Honeycombs are hollow spaces and cavities left in concrete mass on the surface or inside the mass where concrete could not reach. These look like honey bees nest. Improper vibration and workability of concrete are main causes of honeycombs in concrete.
Honeycombs which are on sides are visible to naked eyes and can be detected easily as soon shuttering is removed. Honeycombs which are inside mass of concrete can only be detected by advanced techniques like ultrasonic testing etc.
main reasons are
Improper vibration during concrete.

Less cover to reinforcement bars

Use of very stiff concrete (this can be avoided by controlling water as per slump test).

Places like junction of beam to beam to column and to one or more beams are the typical spots where honeycombs are observed. This is due to jumbling of reinforcement of beams and column rods at one place; special attention is required at such place during concreting and vibrating.

Presence of more percentage of bigger size of aggregate in concrete also prevents concrete to fill narrow spaces between the reinforcement rods.

https://t.me/engineer03

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING TIPS
.
📄ASTM Abbrevation : American Society for Testing Materials

📄Grade of Concrete is denoted as Cement: Sand: Aggregate (Ex C-20 Grade : 1:2:3)
📄C/C means Center to Center Distance
📄DL means Development Length
📄Lapping of bars not allowed if the dia of bar is more than 36mm.
📄For circular column minimum of 6 longitudinal bars are used and 4 for Rectangular.
📄The minimum thickness of slab is 0.125m
📄Water pH value less than 6 should not be used for construction purpose.
📄The concrete Should not be thrown from a height more than 1.5m.
📄The Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N /mm
📄The initial setting time shall not be less than 30 minutes and the final setting time of cement is 10hours.
📄Dead Load means Self weight of Structure
📄Sand having moisture content more than 5% should not be used for Concrete mix.
📄DPC means Damp Proof Course. The thickness of DPC should not be less than 2.5cm.
📄Cube test is carried out for each 30m usage of concrete.
📄RMC : Ready Mix concrete, The concrete is made at factory and transported to the site, This type of concrete is used where there is a lack of space for mixing the concrete and used where a huge amount of concrete is required for construction.
📄The height of floor is usually 3m or 10ft (If a person asks you whats the height of 12 storied building?
Ans: 3m x 12floors = 36m)
📄A head mason can work 25-30m in a day.
📄In construction, the rate analysis for the work of workers is calculated in Man Hours. (Ex: 10 Birr for 1 Man hour)
📄Cantilever Beam has One fixed support and the other end is free.
📄Simple supported beam has a minimum of two supports.
📄PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) this type of concrete is used on members only when the tensile forces are not acting on it.
📄The weight of first class clay brick should be 3.85 Kg. and it has a crushing
strength of 10.5MN/m
📄Adding more water in the concrete mix to increase setting time leads to form
the Cracks or honeycomb in hardened concrete.
📄Vibration in freshly made concrete is done to remove the air bubbles in concrete mix.
📄Impermeability of concrete: The concrete which resists the the entry of water or moisture into it.
📄The concrete can be lifted to a maximum height of 50m using Concrete
Pumps.
📄The curing Period of RCC is 28days .
📄The minimum sill level height should be
44 inches.
📄The transverse reinforcement provided in columns are called Ties .
📄The transverse reinforcement provided in
Beams is called as Stirrups .
📄Stirrups in Beams and Ties in Column are provided to handle the shear force and to keep longitudinal bars in position.
📄The Prime reason for using steel as reinforcement is due to thermal expansion.
The thermal expansion
coefficient of concrete and steel is (approximately) same having value
📄C-25 grade of concrete is generally used in the construction of slab.
📄Weight of Bar is calculated using formula D /162 (D = Dia of bar in mm)
📄The No. of HCB required for 1 metr square of masonary wall are 13 HCB blocks.
📄Specific gravity of Cement is 3.16g/ cm ; Bricks is 2g/cm ; Sand is 2.65g/cm ,
📄Standard Size of Brick is 19cm x 9cm x 4 cm or 19cm or 9cm x 9 cm
📄Floor area occupied by 50kg of Cement bag is 0.3m and height of 0.18m.
📄As per EBCS Maximum dia of bar used in the slab should not exceed 1/8th of the total thickness of the slab.
📄The slope or Pitch of the stair should be in between 25 degrees to 40 degrees.
📄The rise in stairs is in between 150mm to 200mm.
📄Tread in staircase is in between 250mm to 300mm.
📄Hook length should not be less than 9D (Dia of Bar)
📄Unit weight of PCC is 24KN/m , RCC is 25 KN/m , Steel is 7850Kg/m
📄The volume of 50kg cement bag is
1.3CFT.
📄Theodolite least count is 20Secs whereas Compass Least count is 30mins .
📄TMT bars : TMT means Thermo Mechanically treated bars
📄Cement more than 3 months old cannot be used for construction
📒The length of each bar from factory is 12m.
#Join_us_and_share_it
https://t.me/engineer03

