Civil Engineering
1.37K subscribers
1.26K photos
20 videos
962 files
674 links
*ለሲቪል ; ለአርክቴክቶች÷ለኮንስትራክሽን ÷ ለሀይድሮሊክ መሀንዲሶች እና ተማሪዎች የተዘጋጀ ትምህርታዊ ቻናል ፡፡

@engineer03


http://www.Indiabix.com በዚህ ደግሞ ማንኛውንም ጥያቄና መልስ ታገኛላችሁ!

╯▅╰╱▔▔▔▔▔▔▔╲╯╯☼
▕▕╱╱╱╱╱╱╱╱┛▂╲╲╭
╱▂▂▂▂▂▂╱╱┏▕╋▏╲╲
▔▏▂┗┓▂▕▔┛▂┏▔▂▕▔
▕▕╋▏▕╋▏▏▕┏▏▕
Download Telegram
▶️Slump test 👆👆👆👆👆
📝Things Site Engineers Must Know About Reinforcement and
Steel Bars

🖍Clear cover to main reinforcement

✒️Footings : 50 mm
✒️Raft foundation Top : 50 mm
✒️Raft foundation Bottom/ sides : 75 mm
✒️Strap Beam : 50 mm
✒️Grade Slab : 20 mm
✒️Column : 40 mm (d>12mm) 25 mm (d= 12mm)
✒️Shear Wall : 25 mm
✒️Beams : 25 mm
✒️Slabs : 15 mm or not less than diameter of the bar.
✒️Flat Slab : 20 mm
Staircase : 15 mm
✒️Retaining Wall on Earth : 20/ 25 mm
✒️Water retaining structures : 20 / 30 mm
✒️Sunshade (Chajja) : 25 mm
.
🔗Hook for stirrups is 9D for one side
🖇No. of stirrups = (clear span/Spanning) + 1
.
📌For Cantilever anchorage length for main steel is 69D
.
✔️“L” for column main rod in footing is minimum of 300mm
.
✔️Chairs of minimum 12 mm diameter bars should be used.
.
✔️Minimum diameter of dowel bars should be 12 mm.
.

http://t.me/engineer03
?ስለስ joint ዓይነቶች አብረን እንይ
፡
▶️An expansion joint or movement joint is an
assembly designed to safely absorb the heat-
induced expansion and contraction of construction
materials, to absorb vibration, to hold parts
together, or to allow movement due to ground
settlement or earthquakes. They are commonly
found between sections of buildings, bridges ,
sidewalks, railway tracks, piping systems, ships,
and other structures.
Building faces, concrete slabs, and pipelines
expand and contract due to warming and cooling
from seasonal variation, or due to other heat
sources. Before expansion joint gaps were built into
these structures, they would crack under the stress
induced.
.
▶️Control joints, or contraction joints, are sometimes
confused with expansion joints, but are completely
different in purpose and function. Control joints are
cut into pavement at regular intervals to control
cracking. Concrete and asphalt have relatively
weak tensile strength, and typically form cracks as
they age, shrink, and are exposed to environmental
stresses (including stresses of thermal expansion
and contraction). Without the control joint, cracking
can occur in a random fashion, and compromise
the surface of the structure. This is primarily an
aesthetic issue. Control joints attenuate the
cracking in a more controlled fashion. The cracks
will tend to form along the cut planes that makes
up the control joints.
.
▶️A construction joint occurs when there are multiple
concrete placements. It can occur between different
days of concrete placements as shown below.
There is a construction joint between the placement
of a footing and the placement of the column.

