🔴 What is a Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) ?

👉CBDC is a legal tender issued by a central bank in a digital form.

👉 It is similar to a fiat currency issued in paper and is interchangeable with any other fiat currency

🔴 What is the need for CBDC?

👉 the goal is to provide users with convenience and security of digital as well as the regulated, reserve-backed circulation of the traditional banking system.

🔴 What does this change for citizens?

👉 There are several models proposed by technology experts and evangelists on how the Digital Rupee could be transacted but a formal announcement by the Reserve Bank of India will likely detail how the Digital Rupee will be transacted by citizens.

♦️One chief difference will be that a Digital Rupee transaction will be instantaneous as opposed to the current digital payment experience.

@UPSCMainsZone

Popularly known as Dawki river, the Umngot river in Meghalaya is undisputedly the cleanest river in Asia with its crystal clear water. It originates from the Eastern Shillong Peak, which is located 1,800 m above sea level.

The river is in the village of Mawlynnong ("God's Own Garden") in Meghalaya, close to India’s border with Bangladesh, which is touted as Asia’s Cleanest Village.

Alongside cleanliness, the village has also achieved a rare feat — a 100% literacy rate.

It acts as a natural divide between Jaintia and Khasi hills, before finally flowing into Bangladesh.

@upscprelimszone

Bonn Convention: The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or the Bonn Convention, is an international agreement that aims to conserve migratory species within their migratory ranges. India is a signatory to this Convention.

RO ARO 2023 मुख्य परीक्षा 2 और 3 फरवरी को लखनऊ में।

अधिकारिक नोटिस

🌍 International Year of Cooperatives 2025* 🤝🇮🇳
A Year of Cooperative Empowerment & Expansion

🌟 *Key Highlights* 🌟

🏛️ *8.5+ lakh* cooperatives registered | *6.6 lakh* functional
👥 *32 crore* members across *30 sectors* | 👩 *10 crore* women linked via SHGs
💻 *79k + PACS* sanctioned for computerisation
🐄🐟🌾 *32,009* new multipurpose, dairy & fisheries cooperatives
🚢 *National Cooperative Exports Limited (NCEL):* *13.77 LMT* exports worth *₹5,556 crore* to *28 countries*
🌱 *National Cooperative Organic Limited (NCOL):* *10,035* cooperatives | *28* organic products
🌾 *Bharatiya Beej Sahakari Samiti Limited (BBSSL):* *31,605* member cooperatives
📈 *National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)*: 💸 *₹95,000* *crore* (FY 2025–26 so far)
🚕 *Sahakar Taxi:* *1.5 lakh +* drivers registered, *2 lakh* users (trial)

✨ Cooperatives strengthening prosperity & self-reliance-together!.

*🛡️Sangam Age:- Key Highlights*

*💎Titles of Sangam Dynasties*

*♟️Chola* – Senni, Valavan, Killi
♟️ *Pandya* – Thennavar, Minavar, Panchavar
*♟️Cheras* – Vanavar, Villavar, Kuttavar

*💎Village Administration*

*♟️Manram* – Village assemblies managing local affairs
*♟️Urs* – Town
*♟️Perur* – Large villages
*♟️Sirur* – Small villages

*💎Trade & Ports (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea)*

*♟️Noura* – Kannur
*♟️Tyndis* – Ponnani
*♟️Muziris* – Kodungallur
*♟️Nelcynda* – Kottayam
*♟️Colchi* – Korkai
*♟️Camara* – Kaveripattanam
*♟️Poduka/Arikamedu* – Pondicherry

*💎Major Trade & Industry*

*♟️Madurai & Uraiyur* – Important textile centers
*♟️Korkai* – Center for pearl trade

*💎Land Classification by Fertility*

*♟️Marudam* – Most fertile land
*♟️Menpulam* – Fertile land
*♟️Pinpulam* – Dry land
*♟️Vanpulam* – Hard land
*♟️Kalaṇilam/Uvanilam* – Salty land

*💎Market System*

*♟️Angadi* – The market
*♟️Nalangadi* – Morning bazaar
*♟️Allangadi* – Evening bazaar

*💎Society & Culture*

*♟️Occupational Castes* – Panar, Eyinar, Pulaiyar
*♟️Devarinda* – Term for a group of five gods: Murugan, Shiva, Krishna, Balarama, and Indra
*♟️Karikala* – Known as the Master of 7 notes of music
*♟️Utharamerur Inscription* – Provides insights into local self-government under the Cholas.

*🛡️Mahi River*

♟️The Mahi basin extends over states of Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat having total area of 34,842 Sq km.

♟️It is bounded by Aravalli hills on the north and the north-west, by Malwa Plateau on the east, by the Vindhyas on the south and by the Gulf of Khambhat on the west.

♟️Mahi is one of the major interstate west flowing rivers of India.

♟️It originates from the northern slopes of Vindhyas at an altitude of 500 m in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh.

♟️The total length of Mahi is 583 km.

♟️It drains into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat.

♟️The major part of basin is covered with agricultural land accounting to 63.63% of the total area

♟️Hydro Power stations are located in Mahi Bajaj Sagar dam and at Kadana Dam.

♟️Vadodara is the only important urban centre in the basin. There are not many industries in the basin.

♟️Some of the industries are cotton textile, paper, newsprint, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Most of these industries are located at Tatlam.