Hcs 2026 CUTOFF nikalne ki last days strategy,

most important topics full Study plan By GYAN SIR

*🛡️List of Foreign Travellers Visited VIJAYANAGARA*

*♟️Abu Abdullah/ lbn Batuta (Book:Rihla) -* Morocco - Harihara I
*♟️Nicolo de Conti -* Italy - Devaraya-II
*♟️Abdur Razzaq -* Persia - Devaraya-II
*♟️Athanasius Nikitin -* Russia - Virupaksha Raya II
*♟️Ludvico de Vorthema -* Italy - Krishna Deva Raya
*♟️Duarte Barbosa -* Portugal - Krishna Deva Raya
*♟️Dominigo Paes -* Portugal - Krishna Deva Raya
*♟️Fernao Nuniz -* Portugal - Achyuta Deva Raya
*♟️Marco Polo -* Venice - Achyuta Deva Raya

*Hit 👍❤️👌 to Appreciate our Consistent Efforts.*

*🛶Bhima River⛵*

🌊The Bhima River (also known as the Chandrabagha River) is a major river in southwest India.
🌊It is a major tributary of the Krishna River.

*💧Course*

🌊It originates in the Bhimashankar hills near Karjat on the western side of the Western Ghats, inthe Pune District of Maharashtra.
🌊Bhima flows southeast through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Telangana.
🌊The Bhima River merges into the Krishna River at Kadlur (Raichur) in Karnataka.
🌊This 861 km-long river has the Western Ghats on the west, the Balaghat Range in the north, and the Mahadeo Hills in the south.
🌊It runs in a well-entrenched valley, and its banks are heavily populated.
🌊The total basin area of the river is 48,631 sq. km, out of which 75 percent lie in the state of Maharashtra.
🌊The river is rain-fed, and the volume of the river varies based on the monsoonal changes.
🌊Major tributaries are the Sina and Nira rivers.
🌊Pandharpur is an important pilgrimage centre located on the right bank of Bhima River.

*🛡️Important Conferences Related to Environment*

♟️Ramsar Convention - 1971
♟️Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora - 1973
♟️Montreal Protocol - 1987
♟️Vienna Convention - 1988
♟️Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) - 1992
♟️United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) - 1992
♟️Basel Convention - 1989
♟️Rio Summit - 1992
♟️Stockholm Convention - 2001
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety - 2000
♟️UN-REDD - 2008
♟️Nagoya Protocol - 2010
♟️Minamata Convention - 2013
♟️United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) - 1994
♟️Kyoto Protocol - 1997
♟️Rotterdam Convention - 1998

*🛡️Sixth Schedule*

♟️Provides power to tribal communities to administer tribal areas in Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, And Mizoram under art 244 (2) and art 275 (1) of the constitution.

*💎Advantages*

♟️Democratic devolution of powers
♟️Preserves and promotes distinct culture of region
♟️Protect agrarian rights such as land
♟️Enhance transfer of funds

*💎Issues*

♟️Limited geographical coverage
♟️Financial mismanagement and rampant corruption
♟️Financial dependency over state authority
♟️Conflicts over consultation between governor and council of ministers
♟️Lack authority of resources for implementing schemes like mgnrega.
♟️Lack of codification of customary laws
♟️Lack of skilled professionals.

♟️Creation of elected village councils
♟️Regular election by state election commission
♟️Recognize gram sabha under laws
♟️Bring transparency in planning, implementation, and monitoring of developmental programmes.

*🛡️Impact of a Falling Rupee*

💎 *Mnemonic:-* "CRISIS"-- Rupee Depreciation Triggers an Economic CRISIS!

*♟️C- Costlier Imports*- Crude oil, electronics, and raw materials become expensive.
*♟️R- Rising Inflation-* Businesses pass higher import costs to consumers.
*♟️I- Investor Flight-* Foreign investors withdraw capital from Indian markets.
*♟️S- Shrinking Export Gains-* Inflation-driven input costs negate export benefits.
*♟️I- Increasing Debt Burden-* Foreign debt becomes expensive, raising repayment costs.
*♟️S- Stock Market Volatility-* Economic uncertainty reduces foreign investments.

*Hit 👍❤️👌 To Appreciate our Consistent Efforts.*

*🛡️Retired Judge*

♟️At any time, the chief justice of India can request a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a retired judge of a high court (who is duly qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court) to act as a judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period.

♟️He can do so only with the previous consent of the president and also of the person to be so appointed.

♟️Such a judge is entitled to such allowances as the president may determine.

♟️He will also enjoy all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a judge of Supreme Court. But, he will not otherwise be deemed to be a judge of the Supreme Court.

