Selection of Insulation Level as Per IEC 61936 - 1 and IEC 60071-1

#Earthing #Substation #DesignEngineer #Electrical #insulation #IEC #IEEE #400kV #132kV #33kV #220kV #Basicinsulationlevel #BIL

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What is Grid Code and Gride Codes of India, UK and USA
IDOM Consulting, Engineering, Architecture Feedback INFRAHARTEK GROUP SKIPPER LIMITED Larsen & Toubro WSP Burns & McDonnell India AECOM POWER PROJECTS SgurrEnergy Enzen Global Solutions Abaja Contracting…

Selection of Short-Circuit Limits in Substations As Per CEA Manual on Transmission Planning Criteria.

The maximum short-circuit level at any bus should not exceed 80% of the rated short-circuit breaking capacity of the installed equipment. This 20% safety…

What is Rated Voltage and What are standard Rated Voltages

The rated voltage of electrical equipment is the maximum system voltage for which the equipment is designed. It refers to the highest system voltage of the network where the equipment can be safely…

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Surge Arrester discharge Current Ratings as #IEC 60071-2
For Voltage Range – I (1 kV < Um ≤ 245 kV) is 5kA or 10kA
For Voltage Range – II (Um > 245 kV) is 10kA or 20kA
Where Um is rated Voltage
#Substation #electrical #DesignEngineer #Transmission #Distribution…

As per studies by Dalziel on the effects of electric currents on the human body
1.     At 1 mA, the smallest current a person can typically sense, a slight tingling is felt.
2.     Between 1 mA and 9 mA, currents become uncomfortable but usually don’t prevent…

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Effect of Fault Clearing Time on Tolerable current of Human Body
Fault clearing time affects the tolerable current of the human body. Shorter fault clearing times increase the tolerable current that a human body can withstand without harmful effects.
As per…

What is Grid in Power System
The electrical grid is an interconnected network of power generation plants, transmission lines, substations and distribution lines that work together to supply electricity to the consumers.
National Grid of India is Managed…

Touch Potential
Touch Potential is the voltage difference between a grounded metallic object and the feet of a person touching that object during a fault condition.
Suppose a person is standing on the ground and touches a metallic frame that is grounded.…

Surface layer Derating Factor
The Surface Layer Derating Factor is a correction factor applied to account for the presence of a surface layer (like gravel, crushed rock, or asphalt) on the ground surface, which affects the touch and step voltages in an earthing…

 In power systems, transmission lines have inductance and capacitance. These are energy-storing elements that store energy during normal operation. Whenever a short circuit occurs, the stored energy in these inductive and capacitive elements is released linearly…

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Power generation voltage is kept low mainly due to design, manufacturing, and transportation challenges. If generators were designed to produce very high voltages, it would require thicker insulation in the windings to handle the electrical stress. This increases…