The *Lok Sabha defeated the Constitution (131st Amendment) Bill, 2026, aimed at advancing the 33% women's reservation without waiting for the mandated delimitation exercise.*

> *Gram Nyayalayas:*

✍️ Gram Nyayalayas, or *village courts,* are established under the *Gram Nyayalayas Act, 2008,* for *speedy and easy access* to the justice system in the *rural areas of India.*
✍️ The Act extends to the whole of India, except to the _*States of Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, and Sikkim and the tribal areas specified in the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India.*_
✍️ Gram Nyayalayas is aimed at _*providing inexpensive justice to people in rural areas at their doorsteps.*_
✍️ The State governments have been vested with the *authority of setting up one or more nyayalayas* , after proper consultation with the respective *High Court,* in every Panchayat at the *intermediate level or group of adjacent Panchayats* at the _*intermediate level of a district.*_

*🛡️Vikramshila University*

♟️Vikramshila University (also called Vikramashila Mahavihara) was one of the most important centers of Buddhist learning in ancient India, alongside Nalanda and Odantapuri.

*💎1. Historical Background*

*♟️Founded by:-* King Dharampala of the Pala Dynasty

*♟️Period:-* Around late 8th or early 9th century CE

*♟️Location:-* Present-day Antichak village, Bhagalpur district, Bihar, India

*♟️Purpose:-* Established to improve the quality of Buddhist education and to counter the decline in Nalanda’s academic standards.

*💎2. Academic Reputation*

♟️Known for Tantric Buddhism (Vajrayana) studies.

♟️Specialized in philosophy, logic, grammar, metaphysics, and Buddhist rituals.

♟️Attracted scholars from Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, and Southeast Asia.

*💎3. Structure & Organization*

♟️Spread over a large campus with more than 100 rooms for monks.

♟️Had a central stupa, surrounded by a large square monastery.

♟️Six gates, each guarded by scholar-monks.

♟️At its peak, housed about 1,000 monks and 100 teachers.

*💎4. Famous Scholars*

♟️Atīśa Dīpaṅkara Śrījñāna – a great Buddhist scholar who later traveled to Tibet and revitalized Buddhism there.

♟️Ratnākaraśānti – renowned philosopher and poet.

♟️Naropa – Indian Buddhist master, teacher of Tibetan translator Marpa.

*💎5. Decline*

♟️Destroyed around 1193 CE by Bakhtiyar Khilji during the Muslim invasions, the same period Nalanda was also destroyed.

♟️The ruins were buried under earth for centuries until rediscovery in the late 19th century.

*💎6. Present Status*

♟️Excavated remains are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

♟️You can still see the monastery layout, stupa base, and ornamental brickwork.

♟️Plans have been proposed to revive Vikramshila as a modern university.

Result_Pre_HCS

Dawki Or Umngot River Meghalaya