http://t.me/engineer03
👉ሰላም ውድ የ ቻናላችን ቤተሰቦች ዛሬ መወያያ ጥያቄ ይዘን ቀርበናል
፡
▶️ጥያቄው ... አንድ ድልድይ ተሰርቶ ጊዜያዊ ርክክብ ተደረገ እናም በወቅቱ ሌላ ስራ የሚሰራ የቻይና ድርጅት ድልድዩን በቀን በጣም በርካታ የሆነ ተሸከርካሪ ሲሄድበት ቆይቱል ከዚህ ቡኃላ በጣለ ከባድ ዝናብ ድልድዩ ተደረመሰ ፡የሪቴንሽን ጊዜው ሲደርስ የሰራው ተቑራጭ እኔን አይመለከተኝም አለ ፤ አሰሪ መስሪያ ቤቱ ደግሞ መጠገን አለብህ አል ፤ማነው ይህን ሪስክ መውሰድ ያለበት???
፡
▶️መልሳችሁን @engineersWorks ወይም Discussion ላይ ፃፉልን:: እንወቅ እንማማር፡፡
👉ስለ STAIRS ትንሽ ጠቃሚ ሃሳብ እንማማር 👇
.
▶️Calculations for the construction of stairs, ramps and guards are set out in various national building regulations. The guidelines here are based on German standards.
.
▶️Dwellings with no more than two flats must have an effective stair width of at least 0.80 m and 17/29 rise-to-tread ratio. Stairs which are not strictly covered by building regulations may be as little as 0.50m wide and have a 21/21 ratio. Stairs governed by building regulations must have a width of 1.00m and a ratio of 17/28. In high rise flats they must be 1.25 m wide . The length of stair runs from 23 steps up to,,; 18 steps --> @. Landing length = n times the length of stride + 1 depth of step (e.g. with a rise-to-tread ratio of 17/29 = 1 x 63 + 29 = 92 cm or 2 x 63 + 29 = 1.55 m). Doors opening into the stairwell must not restrict the effective width.

▶️The time required for complete evacuation must be calculated for stair widths in public buildings or theatres. Such staircases or front entrance steps are climbed slowly, so they can have a more gradual ascent. A staircase at a side entrance or emergency stairs should make a rapid descent easy.
.
▶️The experiences one has of ascending and descending stairs varies greatly with the stair design, for example there is a significant difference between an interior domestic design and a grand flight of entrance steps. Climbing stairs takes on average seven times as much energy as walking on the flat. From the physiological point of view, the best use of 'climbing effort' is with an angle of incline of 30° and a ratio of rise of: rise of step/going of step; r/g= 17/29.
.
▶️The angle of rise is determined by the length of an adult's stride (about 61-64cm). To arrive at the optimum rise, which takes the least energy, the following formula can be applied:
2r+ g= 63cm (1 stride)
.
▶️In the dimensioning and design of flights of stairs, the function and purpose of the staircase is of primary importance, taking in the factors mentioned above.
.
▶️Not only is the gaining of height important, but also the way that the height is gained. For front door steps in frequent use, low steps of 16 x 30cm are preferable. However, stairs in a workplace, or emergency stairs, should enable height to be gained rapidly. Every main staircase must be set in its own continuous stairwell, which together with its access routes and exit to the open air, should be designed and arranged so as to ensure its safe use as an emergency exit. The width of the exit should be greater than or equal tothe width of the staircase.