ኤሌክትሪክ ስራ ለመስራት የሚያስፈልጉ የእጅ መሳሪያዎች/Hand Tools for Starting Electrical Work
🔹የኤሌክትሪክ ስራ ለመጀመር ብዙ አይነት የእጅ መሳሪያዎች አሉ። ነገር ግን ሁሉም ላያስፈልጉን ይችላሉ። ለጊዜ በዋናነት ብዙ ጊዜ የምንጠቀምባቸውን ለመግለፅ እሞክራለሁ።
🔹ነገር ግን በአግባቡ ልንጠቀምባቸው ይገባል። ይህ ካልሆነ አደጋ ሊያስከትሉብን ይገባል።
🔹አንድ ሰው የኤሌክትሪክ ለመስራት የሚከተሉት የእጅ መሳሪያዎች ሊኖሩት ይገባል።
🔸ጠመንጃ መፍቻ(sckrew driver)
🔸ኤሌክትሪሻን ቢለዋ(Electrician/pocket Knife)
🔸ፒንሳዎች(Pliers)
🔸የእጅ መጋዝ(hack saw)
🔸መዶሻ(Hammer)
🔸መሮ(Chisel)
🔸ውሃ ልክ(Level Gauge)
🔸ሜትር(Tape measure)
🔸መልቲ ሜትር(multi-meter)
🔸ኪያቬ መፍቻ (Wrench)
🔸የእጅ መብራት(Torch)
🔸ኤሌክትሪክ ገመድ መላጫ(Wire stripper)
🔸ሰርኪውት መፈለጊያ (circuit Finder)
🔸ቮልቴጅ ማረጋገጫ(Voltage Tester)
🔸ኤሌክትሪክ ገመድ መሳቢያ(Wire puller/Fish tape)
🔹መበየጃ(Soldering iron)
🔹የገመድ መጠን መለኪያ(Wire gauge)
🔹ኮንዲዩት ማጠፊያ(conduit bender)
🔹ሞረድ(Files)
🔹መምጠጫ(Sucker) ወ.ዘ.ተ. ሲሆኑ የእያንዳንዱን እገልግሎት ከዚህ ቀጥሎ እናያለን።
source:- Amen electronic

https://t.me/engineer03

የህንፃ ኤሌክትሪክ መስመር ዝርጋታ


1 .መግቢያ/Introduction
2. ጥንቃቄ/Safety
3.መሰረታዊ የኤሌክትሪክ ፅንሰ ሀሳቦች/Basic Electrical Cnecepts
4.የኤሌክትሪካል ምልክቶች/Electrical Symbols
5.የእጅ መሳሪያዎች/Hand tools
6.የኢትዮጵያ የህንፃ ኮድ መመሪያ/EBCS
🔜የኤሌክትሪክ ገመድ ቀለም ደንብ/Electrical Wire color code
🔜የኤሌክትሪክ ገመድ መጠን/Electrical Wire Size
🔜የኤሌክትሪክ አክሰሰሪዎች ከመሬት ያላቸው ከፍታ/Electrical Accessories Height from floor
7.ኮንዲዩትና የኮንዲዩት አክሰሰሪዎች/Conduit & Conduit Accessories
🔜ኮንዲዩት/Conduit
🔜የኮንዲዩት አክሰሰሪዎች/Conduit Accessories
▪️ማጋጠሚያ/Coupler
▪️ስካቶላ/Junction(conduit)box
▪️ቤንድ፣ኤልቦው፣ቲ/Bend,Elbow,Tee
8.የኤሌክትሪክ ገመድ ዝርጋታና አሰራር /Electrical Installation & Wiring syetems
🔜የኤሌክትሪክ ገመድ አይነቶች/ Electrical Conductor types
🔜የኤሌክትሪክ ሽቦ ጫፍ አዘገጃጀት/Electrical wiring termination
🔜የኤሌክትሪክ ሽቦ አስተሳሰር ዘዴዎች/ Methods of Electrical wire splicing
🔜ሌይአዉትእና ወየሪንግ ስዕል/Layout and Wiring Diagram
9. ድሮዊንግ ማንበብና መረዳት (መተርጎም)/Read & Interprate working Drawings
10.መዳብ መቅበርና መከላከያ መሳሪያዎች አጠቃቀም/Earthing & Protective Devices
11. ሌሎች/Others
12. ከሰዎች ጋር አብሮ የመሰራት እና የደንበኛ አያያዝ ጥበብ/ Arts of Working with others & Customer handling