MPPCS 2026 CUTOFF nikalne ki last days strategy,

most important topics full Study plan By GYAN SIR

*🔆Keywords in Preamble*

Trick- DR. Sushant Singh Saini
was fond of JaLEBI

✅D- Democratic
✅R- Republic
✅S- Sovereign
✅S- Social
✅S- Secular
✅J-Justice
✅L-Liberty
✅E-Equality
✅B-Brotherhood-word used in the preamble is ‘fraternity’
✅I-Integrity

*🛡️Green Hydrogen Hubs – MNRE*

*💎Recognised Ports:-*
♟️Deendayal (Gujarat)
♟️V.O. Chidambaranar (Tamil Nadu)
♟️Paradip (Odisha)

*💎Purpose:-* Boost clean fuel innovation, green investments & industrial participation.

*💎About NGHM (National Green Hydrogen Mission):-*
*♟️Launch:-* Jan 2023
*♟️Goal:-* Make India a Global Hub for Green Hydrogen production, use & export.
*♟️Target:-* 5 MMT Green Hydrogen/year by 2030.

*🛡️Bhakti Saint & their time Period*

♟️Shankara (788 - 820 AD)
♟️Ramanuja (1017-1137 A.D)
♟️Basava (12th Century)
♟️Madhva (1238-1319 AD)
♟️Ramanada (15th century)
♟️Kabir (1440-1510 AD)
♟️Chaitanya (1468-1533 AD)
♟️Guru Nanak Dev (1469-1538 AD)
♟️Purandara (15th century)
♟️Dadu Dayal (1544-1603 AD)
♟️Surdas (1483-1563 AD)
♟️Vallabhacharya (1479-1531 AD)
♟️Shankaradeva (1499-1569 AD)
♟️Mirabai (1498-1563 AD)
♟️Haridas (1478-1573 AD)
♟️Tulasidas (1532-1623 AD)
♟️Namdeva (1270-1309 AD)
♟️Jnanesvar (1275-1296 AD)
♟️Eknath (1533-1599AD)
♟️Tukaram (1608?- 1650AD).

*🛡️Tricks to remember important Vanilla Countries in Indian Ocean*

*💎Trick:- MalSy Gone Mad at MauRya*

*♟️Mal = Mayotte*

*♟️Sy = Seychelles*

*♟️Gone = cone =Comoros*

*♟️Mad = Madagascar*

*♟️Mau = Mauritius*

*♟️Rya = Reunion island*

*♟️Maldives is no more member of Vanilla Islands.*

*🛡️Pattachitra Painting*

*💎Origin*
♟️Pattachitra (Sanskrit: pata = cloth, chitra = picture) refers to scroll painting traditions from:
⚜️Odisha – associated with Jagannath cult (esp. Puri)
⚜️West Bengal – distinct regional form

*💎Themes*
♟️Mythological and devotional depictions:
⚜️Jagannath, Krishna Leela, Hindu gods & goddesses
⚜️Episodes from Puranas and Vaishnava lore

*💎Technique*
♟️Painted on:
⚜️Treated cloth (coated with chalk-gum paste, polished)
⚜️Palm leaves (in some variations)
♟️Natural pigments: vegetable & mineral-based
♟️Artists are known as Chitrakars

*💎Stylistic Features*
♟️Bold black outlines, rich natural colors:
⚜️Red, yellow, blue, green, white
♟️Characteristic elements:
⚜️Almond-shaped eyes, ornate jewelry, compact storytelling
⚜️Intricate decorative borders

*💎Note*
♟️A key form of narrative visual storytelling deeply linked to temple rituals, especially Rath Yatra in Puri.

*🛡️Eight Fold Path of Buddhism*

*💎Trick - EVIL SCAM*

*♟️E - Right Effort*
*♟️V - Right View*
*♟️I - Right Intention*
*♟️L - Right Livelihood*
*♟️S - Right Speech*
*♟️C - Right Concentration*
*♟️A - Right Action*
*♟️M - Right Mindfulness*

> *Hit 👍🏻❤️👌🏻 to Appreciate our Consistent Efforts*

*🛡️India’s Women Unsung Heroes of Freedom Struggle 🇮🇳*
Context:
A pictorial book on India’s 75 Women Unsung Heroes of Freedom Struggle as part of Azadi ka Mahotsav has been released in partnership with Amar Chitra Katha.

*♟️Rani Abakka,* the Queen of Ullal, Karnataka fought and defeated the mighty Portuguese in the 16th century.

*♟️Velu Nachiyar,* the queen of Sivaganga was the first Indian queen to wage war against the British East India Company.

*♟️Jhalkari Bai,* was a woman soldier who grew to become one of the key advisors to the Rani of Jhansi and a prominent figure in the First War of Indian Independence, 1857.

*♟️Matangini Hazra* was a brave freedom fighter from Bengal, who laid down her life while agitating against the British.

*♟️Gulab Kaur* was a freedom fighter who abandoned her own hopes and dreams of a life abroad to fight for and mobilise the Indian people against the British Raj.

*♟️Chakali Ilamma* was a revolutionary woman who fought against the injustice of zamindars during the Telangana rebellion in the mid-1940s.