Source: Neufert,Architect's data
.
👉 http://t.me/engineer03
👉በኮንስትራክሽን ውል ጉዳይ የክፍያ ምስክር ወረቀት/payment certificate ምን ይላል?
፡
▶️የክፍያ ምስክር ወረቀት/payment certificate/ በአሰሪው በሚመደብ አማካሪ/ተቆጣጣሪ መሀንዲስ እና በተቋራጩ ተረጋግጦና ተማምነውበት የሚፈረም ሲሆን ለተቋራጩ የሚከፈለውን የገንዘብ መጠንም በግልጽ ያስቀምጣል፡፡
*የክፍያ ምስክር ወረቀት ጋር ቴክ ኦፍ ሽት እና ግራንድ ሳመሪ አባሪ ተደርጐ ይያያዛል፡፡
*ቴክ ኦፍ ሽት የአሰሪው አማካሪ/ተቆጣጣሪ መሀንዲስ እና የተቋራጩ መሀንዲስ በግንባታ ቦታ በአካል የሳይት ቪዚት በማካሄድ የተሰራውን ስራ መጠን እና አይነት ከለቀሙ በኋላ በቢል ኦፍ ኳንቲቲ ከተመለከተው የእያንዳንዱ ስራ አይተም ዩኒት ሬት/ነጠላ ዋጋ አንጻር በዝርዝር በተናጠል በዋጋ የሚያስቀምጡበት የተሰራውን ስራ መጠን እና የገንዘብ መጠን ገላጭ ዝርዝር ሰነድ ነው፡፡
*ግራንድ ሳመሪ ደግሞ በዋናነት የግንባታወችን ዝርዝር/ብሎክ በማስቀመጥ የውሉን ዋጋ፣አስቀድሞ የተከናወነ ስራ መጠን፣አሁን የተከናወነ ስራ መጠን እና አጠቃላይ በተቋራጩ የተሰራውን የግንባታ ስራ መጠን ይጠቅሳል፡፡
*የክፍያ ሰርተፍኬት በአብዛኛው በአንድ ገጽ ተጠቃሎ የሚዘጋጅ ሲሆን በይዘት ደረጃ ግን ብዙ መረጃወችን አምቆ የያዘ ሰነድ ነው፡፡
*የክፍያ ሰርተፍኬት በተለይ ክፍያው የመጀመሪያ ዙር፣ሁለተኛ ዙር እያለ በሚታወቅበት መንገድ የሚዘጋጅ ሲሆን የመጨረሻ ዙር ክፍያ የሚባልም አለው፡፡
*የመጀመሪያ ዙር ክፍያ የሚፈጸመው በአብዛኛው ከቅድሚያ ክፍያ በኋላ ሲሆን ክፍያውም ለተሰራ ስራ የሚፈጸም ነው፡፡
*የመጨረሻ ዙር ክፍያ ደግሞ ግንባታው ተጠናቆ ጊዜአዊ ርክክብ/provisional acceptance/ ከተከናወነ በኋላ በህግ ከተቀመጡ ተቀናሾች በስተቀር ቀሪውን የስራ ክፍያ ጠቅልሎ አካቶ ወዲያውኑ በግንባታ ውሉ በተቀመጠው የጊዜ ገደብ ውስጥ የሚፈጸም ክፍያ ነው፡፡
*የክፍያ ሰርተፍኬት የፕሮጀክቱን ስም፣ቦታ፣አሰሪውን፣ተቋራጩን፣አማካሪውን ይጠቅሳል፡፡ ዋናውን የውል ገንዘብ መጠን፣ተቀጽላ ስራዎችን፣ቫሬሽንን እና የተከናወነውን የስራ መጠን ያመለክታል፡፡ውሉ የተደረገበትን ጊዜ እና ኮመንስመንት ዴት ይጠቁማል፡፡በተጨማሪም የቅድሚያ ክፍያ መጠን እና አድቫንስ ሪፔይ ያመለክታል፡፡በዚህም አስቀድሞ የነበሩ የክፍያ ቁጥሮችን ጭምር ይጠቁማል፡፡ እንደዚሁም የሪቴንሽን መጠን እና የቅጣት መረጃንም የሚሰጥ ነው፡፡ እንግዲህ ይሄን ሁሉ መረጃ በያዘ የክፍያ ሰርተፍኬት ላይ አሰሪው/ተቆጣጣሪው/አማካሪው እና ተቋራጩ የሚፈራረሙበት ይሆናል፡፡
*ስለዚህ የክፍያ ሰርተፍኬት ጸደቀ ማለት በሰርተፍኬቱ ላይ የተመለከተው ስራ ስለመሰራቱ እና ዋጋውንም ጭምር አሰሪውና ተቋራጩ አምነውበታል ማለት ነው፡፡
*እዚህ ላይ መታወቅ ያለበት ነገር የአሰሪው ዋና ግዴታ ለተቋራጩ በወቅቱ ክፍያ መፈጸም ነው፡፡
*የፌዴራል ፕሮክዩርመንት ዳይሬክቲቭ ክሎስ 28.5 ላይ ስለኮንስትራክሽን ስራዎች ክፍያ እንዴት መፈጸም እንደሚገባው ይዘረዝራል፡፡
*በዚህ ረገድ በተለይ ክሎስ 28.5(a) ላይ የተቀመጠው እንደሚያስገነዝበው በኮንስትራክሽን ስራዎች ጉዳይ ክፍያ የሚፈጸመው በአማካሪው/ተቆጣጣሪው የተረጋገጠና የጸደቀ የክፍያ ምስክር ወረቀት/payment certificate/ እንዲቀርብ በማድረግ መሆኑን አስገዳጅ በሆነ ሁኔታ ይደነግጋል፡፡