ይቀጥላል .......

https://t.me/engineer03

1.ኮንዲዩት/ፓይፕ ማጠፊያ (Conduit/Pipe Bender)

☑️በእሳትና በአሸዋ ወይም በእሳት ብቻ በመጠቀም (አብዛኞቻችን የምንጠቀምበት) ማጠፍ እንችላለን። ነግር ግን ጊዜ የሚያባክንና እጃችንም የሚጎዳ ስለሆን መሳሪያ መጠቀሙ አስፈላጊ ነው።
☑️ኮንዲዩት/ፓይፕ ማጠፊያ (Conduit/Pipe Bender) የተለያዩ አይነት ማጠፊያዎች/Benders ሲኖሩ ከነዚህም ዋና ዋና የሚባሉት የሚከተሉት ናቸው።
1.በእጅ የሚሰራ ማጠፊያ (Hand/manual bender)
2. ሀይድሮሊክ(Hadraulic)
3.ኤሌክትሪክ(Electric)
4.ሜካኒካል(Mechanical) ሲሆኑ በቀላሉ ከቦታ ቦታ ለማንቀሳቀስ አመች የሆነው እና ለሳይት ስራ የሚሆነው በእጅ የሚሰራ ማጠፊያ (Hand/manual bender) ነው። ስለዚህ በዚህ ክፍል የምናየው ይሄን ይሆናል።
🔹በእጅ የሚሰራ ማጠፊያ (Hand/manual bender)
☑️መጠናቸው(sizes) አነስተኛ ለሆኑ ኮንዲዩቶች እና የኤሌክትሪክ ሀይል የሌለበት ቦታ ላይ በጣም ጠቃሚ ነው።
☑️መጠናቸው ከፍተኛ ለሆኑ ፓይፕ/ኮንዲዩት በተለይ ለቧንቧ ስራ ከላይ ከተዘረዘሩት ውስጥ እንደ አስፈላጊነቱ መርጦ መጠቀም ተገቢ ነው። ምክንያቱም ማጠፍ በፈለግን ጊዜ መሳሪያውን የምናቀሳቅሰው በእግራችን ወይም በእጃችን ስለሆን ከፍተኛ ሀይል/ጉልበት ስለሚጠይቅና አቅማቸውም ውስን ስለሆነ ነው ለትላልቆችና ብዛት የምናመርት ከሆነ ከላይ ከተዘረዘሩት ውስጥ መርጠን መግዛት አለብን።

https://t.me/engineer03

የቀጠለ...

