❇️Simple Future Tense
(S+ Shall/ will + V1)

Rule1: भविष्यकालीन घटना जी भविष्यात अजून घडायची आहे अशा क्रियांचं वर्णन करण्यासाठी साधा भविष्यकाळ वापरला जातो या काळात tomorrow, day after tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, following week, following month, following year, future years इत्यादी शब्द (time expressing words) वेळ दर्शवणारे शब्द म्हणून वापरली जातात.
For. Eg

1.He will go to college tomorrow.

2.My brother will be 25 next birthday.

3.She will arrive at 6 O'clock.

4.I will come to meet the Principal next week.

5.She will complete her degree in 2021.

6.Our neighbour will return from Mumbai next month.

7.I shall complete my project next year.

8.She will meet me day after tomorrow.

Rule 2 : अटदर्शक वाक्यामध्ये (conditional sentence) मुख्यवाक्यात (principal/main clause) सोबत साधा भविष्यकाळ वापरला जातो.
For. Eg

1.I shall buy a motorcycle, when the price comes down.

2.If you come here, I shall help you.

3.She will come if you write to her.

4.When it rains , the plants will grow.

Rule 3: पुढील रचना भविष्यात होत असलेल्या किंवा घडणाऱ्या कृती व्यक्त करण्यासाठी वापरल्या जातात. त्या खालीलप्रमाणे:

(A) Subject + have/ has + Infinitive (to + V1)
For. Eg

1.I have to pay the fees.( future time)

2.He has to come in time.

3.She has to do this work at any cost.

(B) Subject + am/ is /are + Infinitive (to + V1)
For.Eg.

1.He is to come to Mumbai.

2.You are to appear at the examination.

3.She is to attend college.

3.They are to slove these sums.

(C) Subject + am /is/ are+ about+ infinitive (to + V1)
For. Eg

1.The patient is about to die.

2.She is about to sing a song.

3.They are about to leave the city.

(D) Subject +am /is / + going Infinitive (to + V1)
For. Eg

1.I am going to write several books.

2.He is going to buy a motorcycle tomorrow.

3.She is going to attend lecture tomorrow.

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🔷 जॉईन - @english_grammer_katta

❇️Continuous Future Tense -चालू भविष्यकाळ
(S + shall be/ will be + V1+ing)

Rule1: भविष्यात वेळेच्या एका टोकाला एखादी क्रिया चालू असेल असे दर्शनासाठी चालू भविष्यकाळ वापरतात या काळात भविष्यकालीन शब्दांबरोबर morning, afternoon, evening इत्यादी वेळदर्शक शब्द वापरतात.
For. Eg.

1.He will be playing cricket tomorrow morning.

2.She will be staying there tomorrow evening.

3.At this time tomorrow I shall be watching this film.

4.When he gets home, his daughter will be reading.

5.The fresh stock of garments will be arriving next evening.

6.I shall be reading a novel tomorrow morning.

Rule 2: विशिष्ट (निश्चित) कार्यक्रम किंवा भविष्यातील योजना व्यक्त करण्यासाठी चालू भविष्यकाळाचा वापर केला जातो.
For.Eg.

1.Rajesh will be meeting me tomorrow.

2.Mahesh will be staying there till Friday.

3.I shall be doing this work till the end of this month.

4.Radha will be preparing for the examination next month.

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🔷 जॉईन - @english_grammer_katta

🟢Continuous Past Tense
चालू भूतकाळ ( S+ was/were+ V1 + ing)
भूतकाळात एखाद्या विशिष्ट क्षणी चालू असलेल्या क्रियेचे वर्णन करण्यासाठी चालू भूतकाळाचा वापर केला जातो या काळात भूतकालीन शब्दांबरोबर morning, afternoon, evening इत्यादी वेळदर्शक शब्द वापरले जातात.भूतकाळात एखाद्या वेळी होणारी क्रिया क्रियेच्या वेळी दर्शविली जाऊ शकते किंवा नाही म्हणून सूचित केली जाऊ शकते.
For. Eg

1.I was writing this book yesterday morning.

2.She saw me as she was passing by yesterday.

3.They were reading a notice.

4.We were listening to radio all evening.

5.I was playing cricket with my friend yesterday morning.