*♟️Padmaja Naidu,* the daughter of Sarojini Naidu and a freedom fighter in her own right, who would later become Governor of West Bengal and a humanitarian after Independence.

*♟️Bishni Devi Shah,* a woman who inspired large number of people in Uttarakhand to join the freedom movement.

*♟️Subhadra Kumari Chauhan* was one of the greatest Hindi poets, who was also a prominent figure in the freedom movement.

*♟️Durgawati Devi* was the brave woman who provided safe passage to Bhagat Singh after the killing of John Saunders and much more during her revolutionary days.

*♟️Sucheta Kripalani,* a prominent freedom fighter, became independent India’s first woman Chief Minister of UP Government.

*♟️Accamma Cherian,* an inspirational leader of the freedom movement in Travancore, Kerala, she was given the name ‘Jhansi Rani of Tranvancore’ by Mahatma Gandhi.

*♟️Aruna Asaf Ali* was an inspirational freedom fighter who is perhaps best remembered for hoisting the Indian National flag in Mumbai during the Quit India Movement in 1942.

♟️ *Durgabai Deshmukh,* a tireless worker for the emancipation of women in Andhra Pradesh, she was also an eminent freedom fighter and member of the Constituent Assembly.

*♟️Rani Gaidinliu* , the Naga spiritual and political leader, led an armed uprising against the British in Manipur, Nagaland and Assam.

♟️ *Usha Mehta* was a freedom fighter from a very young age, who is remembered for organizing an underground radio station during the Quit India Movement of 1942.

♟️ *Parbati Giri* , one of Odisha’s most prominent women freedom fighters, was called the Mother Teresa of Western Odisha for her work in the upliftment of her people.

♟️ *Tarkeshwari Sinha,* a prominent freedom fighter during the Quit India Movement, she went on to become an eminent politician in the early decades of independent India.

♟️ *Snehlata Varma* , a freedom fighter and tireless worker for the education and upliftment of women in Mewar, Rajasthan.

♟️ *Tileshwari Baruah,* one of India’s youngest martyrs, she was shot at the age of 12 by the British, during the Quit India Movement, when she and some freedom fighters tried to unfurl the Tricolour atop a police station.

Hcs 2026 CUTOFF nikalne ki last days strategy,

most important topics full Study plan By GYAN SIR

*Supporting Balanced Fertilization:*
*Nutrient-Based Subsidy Rates for Rabi 2025–26*

_Ensuring affordability and productivity in Indian agriculture_

Key Highlights

🌾 The Government *approved the Nutrient-Based Subsidy (NBS) rates for Rabi 2025–26* , effective from 1 October 2025 to 31 March 2026, covering Phosphatic and Potassic (P&K) fertilizers, including DAP and NPKS grades.

💰 The *tentative budgetary requirement for Rabi 2025–26* is approximately *₹37,952 crore ,about ₹736 crore higher* than the budgetary requirement for the Kharif 2025 season.

📊 Over *₹2.04 lakh crore allocated* between 2022–23 and 2024–25 towards *NBS subsidies* , ensuring affordable access to fertilizers.

🏭 NBS has driven *significant growth in domestic fertilizer production* , with P&K fertilizers (DAP and NPKS) output *increasing from 112.19 LMT in 2014 to 168.55 LMT in 2025* (as on 30.12.2025), reflecting over *50% growth* during the period.

*🛡️FIRST ANGLO-MYSORE WAR*

♟️The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) was the first of four military conflicts fought between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company, along with its allies. It marked the beginning of a series of struggles for control in South India.

*💎Background*
♟️The war took place in South India.
♟️Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of Mysore, had risen to power and posed a serious threat to British interests in the region.
♟️The British East India Company sought to check Hyder Ali’s growing influence.
♟️Mysore had strategic alliances with the French, while the British were allied with the Marathas and the Nizam of Hyderabad—at least initially.

*💎Causes of the War*
♟️Expansionist ambitions of both the British and Hyder Ali.
♟️Breakdown of trust between the East India Company and Indian rulers.
♟️Strategic interests in the Carnatic region and control over South India.
♟️Mysore’s alliance with the French, which threatened British influence.

*💎Key Events*
♟️Hyder Ali surprised the British with his swift military tactics and alliance with the Nizam of Hyderabad (though the Nizam later switched sides).
♟️Hyder Ali launched an invasion of the Carnatic, reaching as close as Madras (now Chennai).
♟️The British forces were unprepared and suffered several defeats.
♟️Eventually, both sides agreed to negotiate due to military exhaustion and lack of support.

*💎Outcome*
♟️The war ended with the Treaty of Madras in 1769.
♟️The treaty promised mutual restitution of conquered territories and mutual defense.
It did not resolve underlying tensions, leading to future conflicts.

*💎Significance*
♟️The war exposed weaknesses in the British military position in South India.
♟️It elevated Hyder Ali’s reputation as a skilled military leader.
♟️The British failure to honor the Treaty of Madras later contributed to the Second Anglo-Mysore War.