*እንግዲህ የክፍያ ጥያቄ የሚያቀርብ በመጀመሪያ ተቋራጩ እንደመሆኑ አማካሪው/ተቆጣጣሪው መሀንዲስ የሳይት ቪዚት በማካሄድ የክፍያ ጥያቄውን ትክክለኛነት ካረጋገጠ በኋላ የክፍያ ሰርተፍኬቱን፣ቴክ ኦፍ ሽት እና ግራንድ ሳመሪውን ጨምሮ የሚያጸድቅና አረጋግጦ የሚፈርምበት እና በማህተምም የሚያረጋግጥ ይሆናል፡፡
*አማካሪው/ቶጣጣሪው በተቋራጩ የክፍያ ጥያቄ እንደቀረበለት በ7(ሰባት) ቀናት ውስጥ የማረጋገጡን ስራ ማጠናቀቅ እንደሚገባው በዳይሬክቲቩ ክሎስ 28.5(d) ላይ በአስገዳጅ ሁኔታ ተቀምጧል፡፡
*እንደዚሁም አሰሪው ደግሞ በአማካሪው/ተቆጣጣሪው የተረጋገጠ የክፍያ ሰርተፍኬት በደረሰው በ14(አስራ አራት) ቀናት ውስጥ ለተቋራጩ ክፍያውን መፈጸም እንደሚገባው በአስገዳጅ ሁኔታ ተደንግጓል፡፡
*እንግዲህ ተቋራጩ የክፍያ ሰርተፍኬት በእጁ ይዞ እያለ እና አሰሪውም ደርሶት እያለ ሳይከፍለው ያዘገየበት እንደሆነ በግንባታ ውሉ እና የውል አካል በሚያደርጉት ጀኔራል ኮንዲሽን በተመለከተው አግባብ ተቋራጩ ኪሳራ ከአሰሪው ላይ ለመጠየቅ እንደሚችል ዳይሬክቲቩ ክሎስ 28.5(g) በግልጽ እና በአስገዳጅ ሁኔታ ይደነግጋል፡፡
*ፒፒኤ 2011 ክሎስ 59 እንደዚሁ የኮንስትራክሽን ጉዳይ የስራ ክፍያ የሚፈጸመው በክፍያ ሰርተፍኬት አማካይነት ስለመሆኑ ይገልጻል፡፡
*በአጠቃላይ ከላይ የተመለከተው የክፍያ ሰርተፍኬት ባህሪ እና የፒፒኤ ድንጋጌ የሚያስገነዝበው ተቋራጩ የክፍያ ሰርተፍኬት በአማካሪው/ተቆጣጣሪው እስከጸደቀለት ድረስ ያለምንም ተጨማሪ ቅድመ ሁኔታ ክፍያ ሊፈጸምለት እንደሚገባ ነው፡፡ አመሰግናለሁ
. http://t.me/engineer03
ASTU research guide.docx
19.2 KB
ለሪሰርች አጋዠ ይሆናችኋል
✳️Types of Formwork
▶️Foundation Formwork. Foundation formworks can be designed in various ways. ...
▶️Wall Formwork. Wall formwork consists of vertically arranged upright timbers (formwork bearers) to which sheeting boards are nailed at the concrete side. ...
*Ceiling Formwork. ...
*Beam Formwork. ...
*Column Formwork.
✅Formwork functions
The formwork is the main means of work in the moulding process of the concrete. Basically the process of formwork making has to meet the following requirements: - The structural component to be produced is to be moulded with the projected dimensions keeping the admissible tolerances.
.
⚡http://t.me/engineer03
Civil engineering huge machinery 👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇👇
👆👆👆👆Civil engineering huge machinery 👆👆👆👆