☑️ መሳሪያውን ተጠቅመን ኮንዲዩት ለማጠፍ ልምምድ ማድረግ አስፈላጊ ነው በአንዴ በፈለግነው መልኩ ካላጠፍን ብለን መጨነቅ አይኖርብንም።
☑️አሪፍ ቤንድ ለመስራት ደረቻውን የጠበቀና ሪጅድ ኮንዲዩት መጠቀምም አስፈላጊ ነው።
☑️የእጅ ማጠፊያዎች በብራንዳቸውና በሞዴላቸው መሰረት ይልያያሉ። ነገር ግን በብዛት የሚታወቁት ሁለት ናቸው። እነርሱም:-
🔹ቤንፊልድ ማጠፊያ(Benfield Bender):-
☑️ከብረት የተሰራ ሲሆን ላዩ ላይ በፈለግነው የአንግል መጠን ኮንዲየቱን ለማጠፍ የሚረዱን ጠቋሚ ቁጥሮች አሉ።
🔸ጋርድነር ስልት መጠፊያ(Gardner Style Bender):-
☑️ከአሉሚንየም የተሰራ ሲሆን 45 ዲግሪና 90 ዲግሪ ላይ የምናስተካክልበት ደረጃ አለው።

https://t.me/engineer03

የቀጠለ...

🔹በበዛት የተለመደውና አብዛኛቻችን የምንስማማበት የኤሌክትሪክ አክሰሰሪዎች ከወለል ያላቸው ከፍታ:-

የክሰሰሪ ከወለል ያላቸው
አይነቶች ከፍታ በ cm
1. ማብሪያ/ማጥፊያ_____130-140
2.ሶኬት_________________40-50
3.ዲስትሪቢዩሽን ቦርድ___170-175
4.ኪችን ሶኬት___________90-100
5.አኑንሴተር_____________170-175
6.ቤል ስዊች_____________130-140
7. ቆጣሪ_________________175-180
8.ሻወር/መፀዳጃ ቤት
ሶኬት____________________180-200
9. ሻወር/መፀዳጃ ቤት ማብሪያ ማጥፊያ__________________150

ማሳሰቢያ:- ከዚህ በፊትም እንዳልነው ዋናው ነገር ለአጠቃቀም ቀላልና ምቹ ማድረግ ነው። ስለዚህ ቦታው ላይ ያሉትን ነገሮች ታሳቢ በማድረግ እንደሁኔታው ከፍም ዝቅም ማለት ይችላል።

ይቀጥላል ......

ዒድ ሙባረክ!
عيد مبارك

እንኳን ለ1,441ኛው የኢድ አል-ፈጥር በዓል በሰላም አደረሰን ፤ አደረሳችሁ። በዓሉ የሰላም ፣ የፍቅር ፣ የመተሳሰብ ይሆን ዘንድ እንመኛለን!

ውድ ቤተሰቦቻችን በዓሉን ስናከብር የኮቪድ-19 ወረርሽኝን ለመከላከል የምንወስዳቸውን አስፈላጊ #የጥንቃቄ እርምጃዎችን እየወሰድን እንዲሆን አደራ ለማለት እንወዳለን!


عيد مبارك
መልካም በዓል ይሁንልን!

Civil Engineer’s Work

https://t.me/engineer03

1,ኮንዲዩት/Conduit:-

🔸ኮንዲዩት ወይም በአማረኛ ቱቦ ብለን የምንጠራው ሲሆን ለኤሌክትሪክ ወይም ለውሃ አገልግሎት የምንጠቀምባቸው የተለያዩ አይነቶች አሉ። እኛ የምናየው ለኤሌክትሪክ አገልግሎት የምንጠቀምባቸውን አይነቶች ነው።
🔸ኮንዲዩቶች ኤሌክትሪክ ለማስተላለፍ የምንጠቀምባቸውን ገመዶች ወይም ኬብሎች በወስጣቸው አሳልፈን በመዘርጋት ከሜካኒካል ወይም ከኤሌክትሪካል ጉዳት ለመከላከል ይረዱናል።
🔹 በውፍረትና በአይነት የተለያዩ ኮንዲዩቶች ስላሉ እንደ አስፈላጊነታቸው እንጠቀምባቸዋለን።
🔸ኮንዲዩቶች ባዋናነት በሁለት የከፈላሉ። እነርሱም:-
1.የብረት ኮንዲዩት/ steel/Metal coduit
2. የፕላስቲክ/plastic conduit
ናቸው።

