure the participation of workers in the management of industries

4⃣ Article 48A - To protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wild life.

Gas Molecules That Absorb Thermal Infrared Radiation and Are Present in Large Quantity to Alter the Climate System Is Known As
(a) Greenhouse gases 
(b) Beta radiations
(c) Alpha radiations
(d) Ozone gases

To whom did Mahatma Gandhi give the title ‘Deen Bandhu’?
(A) Abdul Ghaffar Khan
(B) Rabindra Nath Tagore
(C) CF Andrews
(D) Rajendra Prasad

Great Living Chola Temples (1987, 2004)

✅Built by kings of the Chola empire, these temples manifest the precision and perfection of the Cholas in architecture, sculpture, painting and bronze casting.

✅This site includes three 11th and 12th- century temples: Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur, Brihadisvara Temple at Gangaikondacholisvaram and Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram.

✅The Temple of Gangaikondacholisvaram built by Rajendra the First in 1035 and the Airavatesvara Temple built by Rajaraja the Second, feature vimana (sanctum tower) of 53m and 24m respectively.

UP PSC Pre 2023

General Studies II

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UP PSC Pre 2023

General Studies I

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Criminalization of politics Reasons
1. Vote bank- SC : voters not organically evolved till now- thus nexus between politicians and criminals 2. Corruption - increasing criminals in LS
3. Loop holes in function of ECI- MCC is openly flouted by candidates 4. Denial of justice and rule of law- only 40% cases against politicians transferred to Special courts - that too have only 11% conviction
5. Criminals- though debarred from election - but continue high posts in party

Imapct of criminalisation 1. Law breakers become law makes - undermines Sanctity of Parliament
2. Loss of public faith in judiciary machinery - as criminals use delayed hearing, adjournment, innumerable interlocutory petition to stall case progress
3.Tainted democracy - culture of money and muscle power
4. Self perpetuating- as party sees winnability factor in giving tickets

Hybrid Sounding rocket

🧤A hybrid-sounding rocket is a type of rocket that uses a hybrid rocket engine to power its flight.

🧤A hybrid rocket engine uses a solid fuel grain and a liquid or gaseous oxidizer to generate thrust.

🧤Hybrid-sounding rockets are often used by universities, government agencies, and private companies for scientific research and testing of new technologies because of their low cost.

Angel Investors 👆👆

Capacity cost

🧤- Capacity Cost is associated with the capability to produce and deliver a certain level of output.

🧤- It is an expenditure or cost incurred by a company to expand its business operations.

🧤- These costs may include items such as lease agreements on larger facilities, purchase and depreciation of new equipment, as well as increased costs to operate and maintain those larger or newer assets.

🧤- For any business, it is difficult to avoid costs like insurance, rent payments, property taxes, depreciation on equipment, etc. These are examples of capacity costs.

Advantages

- This type of cost helps to ensure that the production costs are kept low while maximizing profits.
- Improves the quality of the product produced & enhances the efficiency of the processes.
- Helps reduce the amount of inventory held by a company, which can help to reduce overhead costs.

Disadvantages
- High cost of energy and infrastructure
- Limited access to capital
- Lack of reliable transportation networks

Ajivika

✅was a school of thought that developed in India during the same time as Jainism and Buddhism

✅It is one of the schools under Nastika philosophy (it does not believe in the authority of Vedas)

✅It was founded by Goshala Maskariputra (He is considered to be friends with Mahavira)

✅The sect is as seen as professing total determinism in the transmigration of souls, or series of rebirths.

✅Whereas other groups believed that an individual can better his or her lot in the course of transmigration, the Ajivikas supposedly held that the affairs of the entire universe were ordered by a cosmic force called niyati that determined all events, including an individual’s fate, to the last detail

✅Ajivikas also believe that all change was illusory and that everything was eternally immobile.

✅This school of thought gained prominence for some time during Mauryan rule