🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Social Justice & Empowerment

🏫 SRESHTA – Residential education for SC students
💸 PM-AJAY – SC poverty alleviation
🎓 PM-YASASVI – OBC/EBC/DNT students
🧶 TULIP – Artisan support
💼 PM-DAKSH – Skill development
🚀 ASIIM – SC student entrepreneurship
😊 SMILE – Support for beggars & transgender persons
💳 VISVAS – Loans for SC/OBC/Safai Karamcharis
🏕️ SEED – DNT welfare
🧹 NAMASTE – Manual scavengers & waste pickers

Bonn Convention: The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, also known as the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or the Bonn Convention, is an international agreement that aims to conserve migratory species within their migratory ranges. India is a signatory to this Convention.

The *Lok Sabha defeated the Constitution (131st Amendment) Bill, 2026, aimed at advancing the 33% women's reservation without waiting for the mandated delimitation exercise.*

SWAYATT Initiative (Startups, Women and Youth Advantage through e-Transactions)

●Objective: To increase participation of women-led enterprises and youth in government procurement.

●Features
-Enables startups, women entrepreneurs, youth, Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs), Self Help Groups (SHGs), and last-mile sellers to participate directly in government procurement.
-Implemented through the Government e-Marketplace (GeM).
-Based on the principle of social inclusion in public procurement.
-Addresses three major challenges faced by emerging enterprises:Access to markets, Access to finance,Access to value addition

●Government e-Marketplace (GeM)
-Online platform for government procurement, Known as India’s National Procurement Portal
-Used by ministries, departments and PSUs to buy goods and services

●Developed by DGS&D (Ministry of Commerce & Industry) with support from National e-Governance Division (MeitY)

https://t.me/+amMK1EipspJiNzQ9

UPSC Prelims 2027 Notes and Quiz

*Q) Which Article of the Indian Constitution deals with the Right to Constitutional Remedies?*
*Q) भारतीय संविधान का कौन-सा अनुच्छेद संवैधानिक उपचारों के अधिकार (Right to Constitutional Remedies) से संबंधित है?*

A) Article 19 / अनुच्छेद 19 ❤️
B) Article 21 / अनुच्छेद 21 🙏
C) Article 32 / अनुच्छेद 32 👍
D) Article 44 / अनुच्छेद 44 🥰

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*Q) Which one of the following Constitutional Amendments lowered the voting age from 21 years to 18 years?*
*Q) निम्नलिखित में से किस संवैधानिक संशोधन द्वारा मतदान की आयु 21 वर्ष से घटाकर 18 वर्ष की गई?*

A) 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 / 42वाँ संशोधन अधिनियम, 1976 ❤️
B) 44th Amendment Act, 1978 / 44वाँ संशोधन अधिनियम, 1978 🙏
C) 61st Amendment Act, 1988 / 61वाँ संशोधन अधिनियम, 1988 👍
D) 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 / 73वाँ संशोधन अधिनियम, 1992 🥰

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✅ Answer: C) 61st Amendment Act, 1988 👍

• Passed in 1988.

• Reduced the voting age from 21 years to 18 years.

• Amended Article 326 of the Constitution.

• Increased participation of youth in elections.

• Came into force on 28 March 1989.

📌 UPSC Fact: The voting age in India was originally 21 years and was lowered to 18 years through the 61st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1988. ✅

*Q) Which of the following is not a Fundamental Right under the Indian Constitution?*
*Q) निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा भारतीय संविधान के अंतर्गत मौलिक अधिकार नहीं है?*

A) Right to Equality / समानता का अधिकार ❤️
B) Right to Freedom / स्वतंत्रता का अधिकार 🙏
C) Right to Property / संपत्ति का अधिकार 👍
D) Right against Exploitation / शोषण के विरुद्ध अधिकार 🥰

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*Q) Which Constitutional Amendment Act is known as the “Mini Constitution” of India?*
*Q) भारत के किस संवैधानिक संशोधन अधिनियम को “लघु संविधान (Mini Constitution)” कहा जाता है?*

A) 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 ❤️
B) 44th Amendment Act, 1978 🙏
C) 52nd Amendment Act, 1985 👍
D) 61st Amendment Act, 1988 🥰

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*Q) Which Constitutional Amendment Act introduced the Anti-Defection Law in India?*
*Q) भारत में दल-बदल विरोधी कानून किस संवैधानिक संशोधन अधिनियम द्वारा लागू किया गया था?*

A) 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 🙏
B) 44th Amendment Act, 1978 👍
C) 52nd Amendment Act, 1985 ❤️
D) 61st Amendment Act, 1988 🥰
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✅ Answer: C) 52nd Amendment Act, 1985 ❤️
• The 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1985 introduced the Anti-Defection Law in India.
• It added the Tenth Schedule to the Constitution.
• The law aims to prevent political defections motivated by office, power, or other benefits.
• Members can be disqualified if they voluntarily give up party membership or vote against the party whip without permission.
• The decision on disqualification is made by the Speaker or Chairman of the House.
📌 UPSC Fact: The 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003 further strengthened the Anti-Defection Law by restricting the size of the Council of Ministers and removing the provision that allowed protection for splits in political parties. ✅

*Q) ‘Open Market Operations’ are related to:*
*Q) ‘खुले बाजार परिचालन’ किससे संबंधित हैं?*
*____*
A) Fiscal Policy 🙏

B) Monetary Policy 👍

C) Trade Policy 🥰

D) Industrial Policy ❤️
*______*
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