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It is continuing.....the result is 92% of the members is needed the question and answers program

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Types of Columns in Building Construction

Columns are classified based on the several conditions which include:

Based on Types of Reinforcement
Based on Types of Loading
Based on Slenderness Ratio
Based on Shape
Based on Construction Material
Based on Types of Reinforcement

We'll post 14 different types of columns in the following posts.

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1. Tied Column

This type of column is commonly construction from reinforced concrete. Longitudinal reinforcement are confined within closely spaced tie reinforcement. It is estimated that 95% of all columns in buildings are tied. @engineer03 #share

2. Spiral Column

Spiral column is also construction from reinforced concrete. In this type of column, longitudinal bars are confined within closely spaced and continuously wound spiral reinforcement.
Spiral reinforcement provide lateral restrains (Poisson’s effect) and delays axial load failure (ductile).@engineer03. #share

The force in BF of the truss shown in given figure, is

A. 4t tension
B. 4t compression
C. 4.5t tension
D. 4.5t compression
E. zero.

#solve_it, on the group @engineersWorks

The answer will posting @11:30 today

It is so simple exam

3. Composite column

When the longitudinal reinforcement is in the form of structural steel section or pipe with or without longitudinal bars, it is called as a composite column.

This type of column have high strength with fairly small cross section, in addition to exhibit good fire performance.

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4. Axially Loaded Column
If vertical axial loads act on the center of gravity of the cross-section of the column, then it is termed as axially loaded column.

Axially loaded column is rare in construction since coinciding vertical loads on the center of gravity of column cross section is not practical.

Interior column of multi-storey buildings with symmetrical loads from floor slabs from all sides is an example of this type of column. #share. @engineer03

5. Column with Uniaxial Eccentric Loading

When vertical loads do not coincide with center of gravity of column cross section, but rather act eccentrically either on X or Y axis of the column cross section, then it is called uniaxially eccentric loading column.

Column with uniaxial loading are generally encountered in the case of columns rigidly connected beam from one side only such as edge columns.
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6. Column with Biaxial Eccentric Loading

When vertical on the column is not coincide with center of gravity of column cross section and does not act on either axis (X and Y axis), then the column is called biaxially eccentric loaded column.

Columns with biaxial loading is common in corner columns with beams rigidly connected at right angles at the top of columns.

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7. Short Column

If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension is less than 12, the column is called as the short column. A short column fails by crushing (pure compression failure).
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Solution


✍️Reactions are va+ab = 5t.

✍️Moment at A= 4t*x+5t*x-vb*2x = 0.

✍️So 9t = 2vb.

📝vb = 4.5t.

So force in compression member BF = 4.5t compression.

👉If we provide stirrups at 45 degree is preferred as it takes the stresses effectively. Bent up bars at 45 degree takes position of hypotenuse with depth as perpendicular at the corner. This position makes is suitable to prevent shear crack to propagate from corner to mid of section.

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@engineer03

📌 ▪Measuring Height using Vertical Angle in Surveying


🔹Equipment used to measure the height of an object using a vertical angle

Theodolite, Leveling Stop, Tape or Chain, Pegs, Plumb bob

*🔹 Procedure to measure the height of an object using a vertical angle.( Using theodolite)*

1. Setup the instrument at station P.

2. Perform all temporary adjustments.

3. Bring the line of collimation horizontal (vertical angle reading is zero).

4. Sight the top of the object (A), and read the vertical angle α1.

5. Sight the bottom of the object B, and read the vertical angle α2.

6. Measure the Horizontal distance between the instrument station and the object (D).

7. Calculate the height of the object as follow



h1 = D tan α1

h2 = D tan α2

The object height = h1 + h2

This is the method to find the height of an object using a vertical angle by using a theodolite instrument.

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Answer ……D

Basic capacity is the maximum number of vehicles (PCU) that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour under the most nearly ideal roadway and traffic conditions which can possibly be attained. Two roads have same physical features will have same basic capacities irrespective of the traffic conditions.

Possible Capacity is the maximum number of vehicles which can pass a given point on a lane or highway during one hour under the prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.

This means that the possible capacity of a highway will always be lower than the basic capacity unless the prevailing conditions of the traffic, approach the ideal conditions. Therefore the possible capacity may vary from 0 to the maximum, i.e., Basic capacity.

Practical Capacity is the maximum number of the vehicle that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour, without traffic density being so great as to cause unreasonable delay, hazard or restriction to the driver's freedom to manoeuvre under the prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.