6. Column with Biaxial Eccentric Loading

When vertical on the column is not coincide with center of gravity of column cross section and does not act on either axis (X and Y axis), then the column is called biaxially eccentric loaded column.

Columns with biaxial loading is common in corner columns with beams rigidly connected at right angles at the top of columns.

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7. Short Column

If the ratio effective length of the column to the least lateral dimension is less than 12, the column is called as the short column. A short column fails by crushing (pure compression failure).
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Solution


✍️Reactions are va+ab = 5t.

✍️Moment at A= 4t*x+5t*x-vb*2x = 0.

✍️So 9t = 2vb.

📝vb = 4.5t.

So force in compression member BF = 4.5t compression.

👉If we provide stirrups at 45 degree is preferred as it takes the stresses effectively. Bent up bars at 45 degree takes position of hypotenuse with depth as perpendicular at the corner. This position makes is suitable to prevent shear crack to propagate from corner to mid of section.

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📌 ▪Measuring Height using Vertical Angle in Surveying


🔹Equipment used to measure the height of an object using a vertical angle

Theodolite, Leveling Stop, Tape or Chain, Pegs, Plumb bob

*🔹 Procedure to measure the height of an object using a vertical angle.( Using theodolite)*

1. Setup the instrument at station P.

2. Perform all temporary adjustments.

3. Bring the line of collimation horizontal (vertical angle reading is zero).

4. Sight the top of the object (A), and read the vertical angle α1.

5. Sight the bottom of the object B, and read the vertical angle α2.

6. Measure the Horizontal distance between the instrument station and the object (D).

7. Calculate the height of the object as follow



h1 = D tan α1

h2 = D tan α2

The object height = h1 + h2

This is the method to find the height of an object using a vertical angle by using a theodolite instrument.

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Answer ……D

Basic capacity is the maximum number of vehicles (PCU) that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour under the most nearly ideal roadway and traffic conditions which can possibly be attained. Two roads have same physical features will have same basic capacities irrespective of the traffic conditions.

Possible Capacity is the maximum number of vehicles which can pass a given point on a lane or highway during one hour under the prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.

This means that the possible capacity of a highway will always be lower than the basic capacity unless the prevailing conditions of the traffic, approach the ideal conditions. Therefore the possible capacity may vary from 0 to the maximum, i.e., Basic capacity.

Practical Capacity is the maximum number of the vehicle that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour, without traffic density being so great as to cause unreasonable delay, hazard or restriction to the driver's freedom to manoeuvre under the prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.

🔹Difference between stirrups and ties -

The 'U' or 'box' shaped reinforcement which is perpendicular to the main reinforcement in a beam is termed as STIRRUP.

The reinforcement which is perpendicular to the main reinforcement in a column is termed as TIE.

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#Civil_Engineer’s_Works

👉the largest suspension bridge in the world

➡️Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge is the longest span bridge in the world, located in Akashi Strait between Kobe and Awaji Island in Hyogo Pref.

🚧The total and central span lengths are 3,911m and 1991m respectively.

🚧The suspension bridge connects the city of Kobe (mainland of Honshu) to Iwaya (Awaji Island) in Japan.

🚧The spectacular view of the bridge in the night resulted in the name, Pearl Bridge.

🚧The bridge was opened to traffic on 5 April 1998.

🚧It has six lanes of roadway, three in each direction.

🚧It consists of three spans The length of the central span is 1,991m, currently the longest span for a suspension bridge The end spans are 960m long each.

🚧The bridge is located at a height of 280m from the sea level.

🚧Construction of the bridge began in May 1988 and took nearly ten years to complete.

🚧The foundation depth of the bridge is equivalent to that of a 20-storey apartment.

🚧The total cost incurred for the bridge completion was $4.3bn
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