8.Rajesh was singing a song yesterday evening.

Rule 2: जेव्हा दुसरी क्रिया घडली तेव्हा अगोदर एक क्रिया चालू होती हे सांगण्यासाठी चालू भूतकाळाचा वापर केला जातो. जी अगोदरची क्रिया असते ती चालू भूतकाळात असते व जी क्रिया नंतर घडते ती क्रिया साध्या भूतकाळात असते म्हणून याला disturbing action असेही म्हणतात.
For.Eg

1.When my mother was cooking in the kitchen, somebody knocked at the door.

2.When I was having a bath, my telephone bell rang.

3.When I was going to college, it started to rain.

4.When I was playing cricket, my father called me.

5.When he came to me, I was washing the dishes.

6.When we were dancing on the stage, suddenly the stag collapsed.

7.The light went out, when I was reading.

8.When he saw me ,I was playing Ludo.

Rule 3: एकाच वेळी घडणाऱ्या दोन किंवा अधिक क्रियांचे वर्णन करण्यासाठी चालू भूतकाळाचा वापर केला जातो अशा रचनेत दोन्ही क्रिया चालू भूतकाळात असतात म्हणून याला without disturbing action असे म्हणतात कारण एक क्रिया दुसऱ्या क्रियेला अडथळा निर्माण करत नाही.
For. Eg

1.While the bus was going on, I was reading the Times of India.

2.While my father was watching TV, I was playing cricket.

3.While my mother was cooking in the kitchen, I was listening to songs.

4.While my brother was singing, my son was dancing.

5.While I was writing the chapter my my daughter was watching TV.

Rule 4: जेव्हा get, become आणि grow ही क्रियापदे भूतकाळातील कोणत्याही क्रियेत हळूहळू वाढ किंवा घट दर्शविण्यासाठी वापरले जातात तेव्हा त्या क्रियापदासोबत चालू भूतकाळ वापरला जातो.
For.Eg

1.He was becoming poorer and poorer.

2.She was becoming more and more beautiful.

3.It was getting darker and darker.
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🔷 जॉईन - @english_grammer_katta

❇️Perfect Past Tense ( S + had+ V3)

Rule1: एकाच वाक्यात जेव्हा दोन भूतकालीन घटना सांगितलेल्या असतात तेव्हा आधी घडलेल्या घटनेसाठी पूर्ण भूतकाळ व नंतर घडलेल्या घटनेसाठी साधा भूतकाळ वापरला जातो. इंग्रजी व्याकरणात पूर्ण भूतकाळ हा कधीच एकटा वापरला जात नाही, तो नेहमी साध्या भूतकाळसोबतच येतो. जी क्रिया भूतकाळात अगोदर घडते ती पूर्ण भूतकाळात असते व जी क्रिया नंतर घडते ती क्रिया साध्या भूतकाळात असते.
For. Eg.

1.When I reached the platform, the train had already departed.

2.When the doctor checked the patient, the patient had already died.

3.The doctor discovered that the patient had drunk the poison.

4.When I came home, I noticed that my father had had his lunch so I had to eat alone.

5.Mahesh had left before Prashant arrived.

6.Mahesh left after Prashant had arrived.

7.Rahul had lived in America for 12 years when I met him.

8.The crops had destroyed before it rained.

9.The bell had rung before I reach the school.

10.As soon as she had finished her homework, she ran out to play cricket.

11.When she reached there, the dinner had already started.

12.She had left her office when he came.

13.I came after he had gone.

Note: before च्या वाक्यात जर साधा भूतकाळ असेल तर after च्या वाक्यात पूर्ण भूतकाळ असतो.
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🔷 जॉईन - @english_grammer_katta