🗝እያንዳንዱን እናያለን!
👇👇👇👇👇 https://t.me/engineer03

🔹🔸🔹1. የብረት ኮንዲዩት/ steel coduit:-
🔹የኤሌክትሪካል ገመዱን/ኬብሉን ከሜካኒካል ጉዳት መከላከል አስፈላጊ ሆኖ ስናገኘው እንጠቀመዋለን።
🔹በሶስት ዋና ዋና ክፍሎች ይከፈላል።
ሀ. ደረቅ የብረት ኮንዲዩት(Rigid Steel Conduit)
ለ. ታጣፊ የብረት ኮንዲዩት(Flexible Steel Conduit)
መ. የብረት ሆዝ(Metallic Hose) ናቸው።👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇 https://t.me/engineer03

🔹🔸🔹ሀ. ደረቅ የብረት ኮንዲዩት(Rigid Steel Conduit):-
🔸ለአጣቃቀም እንዲመች ሲባል እርዝመቱ 3 ሜትር ነው።
🔸🔹ጫፉ ላይ ጥርስ የመሰለ ነገር ያለው ሊሆን ይችላል/እኛ እራሳችን ጥርስ ልናወጣለትም እንችላለን። ጥርሱም የተለያዩ የብረት ኮንዲዩቶችን ለማጋጠም/ለማገናኘት ይረዳናል ~ከቤት ውጭ ለሆነ ዝርጋታ።
🔸በብረት ማጋጠሚያወች ተጠቅመን የብረት ኮንዲዩቶችን እናገናኛለን።
🔸ለንግድ ህንፃዎችና ለትላልቅ ህንፃዎች ኤሌክትሪክ ገመድ/ኬብል በውስጡ በማሳለፍ ለመዘርጋት ይጠቅማል።
🔸አሁን ላይ እየቀረ ያለ የኮንዲዩት አይነት ነው።
👇👇👇👇👇
https://t.me/engineer03

🔹🔸🔹ለ. ታጣፊ የብረት ኮንዲዩት (Flexible Steel Conduit):-

🔹ለገበያ የሚቀርበው በጥቅል ሲሆን አንዱ ጥቅልም እስከ 50 ሜትር እርዝመት አለው።
🔸 ለማጉበጥ/ለማጠፍ መሳሪያ አያስፈልግም።
🔹እረጅም እርቀት ላለው እና ሞቃት ለሆነ ቦታ ከፍተኛ ጥቅም አለው።

ይቀጥላል .....
👇👇👇👇👇 https://t.me/engineer03

#የኢትዮጵያ የህንፃ ኮድ መመሪያ/EBCS:-
☑️የኢትዮጵያ የህንፃ ኮድ መመሪያ/EBCS(Ethiopian Building Cod Standard) ላይ ብዙ ደንቦችና መመርያዎች የተዘረዘሩ ሲሆን በኤሌክትሪክ መስመር ዝርጋታው ዘርፍ ደግሞ የኤሌክትሪክ ገመድ ቀለም ደንብ(Electrical Wire and cable color code) ፣የኤሌክትሪክ ገመድ መጠን(Electrical Wire Size) እና የኤሌክትሪክ አክሰሰሪዎች ከመሬት ያላቸው ከፍታ(Electrical Accessories Height from floor) ዋና ዋናወቹ ናቸው።

ይጠብቁን ........