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❇️Perfect Continuous Present Tense
S + have been/ has been + V1 + ing
भूतकाळातील वेळेच्या एका टोकापासून वर्तमान काळातील वक्ता बोलत असलेल्या वेळेचा टोकापर्यंत जर एखादी क्रिया चालू असेल तर ती क्रिया चालू पूर्ण वर्तमान सांगितले जाते या काळात Since व For ही दोनच time expressions वापरली जातात.
Since - Point of time ( क्रियेच्या वेळेचे एक टोक किंवा क्रिया केव्हा सुरू झाली दर्शविण्यासाठी वापरला जातो.)
Since morning
Since afternoon
Since evening
Since dawn ,
Since daybreak
Since sunrise,
Since sunset
Since dusk
Since twilight
Since noon
Since night
Since midnight
Since 5 O'clock
Since 6:00 a.m.
Since 7:00 p.m.
Since 6:30 a.m.
Since yesterday
Since last night
Since last month.
Since last year
Since Spring
Since Winter
Since Autumn
Since Summer
Since Diwali ,
Since Christmas
Since Eid
Since Easter
Since his arrival
Since his departure .
Since his birth
Since his marriage
Since his death
Since their quarrel
Since childhood
Since your youth
Since last Monday
Since Monday last
Since last march
Since March last
Since last spring
Since last midnight
Since last night
Since midnight last
Since 1980

For - Period of time , calculated time of action (क्रिया एकूण किती वेळ चालली किंवा क्रियेची एकूण मोजलेले वेळ हे दर्शवण्यासाठी for वापरला जातो.)
For 30 minutes
For many minutes
For 20 minutes
For several minutes
For 2 hours
For many hours
For 3 hours
For several hours.
For 5 days.
For many days
For two days
For several days
For two weeks
For many weeks
For 3 weeks
For several weeks
For 2 months
For six month
For several months
For 3 years
For many years
For 5 years
For several years
For three decades
For many dacades
For four decades
For several decades
For two centuries
For many centuries
For five centuries
For several centuries
For a minute
For an hour
For a day
For a week
For a month.
For a year
For a decade
For a long period
For a while
For a long time
For a moment
For the last 5 hours
For the past 4 days
For the last six years
For the past six years
For two seasons
For hours
For years
For months
For weeks

For. Eg

1.She has been reading a novel since morning.

2.It has been raining since last Monday .

3.I have been teaching in this class since 2005.

4.I have been teaching in this class for 15 years.

5.We have been waiting for them since morning.

6.We have been waiting for them for two hours.

7.They have been living here for ten years.

8.They have been living here since 2010.

9.The gardener has been watering the plants since morning.

10.The gardener has been watering the plants for two hours.
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🔷 जॉईन - @english_grammer_katta

❇️Simple Past Tense.(साधा भूतकाळ)
(S+ V2)
Rule 1: भूतकाळात घडून गेलेल्या घटनांचे वर्णन करण्यासाठी साधा भूतकाळ वापरला जातो या काळात yesterday, yesterday morning ,yesterday noon, yesterday evening, yesterday afternoon, the day before yesterday, the other day, ago ,some time ago, a short while ago, last morning, last evening, last night, last week, last month, last year, last moment, in March, 1942, in May, 1998 etc adverb or adverbial phrases, time expressions म्हणून वापरले जातात.
For. Eg

1.I saw him in the party last night.

2.Our manager returned from Delhi
yesterday.

3.He completed his graduation in 2014 .

4.He was born in 1979.

5.A peon bought a cup of coffee sometime ago.

6.His father came back last night.

7.I bought this pen day before yesterday.

8.He learnt to speak English in 2018
.
9.He received her letter a month ago.

10.I left college last year.

11.The ship sailed yesterday.

 Rule 2: भूतकाळातील सवयींसाठी पूर्वीच्या सवयीच्या क्रिया(habitable activity in the past) व्यक्त करण्यासाठी साधा भूतकाळ वापरला जातो .
For. Eg

1.I studied many hours everyday.

2.Aditya always carried an umbrella.

3.Mohan always carry bag.

4.She always invited me to dinner.

5.In my childhood I played cricket.

6.He went on Sunday.

Rule 3 : लागोपाठ घडणाऱ्या दोन भूतकालीन घटना साध्या भूतकाळातच सांगितल्या जातात, दोन्ही घटनांमध्ये क्षणभरही विलंब नसतो.
For. Eg

1.When I opened the door, the bird flew.

2.When he heard the news, he wrote to me.

3.When he saw the tiger, he ran away.

4.As soon as he entered the Royal Hall , all ministers stood up to bow him.

5.When Lakshmi noticed him, she lost her temper.