https://t.me/engineer03

👉Advance Security and
Performance Security 👆👆👆

.
1. Advance security
*ስራ ተቋራጩ ለሚወስደው የቅድም ክፍያ ገንዘብ በሚከፈለው የገንዘብ መጠን ልክ የሚያሲዘው የባንክ ዋስትና
ቦንድ ነው።
እውነተኛነቱ በተረጋገጠ ቼክ፣ ያልተገደበ የባንክ ዋስትና ወይም ከህጋዊ ጥቃቅን ማይክሮ ፋይናንስ የተፃፈ የዋስትና ደብዳቤ ማስያዝ ይኖርበታል።
ስራ ተቋራጩ የወሰደውን ቅድመ ክፍያ ከፍሎ እስኪጨርስ ያስያዘው ዋስትና ግዜው ማለቅ(Expire) አይችልም።
ከአንድ ወር ቀደም ብሎ የዋስትና ቀነ ገደቡ ከማለፉ በፊት ከአማካሪ በሚፃፍለት ደብዳቤ መሰረት ሊታደስ ይገባል።
ነገር ግን ስራ ተቋራጩ ያስያዘውን ዋስትና ቀነ ገደቡ አልፎ ሳያሳድስ ቢቀር ቀሪ ያልተከፈለ ቅድመ ክፍያ ሙሉ ለሙሉ ከሚቀጥለው ክፍያ ቅፅ ላይ ተቀናሽ ይደረጋል።
ስራ ተቋራጩ ያስያዘውን ዋስትና ቅድመ ክፍያ ገንዘብ ከፍሎ እንደጨረሰ ተመላሽ ይደረግለታል።
የተለየ የቅድመ ክፍያ እና የዋስትና አከፋፈል አካሔድ ለፕሮጀክቱ የተዘጋጀው ውል/special condition of contract/ ይችላል።
2. Performance Security
*ስራ ተቋራጩ ውል ተቀብሎ ተፈፃሚ ማድረግ የሚችልበትን ለብቃት ማረጋገጫ የሚያሲዘው ዋስትና ነው።
ውል በተፈራረመ በአስራ አምስት ቀናት ውስጥ (15) ውሉ የሚያዘውን መጠን ዋስትና ያቀርባል ።
ዋስትናው ስራ ተቋራጩ በተገቢው መንገድ ውሉን ተፈፃሚ ሳያደርግ ቢቀር ለውል ሰጪ (ባለቤት) እንደ ካሳ ክፍያ ይሆናል።
እውነተኛነቱ በተረጋገጠ ቼክ፣ የባንክ ዋስትና ወይም ከህጋዊ ጥቃቅን ማይክሮ ፋይናንስ የተፃፈ የዋስትና ደብዳቤ ውሉ ላይ
በተቀመጠው ፎርማት መሰረት ማስያዝ ይኖርበታል።
ይህ ዋስትና ሳይቀርብ ምንም አይነት ክፍይ ተፈፃሚ ሊደረግ
አይገባም።
ስራው ተጠናቆ እስኪያልቅ ይህ ዋስተና ተገቢ እና ቀነ ገደቡ ሳያልቅ መታደስ ይጠበቅበታል። ስራው ተጠናቆ ርክክብ እንደተፈፀመ በ ሀያ ስምንት(28) ቀናት ውስጥ ለስራ ተቋራጩ ሊመለስለት ይገባል። .
⚡አሁኑኑ Join በማረግ እና ለጓደኛዎ እና ለሚያቁት ሁሉ ሼር ያድርጉ።
👇👇👇
https://t.me/engineer03

Box Girder Bridge Construction

A box girder bridge (also known as a Box Section Bridge) is a bridge in which the main beams comprise girders in the shape of a hollow box. The box girder normally comprises either prestressed concrete, structural steel, or a composite of steel and reinforced concrete. The box is typically rectangular or trapezoidal in cross-section. Box girder bridges are commonly used for highway flyovers and for modern elevated structures of light rail transport. Although normally the box girder bridge is a form of beam bridge, box girders may also be used on cable-stayed bridges and other forms.

#የኤሌክትሪክ ገመድ ቀለም ደንብ(Electrical Wire and cable color code):-
☑️ኤሌክትሪክ ገመዶችን ቀለማቸውን መሰረት በማድረግ ለተለያዩ የዝርጋታ አይነቶች ማዋል አስፈላጊ ነው። በዘፈቀደ አይዘረጉም። በዚህም መሰረት የኢትዮጵያ የህንፃ ኮድ ደንቦችን እናያለን።
☑️ገመድ ስንጠቀምም ለነጠላ ፌዝ(እሳት)ና ለባለ 3 ፌዝ(እሳት) የምንጠቀማቸውን እናያለን።
⚪️ነጠላ ፌዝ/እሳት (Single phase):-
☑️3 የተለያየ ቀለም ያላቸው ገመዶች አሉት። እነርሱም:-
▶️ ለእሳት(phase)
🔴ቀይ(red)
🟡ቢጫ(yellow)
🔵ሰማያዊ(blue) ልንጠቀም እንችላለን።
▶️ ለውሃ(Neutral)
⚫️ጥቁር(black)
▶️ለግራውንድ(Ground/Earthing)
🔰አረንጓዴ በቢጫ(green&yellow)
⚪️ባለ 3 ፌዝ/እሳት(3-phase):-
☑️4 ወይም 5 የተለያየ ቀለም ያላቸው ገመዶች አሉት። እነርሱም:- ሶስት እሳት(R, Y & B)፣ አንድ ውሃና አንድ ግራውንድ ሲሆኑ ቀለማቸው እንደሚከተለው ነው።
▶️ 3ቱ እሳቶች(phases)
🔴 R-ቀይ(Red)
🟡Y-ቢጫ(Yellow)
🔵B-ሰማያዊ(Blue)
▶️ውሃ(Neutral)
⚫️ጥቁር(Black)
▶️ግራውንድ(Ground)
🔰አረንጓዴ በቢጫ(Green&Yellow)
ናቸው።

https://t.me/engineer03
https://t.me/engineer03

Width of carriageway

🛣 Single lane road:- 3.75 m

🛣 Double lane road without kerb:- 7 m

🛣 Double lane road with kerb:- 7.5 m

🛣 Intermediate lane:- 5.5 m

🛣 Multi-lane roads:- 3.5 m/lane

🛣 Min. Shoulder width:- 2.5 m

🛣 Max width of any vehicle:- 2.44 m

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Types of Admixtures Used In Concrete
Admixtures are natural or manufactured chemicals which are added to the concrete before or during mixing. The most often used admixtures are air-entraining agents, water reducers, water-reducing retarders and accelerators.
We'll discuss The Types of Concrete Admixtures in the following Posts.
Source; TheConstructor
1- Water Reducing Admixtures
Water reducing admixtures, the name itself defines that they are used to minimize the water demand in a concrete mix. Workability is the important property of concrete which is improved with the addition of water but if the water is added more than required the strength and durability properties of concrete gets affected.
In addition, to increase in workability it also improves the strength of concrete, good bond between concrete and steel, prevents cracking, segregation, honeycombing, bleeding etc. Water reducing admixtures are also called as plasticizers and these are classified into three types namely plasticizers, mid-range plasticizers and superplasticizers. Normal plasticizer reduces the water demand by up to 10%, mid-range plasticizers reduce the water demand by up to 15% while superplasticizers reduce the water demand by up to 30%.

2- Retarding Admixtures
Retarding admixtures slow down the rate of hydration of cement in its initial stage and increase the initial setting time of concrete. These are also called as retarders and used especially in high-temperature zones where concrete will set quickly. The quick setting in some situations may lead to discontinuities in structure, the poor bond between the surfaces creates unnecessary voids in concrete etc. Retarders are useful to eliminate this type of problems. Commonly used retarding admixture is calcium sulphate or gypsum. Starch, cellulose products, common sugar, salts of acids are some other retarders. Most of the water-reducing admixtures are also acts as retarding admixtures and they are called as retarding plasticizers.

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Civil Engineering Sub-Disciplines

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1.Coastal engineering is concerned with managing coastal areas. The term coastal defense is the more traditional term, but coastal management has become more popular as the field has expanded to include techniques that allow erosion to claim land.
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2.Construction engineering involves planning and execution of the designs from transportation, site development, hydraulic, environmental, structural and geotechnical engineers.
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3.Earthquake engineering is dedicated to reducing earthquake risk by advancing the practice of this science.
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4.Environmental engineering can be involved with pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial ecology and involves protecting the environment and human health.
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5.Geotechnical engineering is an area of civil engineering concerned with the rock and soil that supports civil engineering projects.
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6.Materials engineering and sciences deals with materials such as concrete, mix asphalt concrete, metals as well as paints and finishes.
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7.Municipal or urban engineering involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining streets, sidewalks, water supply networks, sewers, street lighting, municipal solid waste management and disposal, storage depots for various bulk materials used for maintenance and public works, public parks and bicycle paths.
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8.Structural engineering is concerned with designing structures to be safe and serviceable for their users
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9.Transportation engineering is concerned with moving people and goods efficiently, safely, and in a manner conducive to a vibrant community.
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10.Water resources engineering is a discipline that combines hydrology, environmental science, meteorology, geology, conservation, and resource management.

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