Rule 4: काल्पनिक अट किंवा अनुमान सूचक वाक्यात If, as if, as though, I wish I wish, it is time, it is high time, it is about time नंतर साधा भूतकाळ वापरला जातो. Uneral past दाखविण्यासाठी अर्थ मात्र वर्तमानकाळासारखा असतो लिहिताना साध्या भूतकाळात मध्ये लिहिलं जातं.)
For. Eg.

1.I wish I were the Chief Minister of Maharashtra.

2.He talks as if he were my master.

3.If I were the Prime Minister of India, I would solve the problem of unemployment.

4.He behaves as if he were mad.

5.He speaks as if he understood everything.

6.She acts as if she were Aishwarya Roy.

7.It is time we lost the match.

8.It is high time they returned home.

9.It is about time we cancelled the match.

10.I wish I were a bird.

11.I wish I were young again.

12.I wish I were a millionaire.

13. I wish I knew his address.

14.If I was intelligent, I would answer this question.(×)

15.If I were intelligent, I would answer this question.(✓)

(Unreal facts व्यक्त करण्यासाठी wasच्या ऐवजी were चा प्रयोग केला जातो. विद्यार्थ्यांनी एक लक्षात ठेवावे की अशा रचनेत subject ( कर्ता ) एक वचनी असो की अनेक वचनी क्रियापद हे नेहमी अनेकवचनी were च येते.
16.She is crying as if she is a baby.(×)

17.She is crying as if she were a baby.(✓)

18.I wish I know where she was living.(×)

19.I wish I knew where she was living.(✓)

20.If I was you, I would not tolerate such type of insult.(×)

21.If I were you, I would not tolerate such type of insult.(✓)

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🔷 जॉईन - @english_grammer_katta

🟢IDIOMS AND PHRASES🟢

46.In the driving seat -Bearing all responsibilities - (सर्व जबाबदारी उचलणे)

47.Beat about the bush - To talk in a round about manner - (मूळ मुद्दा सोडून बोलणे , वेगळीच बडबड करणे)

48.Beat black and blue - Beat mercilessly - (अमाणूसपणे मारहाण करणे)

49.Beat the record- Record to do better than ever before - (नवीन विक्रम तयार करणे)

50.Beat hollow- To beat thoroughly and convincingly -
(सहजगत्या पराभव करणे)

51.Bed of roses - Pleasant situation of comfort - (सुखदायक किंवा आरामदायक परिस्थिती)

52.Bed of thorns - A situation of extremely difficult - (कष्टाचे किंवा खडतर जीवन)

53.Beggar description - A person with no source - (स्रोत नसलेली व्यक्ती)

54.Bell the cat- Taking first step at a personal risk - (धोका पत्करण्याची तयारी ठेवणे)

55.Between the devil and the deep sea - Between two difficult situation - (इकडे आड तिकडे विहीर अशी परिस्थिती असणे)

56.Between Scylla and Charybdis - Between two difficult situation
- (दोन्ही बाजूकडे सारखीच परिस्थिती असणे किंवा इकडे आड तिकडे विहीर असणे)

57.Big gun - An influential person -

58.Bird eye view - Overview - (सिंहावलोकन)

59.Bear the brunt of - To bear the main part of something unpleasant- (परत येण्याचे सर्व मार्ग बंद असणे किंवा परिणाम भोगणे)

60. Birds of feather - People with the same Idea characteristics and interests- (एका माळेचे मणी म्हणजे समान गुण असलेले लोक)

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🔷 जॉईन - @english_grammer_katta

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📌 IDIOMS AND PHRASES
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#Notes #Polity

📚 राज्यवस्था नोट्स.

By लोकसेवा अकॅडमी,पुणे

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#Notes #Geography

📚 भूगोल नोट्स

By लोकसेवा अकॅडमी,पुणे
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#Notes #History

📚 महाराष्ट्र इतिहास नोट्स

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#Notes #Economics

📚  अर्थशास्त्र नोट्स

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#Notes #Science

📚 जीवशास्त्र  नोट्स

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#Notes #Science

📚 भौतिकशास्त्र, रसायनशास्त्र नोट्स

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🔥अखिल भारतीय मराठी साहित्य संमेलने🤞

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